Nebraska Newspapers

    THE OMAHA DAILY J113B: VKIDAV. NOVEMTU3TI 10, 1000.
V
DEEP HOLES IN THE PLANET
Natural Chasms in the Ocean Beds Fivo
Miles in Depth.
ARTIFICIAL PITS ONE-FIFTH AS MUCH
InriirlnliiK Vnrlnlloiin .or I'uilor
H run ml 'I'f in r imi lire- Teirlllu
rri'Miirc if Writer lltprrl-
IHPIllN lit .Sl'IPIKM.
Hack In the da)s when ptoplc really
thought It i-osslblo to ills n liote through
the rarth to China there used to bo much
speculation over what would bocomo of a
man who happened to (oil Into tho hole.
Would ho stop fallltiR down after a while
and begin to fall up to tho other sldo of
tho earth, or would gravity keep him
oscillating buck mid forth like ti pendulum
lonly coming to rest? .Vow. nonsensical as
this may lieem, wo nro actually approach -tug
a condition when a somewhat similar
question must bo nuked. Several holts have
bien dug deep enough Into tho earth to
encounter physical conditions very different
frem thoso usually found on the aiirf.ice.
Homo of these holes are In tho form of
wells which mo a mllo deep In the older
rock. Others extend even farther down Into
alt IiccIh ami furnlah this most widely
used flavoring commodity Still others nro
mines which men work at a level us deep as
that of tho wells. And In the ocean bod
there are holes no deep that If tho highest
mountains lu tho world wero to lo dropped
Into them theio would still bo plenty of
room for ships to sail safely over their sum
mits. Near Pittsburg, I'a., a well has been dug
S,f32 feet deep, that Ik. 2J2 feet morn than a
mile. Near Wheeling, V. Vn., they aro
Inking u well which Is now within a few
fcundrrd feet of a mile deep. At last report
thry had reached tho iJSO-foot level. At
Bperenborg. near Ilerlln, Herman, they aro
driving a holo In gypsum beds which Is
itlrendy 4,r.f.l feet deep and It Is getting
deeper every day. At Schladabach, near
Leipzig, they nro tuklng salt from a well
which la even deeper than tho I'lttsburg
well. This holo la 0,205 feet deep. The lied
Jncliet shaft of tho Calumet nnd Ileela mine
in tho Lake Superior copper district Is a
mllo deep nnd men work In tho shaft.
Nearby, tho Tamarack initio has a shaft
nearly as deep as tho Hed JarKet. Hut at
J'aruschowlt-, near llelbnlk. In eastern
Silesia, them is a well which In now G.700
feet deep, or exactly 100 feet more than n
mllo and a quarter They are still boring
and. It Is tho Intention to go ilowu S.S00 feet,
or ono and two-thirds miles, when some
Interesting sclentltlc experiments will bo
made. Unquestionably this Is now the
deepest artificial holo In tho world.
Hut In this raeo far Into tho earth- core
thero nro other competitors, other well
holes -which are not qulto us deep us these
Mg ones, but which nre pressing them
hard. They nro mostly In Germany. At
lileth, near Altona, thero Is a holo 4,388
feet deep. At Hide, near Strusafurl. they
have gono down 4,241 feet. At Lubthcen. In
Mecklenburg, thoy are still digging at 3.IM9
feet. At Scnnowltz, near Malic, 3.G1I feet
lias been reached. At lnowrnzlaw, l'osen,
drills nro working at 3,024 feet, while at
FrlcdrlcliBane, near Aschersleben, thoy
havo punched n holo In tho eurtli 3,043 feet
deep. At St. Louis, Mo., wo havo :i well
which will stund comparison with theso
German wells. It Is 3,843 feet deep. All
of these woIIh aro over half a mllo deep
nnd several of them hnvo passed tho thruc
quai ler mark.
I'iiimIKIoiin lii- mile red.
Many of theso oecp uolcs liavo been mado
tho subject of scientific Investigation, and,
us they aro widely separated, Individual
characteristics have been encountered In
each. Yet thero Is a very general co
relation In nil which stands as evidence
not only of tho present Internal condition
of tho earth, but also of Us age. Theso
holes show In fact that In some plucea the
earth at a mile or so below tho surfaco
Is u h hot as tho boiling point of alcohol;
at other places men work a mllo under tho
surface In a temperature of 70 degrees
Fuhrcnhctt, u hcut not greater than that
of an average Now York June day. When
tho Savago mine lu tho Comstock lode wns
connected at tho half mllo level with tho
tlould & Curry mine tho temperature of tho
connecting gallery ranged from 137 degrees
lit one end to It; degrees nt tho other.
At tho bottom of that flve-mllc pit In tho
ccenn which yawns between tho Kernindccs
and tho Friendly islands tho tcmpcraturo
stays always near the freezing point of
tenter. Thero nre many of these deep
ocean holes lu which tho tcmpcrnturo Is
very low. And while tho lack of heat Is
Induced by tho water and Its pressure It
yet bears a curtain relation to the condi
tion of deep holes lu tho continents when
the general effect on tho earth's crust Is
considered. For when tho theory of tho
earth's internnl heat Is looked at super
ficially It would seem that theso deep sea
pits should be very hot und full of boiling
wnter, since they nro nearer to tho center
of tho earth than any other point. Hut In
this matter of temperaturo thero Is much
to bo said concerning tho conducting prop,
erlles of tho rock lu which tho holes nro
sunk. Also, It must bo noted, nt what
depth below sen level each hole starts.
I'tlllt) uf IIIkIi Toiupcriiliirei.
As theso wells all get hatter mid hotter
as they are driven deeper and deeper, tho
outi-onio suggested Is that us soon as a
HUlllclent depth is reached natural utenm
will bo encountered, or If tho well bo dry,
water can bo pumped lu and returned In
tho form of marketable vapor. There Is
nothing chimerical In this Idea hlnco many
buildings in several parts of tho world aro
heated with naturally warm well water.
Tho hospital nt (Ircnclle and largo factories
lu Wurtemberg nro notable examples. Also
tho geyser shows how heat from the earth's
Interior may muiilfest Itself forcibly on tho
surface. Hence temperature measurements
nro liolng made In all of tho wells as thoy
nro drilled. In this country tho heat In
creases on tho average about 1 degree for
overy sixty feet of depth. It was ho In tho
I'lttsburg well, the temperature of which
was measured by I'rof. William Ilalloek of
Columbia college. This was orlglunlly
merely an ordinary oil well put down by tho
Forest Oil company. Several thousand feet
had been drilled before the oil sand began
to yield uulllctont commercial returns and
then they had gone so far ami tho tube
showed such a decided rise In temperature
It whs decided to dedicate tho well to
Rclcnce. So tho drilling was continued and
l'rof. Hnllock wns asked to make a test.
Meanwhile, as a member of tho l.'ultcd
States gelogical survey, he had been con
ducting toiuo ineusurcnientB lu the well
near Wheeling. Ho was thus utile to com
raro ono with tho other.
The method of taking tho temperaturo
was simple. Self-reglstorlng thermometers
wore placed in iron buckets threo feet long
uud three luches In dlnmeter. A bucket
holding thermometers was huug on tho end
of a steel wlro and let down Into tho holo
SCO feet, when another bucket wns tied on
and tho lowering was continued,. .Measure,
incuts wero thus mado nt various depths.
It was tedious work and when tho lower
depths woro reac hed it required nearly an
hour to get tho buckets back to tho surfauo
onco tho measurement had been nmde, On
tho way down lu the I'lttsburg well natural
gas wns- encountered, tapped nnd used for5
a tlina to drive tho machinery that worked
tho drills. In this Instance the well fur
nished power to dig Itself out.
Meantime Prof. Hallnek sent to Ciormany
lor tbo measurements which wero being
taken In the Schladabach and the Speren
terg wells under the direction of Mr. i:. '
Dunkor of Hallo und in the oad ho was
able to furnlah i table ot lu-asuremt-utsj
of the four wills:
Oeic''nt
-Temnriiu-f-- i4 fir
Nam of at nt Degred
We i. Ueptn. lop. Foitom. K. hi
Slwrenlicrtf tlW
417l 47.3 lis 6 5 1.2 ft.
Sehladabaeh B7W
Whwllng V0
I'lttsburg 53J
til 3 JnS.fi (IS II f t
H.t 110.3 75 0 ft
61.0 120.0 7i.a ti. I
I
At i.m feet.
All of these wells have now been sunk
lower; therefore, according to tho nvorauo
rate ol Increase, the Sperenbcrg ought to
measure npp -oxlmately 124 degrees at the
bottom, the Schladabach 143 degrees the
Wheeling 1IC degrees, tho Pittsburg 12S
iWr... cmi mwnttiiM ...
-n - - , , uu net man
nvernge, the Psrushowtlz well, which has
not yot been reported, would show a tem
perature nt the bottom someo-hsra between
166 degrees nnd 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
It Would not tnko very much more digging
before the heat of theso wells could bo
utilized. AH things being equal the I'ltts
burg well nt 10.000 feet should develop a
temperaturo greater than that of boiling
water, especially us tho heut Increases
inoro rapidly as the holo gets deeper.
Hut theso wells wero all bored In what
mlght be called the normal crust of tho
earth, where tho stratu llo In situ. Had
they been dug In Wyoming, In tho (ieyscr
basin, for Instance. It Is probable that steam
or ery hot water would havo been en-
countered not many feet below tho surface.
for ufter all, the geyser is oni of nature's
deepest holes, since It connects In ono way
or another with tho Internal heat of tho
earth and theteforc we havo n sort of In-
(Mention of how an artificial deep hole might ,
act If once It wero driven down far enough
to form a vent for tho heat of tho earth,
On the other hand, had ono of tho wells been
driven down under Michigan, through tha
copper beds, it Is probable that even 10,000
feet would not beget a temperature too hot
for breathing purposes, let nlono tho produc-
7000
Hon of steam This to tho' lay mind must
appear strange In view of tho fact that tho
region Is full of copper-bearing rock and
therefore ought to conduct heat readily.
Nevertheless It Is n fact that these rockn do
not conduct tho heat. Tho temporaluro of
tho lowest Calumet and Hecliv shattijover
goes for from 70 degrees, "I'rof Agassip
burled thermometers at various depths In
the mines and got very UUlo variation.
Prof. Piorro of Harvard obtained somo slabs
of rock from tho lower levels and by means
of an electric thermostat tested their heat
conducting properties, which wero reportud
to bo smnll In comparison with those of
somo other rocks. HIa ldcn In' this case,
however, lcanB moro to an approximation ot
heat conductivity of rock in gonoral, In tho
end to form an estimate of tho onrlh's age,
sluro If tho cooling rate-,ot nil rocl; Is known,
then taken In relation to thickness, It would
bo posslblo to dctermlno approximately how
long It has been wince the exterior of the
earth woh molten. The deep wells furnish
data In this connection also.
Ilrptli In tin- I.iiiul t'nilrr Sen.
Among other theories concerning tho
Cnlumct rojk It Is suggested that perhaps
tho proximity of tho waters of Lake Superior
bus n cooling effect on tho copper mines.
Low temperatures arc characteristic of all
the subaqueous deep holes. llcslde tho
chasms In tho ocean bed tho holes In tho
land nro as pin punctures, for moro than
half of the whole sea iloor lies two miles
below tho surface of tho water. One-eighth
of this latter area Is depressed below threo
nilleB. This eighth Itself Is 7,000,000 square
geographical miles In extent und contains
areas or rather basins which dip In places
over five miles below tho surface. Theso
lust almost unfathomable holes In the oceau
bottom occur only In threo place; or at lenst
only threo soundings of five miles or moro
havo been mnde. Thero may bo others, ot
course, even deeper which havo aB yet re
mained undiscovered. The deepest of theso
holes exists In tho South Pacific east of tho
Kermadees. It Is 6,105 fathoms deep or
530 feet more than flu geographical miles.
Tho sounding that went to Its bottom rep
resents tho farthest reach of humnnklml to
ward tho "center of tho earth. Yet what
camo back with tho rod wnB meagre lu view
er what might have been expected. A little
globlgeriua ooze, a lit t In of that curious red
clay which covers nearly half of the sen
floor, a fow manganeso nodules, borne
niliHito magnetic spherules of cosmic origin,
that was all; theso and tho positive assur
ance ot Intensu darkness and bitter cold.
Tho oozo was whut was left of animal
carcasf.es sweeping downward through
centuries, tho clay was tho plastic remnants
of even earlier periods, tho spherules were
representatives of meteoric particles which
had plunged through Immeasurable distances
from "outer dark to Inner dark." Volcanic
debris, oxides of iron, 7colltlc crystnls.
manganeso nodules and remains of whales
and sharks nro chnrncterlstio of theso deep
holes. Ono haul of u trawl In tho
Pacific brought up from u depth of
nearly three miles many bushels of
manganeso nodules. 1.600 sharks' teeth and
lllty fragments of tho bones of whales.
Hut beyond these, all other objects which
might bo expected to drop from the surfaco
uro wanting. It is not surprising, how
ever. In view of tho terrible pressuro of
tho water at theso great depths.- Nothing
not especially adapted for It could with
stand It. It Is calculated that at ouo mllo
beneath tho surface tho pressuro of tho
water on all sides ot nn object is one ton
to tho squnro lucli. In view of this It was
formerly biippo&cd that tho pressuro at the
lowest depths mubt be great enough to
turn the bottom to stone. Hut tho dredgo
shows this to be untrue.
llitliltitntH ot the i:treiue Dcpth-i.
Tho fish that live In theso deep holes aro
eott ana gelatinous, tho only condltiuu in
fnct which would bave them from tho ef
ftcts of tho prcs&uro. Tho water permeates
their soft structure nnd counteracts Its
own pressure. As BURgested above, It Is
very eold In the deep holes. Prof. Agasslx
mentions haw cold the ooze from tho bot
tom fctls how eold mud nearly froze his
hands btlH" utulor tho broiling sun, 1; gnvo
htm nn Idea for cheap refrigeration and he
lowered n bottle of wino nearly two nud
one-hnlf miles under water for the pur
pose of freezing It It camo up cold enough,
to be sure, but full of muddy bait water
11 fli ll fiii
Ipf-p fy' W'V
which had forced Its way through the cork.
Ft Ny-three ureai have been found on;
the sea Jotoni ling deeper than three
milts. Klght of tin se are deeper than four
miles. These nre Nares deep In the
North Atlantic; Hess deep In the Antarctic;
Wct"-'r 'I1'!' ,n lh? Handa sea; Challenger.
Tuccnrora and Sapan deeps In the North
Pacific, nnd Aldrlch nnd Richards deeps In
u,- c..i.
i mi. lllll'l Ui iiivav uvciin
contain five-mile holes. They nre Aldrlih.
Tuscarorn and Weber deeps. Hut tho
Aldrlch deep holo is the deepest, ns was
8'u,?a n' Yet- 'Iepl- M 11 ' ."f1?0
01 Ule ,ncl l"al lm,,u lvt!rct- ,ne '"R""
c."t nHllnll" W-M. dropped Into
Ulu 1,010 woullJ 6,lnk ,U. of BlKllt ,Ile
I"?''"1' lIlul lltllc Pnnnu,! Sunday
'sl.Bml 8t,1(1,n ""Itmrely In this five-mile
h"lu 's n"lo " far Its head 2,000 f.'ct nbovo
the surface of tho sea. Incidentally this
conveys n vivid Idea of the contrast naturo
is able to make In tho matter of high hills
and deep holes.
THKOIJOHB WATKUS.
TIMClll'ltS Itl-tiJSTI'lt A KICK.
Itcliliirlilllilr S t it II Im tteiiilrt-il lit the
M'liiiolniii'iiniN of II rook I ii.
Teachers lu the Brooklyn public schools
nre tip lu arms over new orders which com-
I)cl tnem lo 110 ,llc wfK ' the physical cul-
tnro teacher, although they lire now saddled
u,h l,ucl things us clay modeling, paper
rutting, sowing, music, drawing, hygiene,
Political economy nnd rlng-n-rosy games,
Within n week, reports tho New York
Sun llow orders havo been Issued In re-
KarJ ,0 physical training, which have made,
80,1,0 of tho teachers feel keenly ridiculous
"' havi led them lo denounce bitterly the I
persons responsible for tho Introduction of
the latest fad. Tho worst of the new ot tiers 1
1" In regard to physical training exercises, .
officially known as "Jumping, denk and '
balance beam exercises." Uaeh teacher who
has been directed to Introduce theso oxer-1
clses In her class room hns received a book
of Instructions, which explains to her how
sho must Illustrate to her class tho manner'
DIAGRAMS SHOWING ItKUATIVB UBP'llIS OF
lu which the pupils nro to go through tho
exercises. Among other things sho Is sup
posed to llo Hat on her desk nnd give an
illustration of swimming. This Is tho Inst
straw, and so long as there is a chance of
the uialo janitor walking in whllo they nre
)olng tho desk net they vow solemnly thit
tuey will not obey orders.
First of all tho book of Instructions tells
the teacher that sho must stand on her toos
with her knees bent, like n kangaroo ready
to leap, and then shout "Ono!" Then all
tho members of her class must do the same.
Noxt sho must straighten her knees, put
her heels down nnd got back on her toes.
That Is not no bad.
Another order relates to running,
"Clo3o tho fists und bend tho olbows. Al
low tho onus to work freely. Hun on tho
toes. Always closo the run with u plain
wnlk in gradually retarded tlmo until tho
breathing Is normal. Any pupil having
heart or lung trouble should bo excluded
from tho run. The length of tho run should
bo governed by u majority of tho class.
Weaker pupils should drop nut of line, as
they beeomo fatigued and walk until tho
class resumes tho plain march, when they
should fall Into their usual places In Hue."
The exercises known us tho "desk exor
cises" nre supposed to bo repeated eight
tlmca. Hero the teacher Is directed to
leach tho pupil how to row a boat, to tread
water and to swim.
"Position for rowing" Is tho enptton un
der tho printed Instructions for desk exer
cises. Tho teacher Is directed to sit in her
scut, face the side of tho room und grasp
two desks. Then she must drop backward
lu n reclining position aa far ns her
arms will allow, with her chest arched
forward, her head In u lino with her trunk
and her chin well drawn In. Sho must then
draw her body upward to an erect position,
having nil of tho work done by tho arms,
shoulder anil back muscles. Then she must
bo Htiro that her chest Is well thrown out
and bring It forward oven with the hands
ns tho body nssumcs an upright position.
Next she must placo her hands on tho
desks nnd lift her feet backward with hui
knees together and her thighs vertical.
Finally sho Is to land on her toei. The In
structlons nay:
"The legs when raised bhould not ho at
right angles to the thighs. Haise tho knees
upward until the thighs nre nt right nngles
to tho trunk. The legs should bo at right
ungles to tho thighs.".
"Gracious me!" exclaimed one school
ma'am when sho had pondered over theso
directions, "if any of my friends ever saw
me stand on my head like that I'd bo dis
graced for life."
"Just look at tho next rule," complained
n portly teacher, who weighs moro than 200
pounds. "It demands In rcferenco to vuult
tng over seats that the teacher must do
things that are impossible. Listen! 'Placo
the hands on tho scat and chair back, rlsn
on tho toes and b-Md the knees; vault over
tho seat, landing on tho toes, with b.ent
knees." How In tho world could I do that?''
When tho women teachers discussed tho
Instructions nnd learned that they were
biipposed to sit on their desks, bend tlielr
trunks backward and do other "stunts" of
tho same kind they weren't enthusiastic
about physical exercising.
lllnc-mN ForclKii M IixIoiin.
PHllv iliKNCI.'. It. I., Nov. 15.-Thn
twentietb ( iingreHK of the Knlemiil ehuri li
rnnllmif'tl Itu .iiewli it, t,t.if it-ltl, .... i
H'shup Mi-Vlokt-i In the eli.iir. DItiTmhIuii of
1 lie I'oielirM Mllonx und Sochi! lr ,
ri-i'hh." by lttu- Kven-.t I' Smllh of I.pwU.
lou, Idaho, .mil lev Percy lirant or "w
York, occupied th- morning. lll"h'p
Patrldge uf Keoto. Japan, nlno Hpnlte upon
personal experiences In tho mlsidoiiary tleM
of Mint country.
Delin Kiinim listlon otlloor-).
PItOVIliKNrn. H. I., Nov IS. -At this
afternoon!- Kts-ion of the Doltii Kappa
Kpotlun convention the fol'owliiif oillccrA
were elecied: I'rcldeni. Wlllnuchliv 'ui
llig, Chicago unlvvmlty: xi-u pri-H'de-it,
Hay Morrbi. Yule; n"-niid iv pr ,l lent
II. J llonihergor. Colgate; Heeretrtry. 11.
.t. Ktoiicliton, Amhornt ; uni-'t'int sc--tetory.
William J. H..yi.iu, I'nlverslty of
New Vork
.lin .lcfTor,oii I.cct uri-,
I'HINCFTON'. N ,1 . .Wv, IS. -Josepli' Jef
firs. in leciiircil thW .ifttinoen on "Thn
Pr-inin" In Alexander hall, hefor- l.V
KtudcntH and t.-nnt peonle. Mr Jeffen- n
iiPHwered a number of iiupsipiiia f,n tho
dr-inia, pr--ertcd bv the FtudenK Former
Prcildont Cl .-rlaiiil nccimpanleci Mr. Jtf.
f'rnon to tho hall and occupied a ieat on
tho rostrum,
niplltJCT lV T Tllli1 TDI1H7C
lUullLM Ul illh 1 lib llU!)Lj
Lo, the Fcor Indian, Comee in for a Gen
erous Hand-Out.
COMING DISTRIBUTION OF RICH PRIZES
Work of Hie Nnllonnl CoiiiiiiIkkIiiii
'I'lint I- ltcornniil'.lim tin lint-i-riiiiii-nl
in liiillii" Territory
(ire'ttt I'roiperHy.
Affairs In tho Indian Territory are now
In rather n chaotic condition In conse
quence of tho reorganization ot Its gov
ernment, which Is In progress. A commis
sion made up of Hired members with 300
ncsittants Is now engaged in making up
the final roll of the Indians of tho different
tribes, uppralslng their land and placing
them on their allotments. Hy January 1,
1001, this work will havo been finished and
tho Indians will bo ready lo take out their
naturalization papers ns citizens of tho
t'nltcd States. To bring this to a conclu
sion hns Involved ninny years of labor and
tho expenditure of "11,000,000, reports tho
New York Sun.
'So long as grass grows and water runs,"
by tho terms of this nation's promise mado
in 1S32, tho Cherokecs, Creeks, Semluoles,
Chieknsaws mid Choctnws were to havo
f0r their own this tract of land knowii as
Indian Territory. So the Five Tribes set
up their government, each holding lo Its
own tribal forms. Thero wus not even an
Indian commissioner sent to keep more or
less paternal guardianship over them. Hut
tho whites came In, Intermarried with the
squaws, cheated the easy-going und lndo-
lent fullbloods ami gradually gained control
of tho government. Then .the I'nlted Stites
government stepped In lo limit the power
of tho whiles and preserve tho rights of tho
SHAFTS.
Indiana.
iJespito disabilities Imposed upon them
the whites kept pouring In and, ns their
number Increased, they so 'Vehemently de
manded recognition" that thW government
decided on a readjustment In tho Interest
of ull concerned. Tho advances of tho
commission first appointed,, to visit tho
Fivo Tribes In 1S93 wero slow nnd halting,
though well planned. For threo years thoy
could do nothing but rldo over tho terri
tory and meet tho leading Indians, who
promised to do much, but never did any
thing. Then they sent out the report that
tho Indians wero harboring outlaws, who
committed crimes In other states; that tho
fullbloods wero being deceived ns to tho
real Intentions of tho United States toward
their government nnd tho halfbloods, who
at that tlmo had control of tho nffalrs of
tho Indian government, wero using every
moans to thwart tho purposes of tho com
missioners, all of which v.-us true.
Mrtliottx of 1'crnutiNlim.
Congress replied to this nppeal by delving
into tho treaties with tho Indians nnd thero
finding a clause whereby It could deprlvo tho
Indian courts of their Jurisdiction whenever
It buw fit. Certainly now wns tbo opportune
tlmo. nnd an net wan forthwith passed. The
Indiana squirmed nnd tho fullblooi's threat
ened to rise. Somo of tho old fullblood
Judges refused to quit their benches, but
finally they learned It wns of no uso to kick;
tho act would bo carried out. Other drastic
measures wero suggested by tho commis
sion nnd tho Indluns begnn to moko over
tures. Little bv llttlo they wero persuaded
to tho steps which have led to the abolish
ment of tho tribal rule. Though compre
hending fully that tho change would nccruo
greatly to their Individual advantngo tho
Indlnns held tenaciously to tho traditions of
tho tribes and surrendered them only when
they saw tho new movement Inevitable,
When tho division Is mado those who have
fought ho hard nnd so loud against It will
ho probably tho richest savages In tho
world. The country which will be parcelled
out among them Is larger than tho state of
South Oarollnn and of great beauty and va
riety. Most of tho soil is very fertile. The
water supply Is iimple. A belt of bplcndld
oak forest thirty miles In width runs
through tho territory nnd many other valu
able woods aro found there. IUch pasture
lands afford fat grazing for thousands of
sheep nnd cattle. Two million dollars'
worth of coal was taken out of Indian Ter
ritory last yenr. It Is ehtlmnted that tho
products of tho soil for tho year 1R9S
amounted to $0,000, 000. Hcildes thcao things
petroleum In large quantities Is known to
llo beneath the loII nnd vnluable veins of
lead and zinc nro Indicated by rich outcrop
plnga which have never b-'cn mlnod. A fine
climate and beautiful scenery mako this
country ouo of tho garden spots ot the na
tion. PrUeN mill "Winners.
All this goes to about XT, 000 Indlnns,
lD.'.iy&.S.lt) ucrea being divided about equally
among tho different tribes. Thero uro In
dians und freedmen (negroes whoso an
cestors were or who nro themselves freed
slaves of Indlansi who havo head rights In
the different nations us follows: Chero
kee freedmen, 4.000; Cherokecs, 30,000; Delaware-)
having head right lu Cherokee na
tion, 1,000; Crooks, 10,000; Creek freed
men, COCO; Choctnws, 10,000; Choctaw
freedmen, 6,000; Chieknsaws, 7,000; Chick-
'"hnw freedmen, 5,000; Semluoles. 3.000. Tho
Cherokee.1 have Invested or lent to tho
I'nlted Slates J;.fi3:.nC0. Tho Creeks havo
J2.000.ijOO thus lent, tho chlekaH-iwa $ l.sns,.
000, the Chm-t.-iwu $516,000 and tho Semi
noles $1.SOO,000. It Is UBtlmated by Tains
lllxLy. clialrnuin of tho coiumlsHlon to tho
Fivo Trll"B, that each Cherokee citizen
will get 120 acres of land of average value
as his allotment, tho Creeka will get bo
twren 160 nnd 200 acres, tho Hemlnoloa
about 100, thi Chlckadnws and Choetawa
about 100 ucrea each, Ilealdes this land
thoy will get equal shares of tho Invested
funds which nro to bo paid to them Just
ns soon ns thoy havo all delected their
iillotmentB.
What will become of theso Indians thus
suddenly enriched? In tho opinion of many
the outlook Is not hopeful. Conditions at
present are in a chaotic state and It does
not seem likely that living conditions will
Improve when tho Indians own tho terri
tory. Towns with population of C,000 or
ti.ooo peoplo hne no sidewalks nt all and
no roads worthy of the nnini After ft
heavy rnln business Is practically sus- '
pended The buildings are of the flimsiest
character In the farming districts the
Indians will not Improve their farms be
cause they have no positive assurance
where they run take up their nllolni-nts. ,
Few of the fullbloods send their children
to school.
At present the whites, of whom there
nre 300.000 In the territory, hao practically (
no rights. They cannot own land and prior j
lo n retent decision they havo not even !
been allowed to own hoiifcs or stocks of
.To ImZ I T T w'lltt;i,,M,r,"K UI
S ' f i , l,,m,,,H "f
nn Indian or of ati lnter-murrltn. citizen
having Indian rights. Many whites mar
ried squaws, thus obtaining tribal rights
and the half-breed children of these unions
nro the moat Intelligent and progressive
members of tho Indian romaiuulty. Others
paid the monthly tax of f0 cents and hired
out to the Indolent Indian farm owners or
storekeepers, accumulating money by In
dustry. l'roiei'tM ii OmiKeri,
It Is from this class that the danger to
the Indlnns portends. Theso whites know
tho value of tho lauds. They have or can
get money. As soon ns the Indian takes up
his allotment It Is his to do with what ho
pleases. There Is llttlo doubt that In most
eases, us regards the full bloods, who mnko
up nbout one-third of tho total Indlun popu
lation, they will sell out to the whites. It
Is generally predated that they will sell
out almost In a body, and emigrate to
Mexico to find u wilderness wherein they
enn rear another edifice of tribal misman
agement, whllo tho half-breeds will remain
to become citizens of the new stafo that
will eventually be mado out of Indian Ter
ritory. Wily fellows aro theso half-breed.
who well understand the wilue of what la
coming to them. Far and wide they have
roamed prospecting for lead, zlne, coal i.nd
oil nnd their discoveries tjiey have kept
secret, with a view to getting their allot
ments whtro these treasures He. Then
when local or eastern capital comes with
money In both hands tho half-breed will
be In u position to get about what ho asks.
TourlBts from the east visit Indian Terri
tory rather expectlug that wild Indians clad
In blankets nnd gorgeous paint will be
found hanging around the town ami rail
way stations and nvldly eying tho scnlp ot
tho palefaco invader. Instead one meets n
race of dark-skinned people, some highly
educated and glad to meet you, others a
llttlo stubborn with the deeply Imbedded
hatred of their race against the whites, but
nil far above tho blanket Indian of tho
reservutlon.
They come quietly and peacefully to tho
enrollment places, making of the enrollment
days a sort of plenle. Most of them, even
tho fullbloods, wear tho dress of civiliza
tion. Ono of tho men who will become u
citizen of the United States Is 55eke Proctor,
a Chorokce and a bad Indian. Several years
ago ho killed seven men near Westvlllo and
shot tho deputy marshal who tried lo arrest
lilm. As n rule the fullbloods are docllo nnd
oven kindly, but they have not the ability or
energy of the halfbreeds and It Is probable
that they will soon become extinct. At
present tho Fivo Tribes uro tho plutocrats
of the American Indian race. What they
will bo after they have come Into their full
heritage is a problem upon the solution of
which may depend tho government's treat
ment of its other wards. Should this scheme
of naturalizing theso Indlnns prove n success
It may bo repeated with other tribes.
llnin'n HiiriMif.
Clevelnnd Plain Dealer: "Honl." said
Anna ('astellane thoughtfully iim she looked
up from a stack of hills nnd tappedf her
lnrge front teeth with u much gmuvvd pen
cil, "hero Is a candlestick In this brlc-u-firnc
King Solomon Had
A Great Reputation for Wisdom
One of his wifio remarks was "Of making many books tliore is no end." lie had never
Been the making of a great dictionary. It is like the making of many books and seems to
have no end. In making the
tandard Dictionar
nn army of the brainiest and smartest men of the world was employed and a million dollars
spent. Take tho HEST PKODUOT OF TIIR BEST BRAINS and the result must be satis
factory. Hut with all this expenditure of man and mind nnd money
The Standard Dictionary is Offered for
Only $7.00
There are so many points of superiority in The Standard Dictionary, uside from its mar
velously low price, that one can scarcely enumerate them. Home one has said there are in
TLIE STANDARD -11 dictionaries in one. Each topic is the work of a specialist.
Satisfactory to students and scholars because so complete, containing ;0(),000 wortfa,
'nearly three times as many as the old stand-by, Webster's Dictionary. The book stands in
high favor among the wise men on both sides of the Atlantic, and that fact alone establishes
its success. Here are some opinions from the press of Europe:
The Freeman's Journal , Dublin,
Ireland: "For scholarly accuracy and
exceptional fulness ... It stands un
rivalled. ... Of other exlutlng dic
tionaries with which wo are acquaint
ed, we know of none that can be com
pared with tho Standard."
Tho Ilolfast Age, llelfast, Ireland:
". . . It wero difficult to praise this
splendid dictionary too highly. It Is
a work for which all who speak tho
F.ngllsh language may be Justly Grate
ful. "
TOE STANDARD DICTIONARY has a great many attractive features. It is not feas
ible to enumerate all at this time. For instance, so many words are in. constant dispute.
Such words have been referred to HO leading philologists and their opinions atken as ilnnl.
The matter of spelling is also ditticult to adjust. In the Standard that has been settled
conservatively, yet accurately.
The quotations are goms, illustrating to a nicety the use of the words.
The illustrations are numerous, in fact it is a work that will be attractive to children on
tltis account and consequently all the more valuable as an educator.
No home library where
there are school children
should be without the Stan
dard Dictionary.
Collego men generally agree
bb to tho excellence of the work.
Here are some expressions con
cerning tho work by college
professors:
For $7.00. Examine the Book.
Megeath Stationery Co.
1309 Farnam Street.
hill tb.it l set down it JJ."1". and I know
tin- i nn- th, tmki'd for Ii w.is only I1
' A 1 is. Anna." Mill Hunt, .mi! lit- loi kid
down .it her with , .es fntn wlilih tear
drops us IIk lis marbles win- tiuiKtlMK
"What Is It rrl 1 Anim In alarm
' t.ittu did 1 think. r i-Mf,i f.oiii iii n
broken volnv "Unit oo would c,r Imrlt-r
Mi'ir fiillh In the luiiiesl ut human mitiiir
lor n pulti y ll.lHli' '
And he turned nslde to conceal hi munly
ttrlet.
m:v i .io of i mm .
AiiD-rleuii t'lKiirel Ii-k I ni-r Iiik ll lip- i
lore Tlii-nt In lln Orient. 1
The Idea that the nntlNo Indian eschews
..II 1.... LI. ....I... 1... t ..1 ....
Lo.Hr in Iho form of cheroot-. teceUes a
Imrtl shock fion, th. newly issued olllclnl
l, , ... . , - ...... M ... .
i' ti " ui i i iiiiiu in tun lilt nimi in uir
Ulidon Mall, it appeals that In lS'iS-nti
the Imports of manufactured tobacco, espe
cially Itl the shape of cigarettes, underwent
much expansion.
It Is no longer true thut the consumption
of Imported tobacco Is practically tonllned
to the Anglo-ludliiu population. Cigarettes
mude lu America are being extensively im
ported now wltli speelnl reference to the re
quirements of the native smoker. They nre
greatly in evidence In nnd about Calcutta
and other large cities, where they arc begin
ning to supersedo the unclean nnd unsavory
compounds smoked lu native apparatus
Imported cottons have largely superstded
tho production of the native haiidlnom; Im
ported mineral oil ami dyes havo super
seded the Inferior articles produced In the
country, to the great advnntugc of tho con
sumer; Imported sugar Is also gradually
beginning to thrust back tho inferior mid
dirty sugar hitherto ottered to the Indian
consumer; und now It seems that Indian to
bacco Is to recoil before the Invasion of
foreign tobacco mado up In neatly pneked
cigarettes.
Another turn of the wheel, ami when the
peoplo have become accustomed to the bel
ter article tho capitalist will arise and make
It on tho spot of Indian tobacco, to tho ad
vantage of both produror and consumer, ns
hns been dono with cotton gonds and will bo
done with sugar.
Kcii) llio iiurji'ii ('Infiii.
NI'.W YOltlC. Nov. 15 -.1. Campbell
Thompson, an attorney for Mrs Mania,
Cox. daughter of tbo lute Kdgar li
Dliryea, millionaire st.ireli tuiiuufaeturer,
mnki'H a statement In connection with the
Ciritnt brothers l.illiirc, to the effect that
Dliryea had speculated through tho Hi in
und that mure than a year ago ho decided
to change his duikers. In doing so Durvra
made ii demand on lirunt hrotherH for si'm. .
000 due hllll Which the firm ronlil nol nut
Mr. Thompson hays that within the List
sixty days one or the executors of iln
Uur.vea estate made u ilt-minid on nnmi
brothers for settlement nnd had not been
NlU'Ci'KHl in.
Frederick (Irani
,
,fi. iv,,1'.1.' ,"ya. ,1"
it Diirjeu and that no
knows nothing about
one of that name has any account on the
linn h noons.
urloilltilrlit Collt'KCN I'leot.
MJW HAVKN. Conn., Nov. 15. Tho
niituml convention of the American Agri
cultural colleges ami experiment statlonii
today elected olllccrs for the ensuing var
nu folloliw I'niultlixil I'r.if A W ll.,',Plu
Orotio. Me.; vice pre'-ddonts. Prof, .lames
II. I'atei-son. Lexington. Ky.; f'rof. tv II.
.Ionian, Cn'iieva. N. V.; I'rof. I.. Cnr-
penter, Fort Collins. Colo., and Prof. A. I'.
Hryiin. Pullman, Wash, horrolriry and
treasurer. Prof. 10. II. Voorhees. New
IlruiiHW c c. .N. J. J'res ilent .losen i l
Ktublis of the Nevada Agricultural col
lege, lteno. Nov . was elected a member
of the executive committee
FREE
A sninplo of WARNER'S SAFE
CURE that Kraut klilnoy anil Uvui
ouro will bo sent you frco bv address
inp a pustal'curtl (tnontiotilne this pa
llor) to Warner's Sufo Cure Co., Koch
cstor, N. Y.
The Irish Times, Dublin, Iroland:
". . . It will be recognized, wo havo
every reason to say, not alono
throughout tho '.merlcnn continent,
but In all Kngllsh-speaking parts ot
tho Old World, also as nu authority
from Its fulness, discrimination, va
riety and ample erudition. It Is a
monument of American learning and
Industry. . . From ' publication of
the Standard Dlctlo .y America may
date a new period ot the country's history."
Prof. It. A. Todd, Columbia! "I am exceedingly pleased with Its fulness, conden
sation, accuracy and completeness. Its mechanical execution Is a delight to tbo artis
tic sense."
President naBhford of Ohio Weslyan: "After a comparison of many words I nm quite
convinced that th Standard surpasses the Century Dictionary In careful and a-ccuratn
definition of words and In Its Illustrations, a3 well as tho number of words defined."
Later: "I say more emphatii-ally than over before that it Is tho best dictionary In tho
Ungllsh language, and I want It for constant reference."
Prof. DulHeld of Princeton: "It will be conspicuous amour tbo enduring monu
ments of lntollectual llfo ut tho closo of tho lth century. . . For comprehensiveness
of vocabulary, accuracy In definition, Judicious nrrang'f ment of material, Instructive Il
lustration nnd admlrablo typography, It Is superior to any other work of it clius, and
ere long will supersedo them and bo rccognlred as The Standard Dictionary."
Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey
Anierli'ii'o lireutrtt .llrillrlnta
CURES Consumption Gonoral Do
blllty, La Grippe, Colds, Bronchitis,
Malaria, Dyspepsia, Depression, and
weakness from whatever coueos.
Itnlhom yWUKkrr ntn by r j tm niinrtit
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ir ir-tniMi. i'l I'ln'i.t i ittim mols.
Hull) Hull Wtil.Lr) ii., IliM lir.tcr, .V 1,
When Prof Miin.von says his l) nh-ii1ii
will cure Indigestion nnd all formi
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truth. It will euro a Htomiu-h that has
been abused by over-eutlng and ovcr-drlnk-Ing.
It will cii-o a Htiim.K-li that bus been
wtiikemd t, old-styli ilrugs and ilebllltat
lug ealluirtlci, It will do iniii'li touarl
making tin old stotiiach in t like u soiiu I
one. At all druggists, a, cihih Fifty sl
other euros Write to llroiulway and loth
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$6.00 A RflO&STH.
SPECIALIST
In
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and Disorders ol Men
i Years lu Om.ha.
VAItlCOCCLt !
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Method now. never falls,
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55YPHII IQcuredforlKeiiudtlHiiioMon
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the system, Soin erery sign and Miuptoni
ii !?1.VJ t'V-jr?, . ootn p J e t el y nnd forever. No
ilKKAKINO OCT'' of tho dim nse on the skin
or f.ice. Treatment contains an dangerous
drugs or Injurious iiieilicines.
WEAK MEN ,'"'!' m' MANnoolifrom ..
acviiii i w crtmsor Vlll I.Mi lo Nl llVOUri
atAUALLT Iii:iiii,itv or r.xiiAt srioN,
ASTINO WKAKNKSS INVOM STAIIV I.oicru
with Kmii.y I1bi-v in "ii'iMi nud Miimi.n
' An,tn-, Ut,t "'vim. 1 1gor mid strength, with
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lrjrou hnut,mnll. went niKuni,
lou iowir or vi-aLrntiie ilmlin,
our Vacuum Orion HihcI"kt will
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fullurt'i nut out rtturnrU. no ( o Ii. frm-iii urlUfor
,rtlfillji. i-nil .-ulrrl In plain rtiTxluK,
LOCftL APPLIANCE CO.. il Cmnti iliot.. Denver. Colo.
Dr. Kay's Lung BalinlKd
Tho Liverpool Dally Post, Liverpool;
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MUNYGn
DYSPEPSIA
CURE
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