THE OMAHA DULY HKE : WKDN KSIA\ , .lAM'AKY ! J , 15)00.
pii 11 i V vi't i i\ * r P ni'Votiivn
( , LRMAi\i \ SOLD-AGhPhNSIONS
Popularity of thft System of Workingmen's
Insurance in the Empire.
RtlC-NT CHANGES MADE IN 1H ; LAW
i
llou lliiNltiCN * In I'liml lIL-ti-il ( irinln-
lliniM III I'ciinloiin ili-ticllcliirlcN
.More Plentiful In ( lieronn -
ti } 'I'liiin In tin * TOMII * .
v The rcvlatofi of iho Invalid oiul old-ago
/ I'ftiBlon law at the recent sewlon of the
lU'lchstag was carried by a practically unan
imous vote. The fact as coinmenlod upon
by iho German press as a most striking
it oof of the popularity of the system of
worklngmon's Insurance. It was regarded
as a most Mlgnincnnt fact , says a Heflln
letter to the New York Test , that the so-
< Inllsts voted colldly for the measure , al
though they had voted lo a man against the
original law ten joars ago. tloth wings of
the radical llhcrals , too , had voted against
iho law at tliftt Unaus being too long n
mop In the dliectlon of state foclallsm , but
they voted for the revision In .lunc , taking
thj ground that the system , now that 11 Is
In existence1 , must bo Improved as far as
possible. Thus , while Hlsmarrk himself Ifl
reported to have afterward pronounced the
pnspngo of the law n , mistake , support Is
now given to It from opposite poles of po
litical thought , and socialists and Indl-
. idialltK unite In helping to gl > o It n more
equitable form.
KOI somu years It linn been eUdent that
a itvlslon of the system of worklngmon's
Insurance would bo necessary , for the opera-
lion of the system had brought out some
fpetB ns to the population menomcnt , am !
thi < earning capacity of the laboring people
In the different parts of the country thai
were not fully known when the existing
law was flamed. The rapid development ol
Germany Into u great manufacturing coun
try has set In motion a Htrong tide In the
labelling population from the agriculture
tovnrd the manufacturing and commercial
fere lions. This movement was , of course
already apparent ten > cars ano , but It has
now reached a voliimo that was not liter
anticipated. The cffecl of It , as respects th <
old-ago pensions , has been \ery unfavorabli
for llicso pension offices that are ltuale (
In agricultural regions , for II Is Iho youn ?
and strong laborers , chlclly , thai quit tin
Cnrrn for the factory and thp mine. Thus
i hose olllce1) have hern lefl with an unusu
ally heavy proportion of aged persona to bi
piovltlcd with pensions. The percentage o
pursons eligible for old-agp pensions 1. e.
pc'totiB 70 jcars old or more ! a found tc
bj nearly four times as great In agrlculttiri
and forestry as In manufacturing callings
Fwthermoro , as rcspecls Ihe Imalld Insur
ance , the Interesting and surprising facl
has been established that then' Is aboul
7"per cent more Invalidity In agriculture
and forestry than In manufactures. Tht
Blcli-ftind organization * * , which exist In al
brci ehes of manufacturing , with the bpttet
medical attention that they Insure , have
overthrown the old assumption that fant
Uiborern have bettor health than fnctorj
oprratlves.
But besides much greater longevity and f
higher percentage of Invalidity , the agri
cultural offices have relatively much smallci
Income , since farm laborers and othei
working people In their territory receive
very low wages and pay corresponding ! }
low insurance rates. Thus the system has
operated , to the disadvantage of the agri
cultural , Jolllces , and , while the olllcos in
manufacturing districts hnvo been accumu
lating a large surplus , thopp in agrlculturi !
regions ha\o to struggle to make both ends
mpql.n-TWliile the lerlin ) olllce , 'for cxamj
pie , hai laid aside a large biirplus , the In
terest upon which alone Is sufficient tc
mqet all the demands made upon it , vlthoui
collecting any further Insurance premiums
that of the province of Kast Prussia ba.s U
contend with n deficit that has been growln {
bigger e\ery year.
In two other rcspecls it was seen thai
a reform of the law is desirable. It was
found that the moneys collected In prcv
mlums would admit of a moderate Incroasi
of the pensions paid and that the work o
administration c-ould be facilitated by loca
pension boards' composed of laborers am
employers , which should Investigate al
claims for pensions.
In recognition of the above facts tin
Imperial government laid before the Reichs'
tag In Fe'bruary , 1SS7 , n preliminary till
for the reform of the law In the direction !
Indicated. This bill , however , was no
parsed ; It wns Introduced merely to provoki
discussion and clear up the lines upoi
which the latter revision would be possible-
r " The. rexlslon of Iho law , as now flnall ]
, adopted , does not Hatlsfy the government , 01
any of the political parties , fully ; and yet I
Is recognized on all ldes that It Is a con
Hlderablo Improvement upon the existing law
OIll-AUf I'l'IIHlOIIITN.
Tlur bill , as Introduced by the government
pioposcd to cqualUu the insurance burden
as between the uirlotis olllces , by treatlni
thrcc-llfths of the Income of each olllco a
.1 common fund , and re.senlng two-fifth
an the special fund of each olllce the com
mon fund to bo divided In assigning pen
nlons upon a national basis and wlthou
icgard to geographical linen. Krnin till
fund the entire expense of the old-ago pen
hlons was to bo home , as well as the 1 1111 ]
Hum that forms the basis of each invalli
pension. The Itelchstag , however , wan to
much under the Influence of local consider
atloiiH. The members from the prosperou
divisions were not willing to make such larg
e'oncesslmis In fn\or of the weak ngiarlai
offices ; hcnco the method of dividing th
common form from the special fund wa
reversed that In , two-fifths IK lo go to th
common fund and three-fifths lemaln fo
the special fund of the ) given olllce. More
oxer , not the whole of each old-ago penslni
IH to bo paid out of the common fund
bill only thrre-fourths of it. the lest beIng
Ing paid by the ofllco granting the pension
The amount of the pensions In raise
moderately. In the old-age pensions the low
est pension Is now lOfi.10 marla ) < > ar , li
future It will bo 110 mar ! . ' , , U highest I
now 100 marks , In the futuin H ivlil he > 230
To each pension the Imperial povernmen
will contribute 60 marks n at present
The method of calculating the Invalid prti
Bioiis has been much changed. At prcticii
tlioro Is a fixed sum of fiO marks , which
added to the CO murks contrlhuto.l by th
empire , forms the bunls of each liuall
pension , lrrcnpoctlve > of the wago-clacs a
the pensioner , Instead of this CO marks , th
now law provides fnr fixed sums of CO , 7 (
80 , 00 and 100 marks , according to the wage
e-lass of tli ( ppiihloner. In calculating th
additional sun accruing to ( huso flxt'd bum
( o form the full pension , tltp prcbt'itta \ \
provides that the whole number of con
trlbutlqn we-cka be multiplied bj 2 , fi.
and 13 pfetmlKB. respiictlvcl ) . for the fou
\\ago-clasben , and that thc o amounts b
added to the fixed sums to form the ful
pensions. Under thu new law those multl
plli'rs bocoma 3 , C , S , and 10 , respectively
and for the new ttfih wage-class 1
In fixing the di-greo of Invalidity , too , in
" I ihluk them tlio me > t uomlerful incdl-
duo ( or nil tmmchlnl niIectlons.-loN !
Mia. ri.unvC.istloarcy , Uuiorick , Irelaua.
Dronohla !
Troches
OP BOSTON
Fold iu Ixmii only A\ol l Imitations.
new l w Is mor > liberal than the > oM The
old law re-quires romple-tp Inis of the rapa
city to earn n living before the Insured per
sen U entitled to n pension , the new law
entitles to a pension upon loss of two-
thirds of the earning cnpnclty. The new
law Is more liberal , too. In granting n pen
sion after twenty-six * ceks of continued
Inxalldlty , whereas the existing law re
quires a full year of Inability to work. Kur-
thermore , the period of time during which
nontrlbtitlons must be mntlo before the con
tributor becomes eligible for n pension has
been redtico < l In the case of the Invalid
pension from 235 to 200 weeks , and with the
old-age pension from 1,410 to 1,200 weeks.
Comtiiilnory liiNiiriince.
Another Important change In the law Is
the extension of compulsory Insurance lo
certain classes that have hitherto been shut
out. These Include master workmen anil
technical artists not employed In factories
salesmen and teachers , provided the salaries
of uuch persons be not nbout 2,000 marks ,
l-'or these classes , In catnes where the salary
Is between 2,000 and 3,000 marks , voluntary
Insurance Is pro\lded for and the same
I privilege Is extended even \o small employ-
j crs that do not keep regularly more than
, two peroans eligible- for insurance In tholr
] employment. The present law knows noth-
I Ing of voluntary insurance , except In the
I case of persons that have passed out of the
j clatfies subject to compulsory Insurance , and
I are then permitted to continue thu Insurance
i at their own expense.
The > pension offices have hitherto under
taken , within certain limits , to have Insured
persons treated In hospitals , particularly In
cases of tuberculosis , before the disease had
advanced KO fnr ao to render the affected
person nn Invalid. Tbo now law facilitates
preventhe work of this kind. In the mat
ter of local pension olllces the Helchstag
refused to go as far as the government's
bill had provided for. Instead of making
the organization of these local boards obliga
tory , the Ilelchstng contented ItPelf with
making It optional with the different state
authorities whether to organize them or not.
As all the thirty-one pension oinces In the
empire are understood to be hoitllo to the
Idea , It to considered very doubtful whethei
any such branches will bo set up at all.
It Is not believed that the present reform
of the Invalid Imuuunco law ( this Is now Ita
olllclal title ) will bo final. The former
state secretary. Von IJoettlcher , declared In
the Helchstag , two years ago , that the
present thirty-one otllees ought to bo re-
pl.iced by a ( single insurance olnco for the
whole empire , and many experts are of the
Bamo opinion. The argument for this
change Is the greater economy of administra
tion that It would Insure. At present onlj
about 83 per cent of the expenditures ol
the pension oftlces reach the pensioners , the
remaining 17 per cent going for administra-
the expenses. Tula Is very costly insur
ance1 , and the expenses are out of all pro
portion to the net results to the Insured.
A single Institution could certainly do the
work at much less cost. Nevertheless , flit
olllclal mind has not yet become convlneel
that a Ringle office could be butter. Count
I'osadowsky elnrlared In the recent debates
that single olllce could never 1mo suc
ceeded.
T\1IC VllOl'T TII1J C'E.VrUHV.
Which Country Will Kilter It Klrjtt f
Some CnlciilntIOIIH *
When do we enter the twentieth century ?
In 1900 or 1001 ? The dispute Is not a new
one. Similar questions were raised In 1799 ,
In 1699 , and even as far back as 1599. A
learned German of two centuries ago mads
this the mibject of a learned disquisition ,
which gave rise to qulto a literature , pro and
contra. And in 1800 , Paris witnessed a
comedy with the title : "Mon dleu , en quel
slecle vivnns nous' ' "
And yet. says Camille Flammarion , the >
„
famous Kionch astronomer , the answer to
the question is ulniplo enough. Ten Is the
sum of ten units , and the number ten IB one
of them. There was no jear 0 In the Chris
tian era. The first year of this era was
the year 1. Therefore the twentieth cen
tury boglns in the year 1301 , and not iti
1900.
The first year after the birth of Clirlsl
passed without opeclal notice. As inuct
may bo eald , nbout the second , third am !
fourth. In fact , more than flvo centuries
had flown before the people realized thai
they had entered a nowera. . Tor the
Christian era wao established early In 53 :
A. I ) , by a Scythian monk , Dlonyslus , nicknamed -
named Hxlguus , because he was small ol
stature. Ulonyslus the Small assumed thai
Christ was born on December L'5 , 7..1 ! yean
after the supposed foundation of Rome , sr
the 754th anniversary of this moro or Ics ;
mythical event became the first year of out
cm.
cm.Later
Later on It WIIH found that the little monl
had made a big mistake , and that , thanks
to him , the Christian era had been started
not at the birth of Christ , but four yean
and seven days later. This IP why the
authorised version of the gospels places the
birth of Christ In the year 4 n. 0.
The Gorman scientist of 1G99 mentions this
In his pamphlet , but the error , thougli
acknowledged , H suffered to remain. mil
Mich as It was , the era of Donyslus Kxlguu
had no > car 0. Its first year was countec' '
ns A D. 1 , Its tenth as A. D. 10 , and RO on
And ye > t the world al large has made up Its
mind that It will enter the twentieth cen
tury In January , 1900.
No ono doubts that 100 Includes its hun
dredth unit , but strange to say , according
to the Ideas of individual * * , as well ns na
tion * , the world entered a now century or
exchanging 1799 for 1800. Truly figures an
almobt ns Illusive as facts.
The Kicnch astronomer Is perfectly posl'
tlvo Hint on December 31 , 1900 , exactly al
midnight , our nineteenth century will van
ish Into eternity to give place to the ne\t
"Exactly ut midnight" these three words
suggest another puzzling problem : Whai
country will bo the first to enter the twen
tieth ccrtury ? If wo reckon the hoim
mo\lng eastward un find that when tin
clocl.n btrlko midnight In I'arlh It will be
1 a. m. In Vienna , 2 a , m. In Suez and Sebastopol -
bastopol , 3 n. m. In Teheran , 4 n. in. | r
Tobolsk and Bokhara , ii a. m. in Colombo
C a. m. In Calcutta , 7 n. m. In Singapore , i
n. m. In Shanghai and Seoul , 9 a , m. Ir
Yoddo and full noon of January 1 , 1901 , Ic
the > Chatham Inlands.
On the other hand , If we make the same
reckoning moving westward , wo find thai
precisely at the sumo tlmo It will be 7 p
in. In New York. C p. in. In Chicago , 4 p
m. In San Francisco , 2 p. m. In Alawka , 1
p m. In Honolulu , and finally , exactly near
of December 31 , 1900 , In theClmthan
Islands.
To remedy thla discrepancy Camlllc
Klummarlon Hiiggcsts the world shank
agree to lay ilrwn a line of ilcmarcatloi
somewhere In the wastes of the 1'ui'lflt
ocean east of Kamshatka and west of th <
Caroline islands If this suggestion bt
accepted the Americans In the Philippines
the Kusslans In Kamchatka , the Bnglta' '
In New Zealand and the French in Now
Caledonia will all enter the twentieth ecu-
i tury at about the same time
j Yet the bauiBo Inhabitants of Chathan
' Ulands will bo In advance of them nil , ai
I they will have Ihcil through twelve noun
i and four minutes of the new century wher
Paris prepares to greet Its arrival will
j raised glasses of champagne. This , how
ever. Is only Justice , as , for the Chatham-
lies , this nen\ century Is likely to be the
liitt Since 1830 their numbers have duin-
dU'.l . from 1,000 to about fifty , clilcllj
inmg to the fact that their neighbors , the
Maoris , estei'ine'cl them as a table delicacy
making It the rule that the Chathamltc
uhjuld collect wood for the fire at which
he was presently to be rousted.
llaplc ° a Chathamites !
GREAT HEN OF THE CEN1URY
Conspicuous Leaden in Variotn Bnnchsj of
Htiraan Progress.
ENGLISHMEN , AMERICANS AND GERMANS
MciiliciiNnn mill Mornc ( 'orcniii * ! In
'I liln u llulli mill mill 11
uraiili Auc Nofnhlc *
In UllniIlues. .
Who are the ten greatest men of the cen-
tt'ry ? U first glance this question appcar8
morn difficult to answer than It really I ? .
It would bo hard to choose the ten greatest
Inventors where there are many of world
wide celebrity ; iho ten greatest literary men
would bo still more dlfilcult lo soled. lint
In exich department of human achievement
lliero has been one personallly standing
forIh head and shoulders nbovo all others as
having given character to iho whole century
In his particular work. This has been
called the age of lite railroad ami the lole-
graph of swift transportation and In-
slnnlancous communication. Uehlnd iho
railroad stands that great Englishman ,
Stcphenson ; behind the telegraph that
equally great American , Morse. Surely
iheso miiKl be named among the ten who
have had the most Influence on the life of the
century.
In natural science It It , just as plain that
the directing Influence- has como from thp
powerful originality cf Charles Darwin , and
In philosophy the majestic mind of Herbert
Spencer must bo acknowledged supreme. In
the departmenl of education Ihe great ad
vance of the period goes back to Pcstalozzl
and Frocbcl , but It Is the practical side of
child nattiro and the reaching of It lhat
gives Ihe latter his supremacy. The dis
covery of the pilnclplc of Inoculation , the
basis of the germ theory of disease , makes
Jenner the commanding figure In medicine.
That Ilcethoven Is the gteatest of the musi
cians of the age may bo o.iioslloned by those
who find Ihe great musical originator In
Wagner , but the inlluenco of Beethoven has
certainly been far greater up to this time.
Whether the other Is Indeed the music of
the future Is aside from the present purpose.
Thackeray must be put down as the greatest
novelist of the century , the Inlluenco of
whoso works is greater by far than that of
even such a genius as Halzac , who produced
but did not asplro u school. Theio have
been many stattbinen during these hundred
years , yet to the eyes of must of us Lincoln
stands out ap the most constructive of all
statesmen , not even excepting Dlsmarck and
Gladstone. And it Is an American again
who seems to bo the great soldier of the age
Grant whoso energy and skill won victories
In Btich wlso as to overshadow the achieve
ments of the leaders of tturopp. Napoleon ,
gieatest general of all time , belongs moro
properly to the last century , If not alto
gether In time , certainly In methods. What
'of ' the other departments of human endeavor ?
I What of astronomy , chemistry , archaeology ,
j geology ? There have been great men In
i all IhePe departments In our age , but thu
I origination came from earllor periods. In
art , too , while much may have been produced -
'
duced , theie has been nothing that elalma
1 Hupremo admiration , as do the old masters.
.Turner and Melssonler , Veietschaglti and
Thorwaldscn are they of the same order
las Michel Angelo and Da Vlncl ?
In glancing over this list of the ton
I supreme spliltH of the century ones' striking
feature Is noticeable. IJIght of them an
either American or Cngllsh , only two aic
; German and the rest of the world cannot
prove Its claim to leprosenlation. The
originality , the great Impiilrfi nf the age
came fiom the Anglo-Saxon stock. Is thlo
the key to the predominance of that race at
the close of Iho century ?
| Mil IIVllll ClIIIIIIKTI-ll .SlIlllllllO ! . ,
I Kdward Jennet(174'J1S23) ( ' ) did more to
ward the prevention of disease than any
' other physician before his day or slnco.
j When ho devised vaccination as a preventive
I of smallpox no fewer than five-sixths ( if the
Inhabitants of Europe had the dread disease
and one-fifth of them died. Slnco hta in
troduction of vaccination smallpox has
ceased to bo a tcourge , appearing only rare-ly
and then through neglect of his preventive
Hut tbo Idea of Inoculation to prevent the
worst forms of diseases has led to the
discovery of lymphs which are usfd 10 cure
or prevent i-holera , dlphtheila anil probably
the cure of other germ diseases will follow
along similar lines He is nuliuul iloubt < ne >
r' thr Kri'iti-t hi npfd. tO's of thrii'P I't
this or nnv crnlnrj
( IcorRp Stephpoton O7M-1MS ) the * on of
a ttokrr. managed to Irani to read by tte
time h > WHS I ? and ( tier mudylng all lhat
he rould Bboul sleani engines dpclded" that
steam pould be airpllrtl to transportation ,
lly IS1I he hart constructed the first loro-
motlvo In the world and ran at the rate of
four mllei an hour with It lly 1S27 he hade
* o Improved his locomotive that he could
nake fourteen miles an hour on the road bo-
twppn Stockton and Darlington , Then he
saw thp future of the railroad and told hit
son that ho would sec the day when fie
stage poarh would be a thing of the past and
It would bo rheaper to rldr by rail than to
walk. He fought sturdily against the
prejudices of Ills lime and when arguing for
Iho consiruetlon of the Manahosli'r-Mver-
pool railroad before the House of Commons ,
he replied lo ihelr Jeers by saying : "I can
not describe II , bul I can build U ! " And In
1820 with the "Ilocket" lie showed that he
could make thirty mile * on hour or more.
Thus was the rule of the railroad Imiucurntcd
by the untaught son of h stoker.
Samuel Klnley llrpese Morse (1791-18721 (
was tinlnod lo be n painter , but he led the
world In the application of electricity to
dlstanl eommunlcallon. He U Is who has
connertM the farthest ends of Iho earth
(
, In a Hash The experiments Mut scien
tists vvre making with luag-iietlsm di
ll acted his attention In 1S.12 and by 1S37 ho
had perfected hla Instrument for sending
messages by electricity. The system of
dots and dashM Invented by him and called
the Morsei alphabet has not yet been super
seded , though the first telegraph line be
tween Washington and Italtlmorc was used
'In ' ISir. Ho had anticipated Europe by five
vears and even then Morse dreamed of nn
. ore-an cable. Olhcis may havp known the
pioperllco of clcrtiicity. but the credit of
Its first Impoitont application will belong
to Samuel Moiso for all time to come.
I'MrsI Kliiilri- rtm r.
Krlcdrlch Kroebcl (17S2-lbo2) ( ) had no chll-
dieu of his own , but claimed the children of
the woi Id for his. A lucky ile-siro to become -
como an architect , biought him In contact
with I'cstalo/.zi , from whom he gathered
new Ideas on pedagogics. The appaient
misfortune of the death of a brother
brought him back home to teach thai
brother's children and the children of some
neighbors joined the classes when they
heard how delightful Fioebel made the path
to knowledge Soon made principal of a
school In a small German town , he began to
commit his ideas on tuachlug to paper , pub
lishing his first book 111 1S26. He wandered
to SvvlUciland and then back to Germany ,
vvheie he opened the Hist kludergaiten In
IJlankenburg (1S37) ( ) , . < J-Iis later books , his
games and songs ImveM'prend the kindergar
ten all the world over , from far Japan to
the United States. The Joy that lie has
given children and the new direction lhat
he Imparted to the art of Instruction make
him the greatcfat teacher of teaclwrs of the
age.
Uudwlg Van Ileethoven (1770-1827) ( ) father
of sy mphony and sonata , reformer of or
chestra and the theory of music , ono of the
most fiultful of nil composers and most
widely Imitated , ho stands as the undis
puted leader of the musical genius of the
century. More than 20 sheaves of com
positions flowed from his feilllosoul during
his brief career , and Weber , Spolir , Schu
mann , liraluns , Uaff , Utibenstoln , oven
Wagner , betray his Influence' It was Bee
thoven who made oveiy Instrument In the
orchestra foice , unknown bcfoie his day.
Ills HymphonlcH have not been equaled nor
have his sonatas been surpassed. Song
even wa piirlched by the power and variety
he gave It. Hvery one of hl composltl ns
has a tale to tell. Ho composed us a painter
creates his picture ; In fart , ho says that
there wan always n picture In his mind
tovvarj which ho woikcd up. Ho plays no
harmonic tricks for the Baku of shovvlni ;
his originality , but develops the Idea In tlu >
harmony with the dlrertnoftj and natural
ness of Iho reallHf. It Is the- realization of
his emotion or thought that he seeks and
finds.
riinrli'N liirIII'M H'nrl.H ,
Charlea Darwin ( I809-1S82) ) gave the cen
tury net only n the'oiy , he gave It a princi
ple. Take away evolution fiom the thought
of our age and It Is robbed of Ila richest
treasures. The young naturalist who re-
turiie'd from a live years' trip on the
"Heaglo" wn prepared to doubt the dogma
then generally iccelved of the permanence
and invariability of spcclea , hut ho wan
not yet ready with the explanation of the
"how" the process by which one speten !
might develop fiom anothui It n.i.only
vvhen he lial hit upon the theory if
naiuial sell ( i Ion" lhat he fi It sine of ilu
truth of evolution. He1 lie-.itited lun
ah mi publishing hi * thp\rv for IIP MIP
that It would annt'p a storm of oppi Hlon
and hp- wan naturally of a rctliltu an I
peaceable disposition Only when hH
Junior. Alfred IttiMel Wallace , was about
to make announcement of the theory long
since made known to the elrclp of his
( Mends by Darwin , did IIP come forward
\vlth Iho preiofs which he had accumulated
In support of evolution Thp storm burst
n IIP expected , but during the fitly years
that have elapsed slnco the publication of
the "Origin of Species" (1S5S1. ( palaeon-
tology , embryology , geology and all of the
allied sciences have comp to aid In lhe
demonration ! of the truth of evolution. It
l to Darwin Ihal Iho entire crpdlt for
martin ; ; sclenro on the rlghl irack Is due
Abraham Lincoln tison-istw ) born in trr
name ypar as Darwin , was nn Innovator in
Iho world of slale'smaiifhlp , no lesi than the
gicat evolutionist in the world of seleme
To him Is due the new statesmanship , llkp
the new diplomacy , built upon honesty and
ellrecluess. Above- HIP trickery of HIP
politician he believed and proved that truth j
and fiturdy resolution are Iho leal conI I
slrticllvo elements In public as In prlva'f
life. Where policy was nl variance with
principle he did not licsltatp lo follow the
principle , conlrary lo nil Machiavellian and
lllsmarcklan laws cf procedure. Fighting
agalnsl Iho tprilble odds of foes In his own
political family ho succeeded by mere fo'ce
of will to do llie rlghl im ho saw It.
TintiroiiiCHl Noti'INt.
\YIHIa n Makepeace Thackeray ( ISll-lSfiS )
by right of realism , psychological analysis ,
the depleting of character forcibly and
satirically , the leader of our novelists. The
lomiuttle talcs cf Send and Hulwcr belong to
another age It Is Thackeray who Is ne'aresl
to the spirit of the nineteenth century In the
search for the real and the presentation of
society as It Is What though this modern
TIIllUC OltCAT AMERICANS.
TWO GRKAT HERMANS
Swift cuts UH to the quick with his Irony !
He Is all the greater teacher thereby. Ilecky
Sharp will live as a creature- bo abhorred
when Rob Roy is forgotten , and Eugene
Aram has long passed away. Coming genera
tions will read Thackeray to understand our
time and they will not misunderstand it. I
Tlie followers of Thackeray are legion but
they follow at a distance
Herbert Spencer (1820) ( ) may bo called the
evolutional philosopher. Before the an
nouncement of Darwin's discoveries he had
been working along similar Hues In the de
partmenl of Ihoughl. In I860 bo published
"Klrst Principles , " the cornerstone of the
huge philosophic structure to which he has
been adding constantly year by year ever
since. In this age of psychological research
a great co-oidinatlng mind like that of Spen
cer was needed to show the significance of
the discoveries of science in the realm of
thought. He- has acted as a check and cor-
lectlvp upon the wild theorlzcrs of biological
and chemical science and by his laying down
of logical principles clarified the atmosphere !
BO that proper and Justifiable conclusions
might be reached. Ethics , psychology , so
ciology , all fall within his purview. Ho
has used a single golden thread to guide him
through all his Investigations the develop
ment from natural causps. His Is the nine
teenth century philosophy , a system which
astounds the reader by Its comprehensive
ness and thoroughness.
Ulysses Simpson Grant (1822-1883) ( ) suc
ceeded where many generals failed. It Is
not always fair to Judgp by results alone ,
but the man who gets the lesults after years
of fighting must have something real In
him. Grant was the fighter among all the
union generals quairellng for promotion and
Lincoln knew It. He had mastered the se
cret of striking at the heart of the enemy's
country and striking promptly. That he
deserved to succeed Is proved by not one , but
a hundred successfully planned campaigns ,
brilliantly carried out. The hero of Get
tysburg understood his business so well
that there and then he settled the long drawn
out war. Ills strategy consisted In plan
ning carefully and never halting until ho
had carried out these plans. Vet , with the
courtesy of the truly brave man , ho showed
deep eonsldcratlen for the defeated foe.
The capture of Vicksburg , all of his early
successes , were only Indication ! ) that ho was
the man for whom the piesldent was lookIng -
Ing the fighter who would end thu strug
gle and bo did.
"Wo fitill keep Chamberlain's Colic , Chol
era and Diarrhoea Remedy in the house , "
says George II. Hcaley , editor of the Ga
zette , Hrookston , Ind. "As a pain eraser
for children wo have found nothing to approach
preach it. When the baby cries hard and
wo believe It IB suffering from collp we give
It a dose of the medicine , diluted according
to dltcctlons. and In a few moments the pain
Is all gonp. Wo have also used Chamber
lain's Cough Remedy with good results. "
. \IMii-oiirliilloii for ftooil ItoiulN ,
IMTTSnritn. I'n . Jan 2-Tlio nvwt Im
portant U' whlrli the. Ieniiir > of Ainoil-
can Wheelmen bus yet taken In lla work
for Komi rnadx Is about to he inminiated.
President Kepimn of tin. Li-aRtie of Amorl-
ruti wheelmen has arranged for the early
presentation In CIIIIBIUHN eif u bill appro-
printing iOQOiOt ( ) for the construction ( if
Improved hlfhwayn throughout the t'nltod
States Hciire-sentiitlvo Oraliam of the
Twenty-third rnnfrc' idonul district will
father the measure , which every I.oarup of
American Wheelmen member and oflicial
throughout the fnltPd Htate-.s will bo asked
te Klvo lil energetic mipport President
Keenan Htnten that Im feels assured of the
hearty co-operation of Die fanners all over
the country In semiring the pawsaiie of a
iiiua.stiro HO manifestly In their Intercut
lliillli'Nlilp llrmly for Trial.
SAN FHANf'ISro , Jan 2-Work has HO
far advanced on the t'nltcd States battlo-
Hhlp Wisconsin that It will make Us trial
lrli | within tilt next two wei K * The main
l.attiiv ut f'Hir ' thirteen- h ( jiins will he
tin m i\Kst i.vtr inounif 1 . n m Anicriui |
iniii-ifn.ii It ' ' M' ' d tiat I will
ex ei < l tin ni'i-i 'I rp'iulr- I hy ilii N < i\ >
& = = : >
FlU : OREAT ENGMSHMKN ,
WRITE FOR THE BEE ON THE
To begin the new year , 1900 , THE BEE announces
n number of great special articles , fully illustrated.
Hach of them is written by a man celebrated the
world over , each discusses a topic of universal in
terest , each reviews in some degree the progress of
the century now closing.
. T. STEAD ,
For Editor of the "Knullsli Review of Reviews , "
January 7th ON
" the Veil. "
"Breaking Through .
liinliii ; vltti n lu-lrf rovlovt of < li - III-OBI-I-IX uf tincoimlrj - In
f , Ml' . Stoiuliiil nimuril throuirli tinnuii - > CN of ( Inmater -
Int vtiirlil , ( plKri ili > , lolcplmnrUnji , tin" Irlclcrlrosooiip nnil
Mli-rlron ( i > liirrniili > , l < liorilci-lnuil Junt lir > nn1 HIP
l > llltlM of lliitiiultt trniinforiMtor or li-lfiiilli | > , llniilrrlrnn
rniilij of ( Imiushl. Ilo | ir 'Hpii n tiniln > tc < nitiii'l | of iinjfhU1 rr-
KOiirc'tt nw It IIICIII-N nt ( Inoiul of Ilii1 IM'II < IIVA III ( olrnront mill
inoNt I'oiM liiplnur iiiniincr. In HIN | nrlliliIlii - itrlti'inNo itlvr" the
CJ.nct nu'diiiiln uf i-tininiuiiloiilliitr tiv trli-pntli j , so ( lull iinyoiic majr
It.
W. T. STEAD ,
1'ilitor of the "English Kcview of Reviews"
For ON
January 14th "True Incidents of Thought
' '
Transference.
Th In In nn nniiHiinl nerli-H of lilt li-r-ilny ulioM NtorloN , Klvliipr a
Plt'iitlflc ncroittit of mail } iiotitlile InMntiri'N of -leMUIiy | , of tlitnl
riilliiiiliiiiciit , ami of appiirKloiiN , NOIIIP oflilrli i-niiu * uliilrr ( hi *
'N IUTHOIISI ! eli < -ri u < Inn. Thr nrMe-lc nlio trnt fully of
iin of medium vrrltliizr.
HENRY M. STANLEY ,
The World's Greatest Explorer ,
For ON
January 21st "The Unexplored Regions of
the World. "
In tliln nlnry of the unillpiein rreil Ilio world1 * errntmt rxplornv
rtcNCrllicM conic of flic < nKK Mlilcli ilie RpOKi-iiplicr of tlieDili ccn >
tury iiiuHt nolvo. Jlo U-lln with crniilile ln < cre t f lie IiiuiKer of
the nntloiiN for Africa , liovr ilcenile li > - ilrt-nilc. the ICuallKh , th
M'Tinnim , ( lie French , liu-\ iInen ci-omllni ; ilrcpcr mill ilcrprr Into
< InjniiKlt ntiil yet lenvliiK va t nronH nlnioNt tinloiii-hril. Ill * no-
coiint of ( h - comiiierclnl nnil nclt-ntlllc poNHlblllMeM of iindUeot ercd
Soiitli AiiiiTlen , AiiKtnilln , Slhrrln , IH of 11 kliul to ( Ire the Imagina
tion of Hie jountfi-r nrenernUoii n Iili-Ii niiiHt noH < ( lirne problem * .
The article 11 III lie nery rully Illunlrutcil lth iiiupn nnil irKh th *
Intent portrnlt of the niithor.
Dr. CYRUS EDSON ,
Famous Chief of New York Health Department ,
For ON
January 28th "Medicine in the Closing Year of
the Nineteenth Century. "
A rn ; > lil nnil rimclnntlnK mirvc ) of the recent iintonlNhlnir nc-
roiiuillfiliiiientH In nicillelne nnil Niirsrerj , with nil liivnliiuhle miin-
miirr of the \wy InteMt ini'tlioiln of trcritnient of Home of the morn
IntDortniit dlNenMCH , "Cnn < > pholil fever lie cureilf" "Wlint lire the
clinnccN of rt'eoter ) In piieiinioiiln f" "OoeN 1'nNteur'n Inoeiilntlon
riulljcure ralileM : " Thene qiii-HtloON mill miiiiy othem eciinlly 1m-
Iiortuiit nnil Inti-reNtlnir lire nil niiNTtorcil h > one of the arcntr.t
of Amerlcnii niitlii > rltli'N 111 meilleliie unil III the IlKht of the norld'a
lutewt Unoivli-ilui' .
Dr.PREDBRICK A. COOK
For Famous Antarctic Explorer ,
February 4th ON
"Walking to the Pole. "
Dr. Cook licllc cN ( lint the pole \\t\l \ flnnlly he ri-in-liril liy a
Nlnril : ' purl j" of AiiirrlcniiN on fooli he ul\ -N In thin nrtlel the
rerNon for thin helleft ti'lln nluit iMinliinient IN ncccNHiiry neil hotr
lonu n time "III he IICCCNMIIIto complete the expedition. The iir-
( IrliIn , In uliorl , i-lcnr nnil coiielKe prcHeiitiill < in of the very lati-.t
concliikloiiN of exnlorei'M oil the urohlcm of the polCM. It irlll Im
richly llliiHtrntciI nlth pletureM taUen hy Dr. C l. In the Irr ronloii
. PROF. N. S. SHALER ,
For Famous Geologist of Harvard ,
February llth ON
"The Earth's Deepest Depths. "
/I hid articleproiiilurN to he of much more than ordinary Intercut.
Immediately following Prof. Shaler's article ,
there will be articles by SIR NORMAN LOCKYER ,
England's greatest astronomer ; by PROF. JOHN
DEWAR , the famous Chemist , who was the first to
liquefy hydrogen ; and by several other men equal
ly celebrated.