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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (May 28, 1899)
r THE OMAHA nATLY UEE : SITKTAT ) , MAT SB , issm > . MODERN HIGH BUILDINGS How the Idea Was Evolved and How it Spread Throughout the Country. TOWERING HIVES OF BUSTLING HUMANITY lllntnrr of Ihr Flrnt Sky-Sornprr In Clilrnuo InlPrPMlliiR Knot * AlMiiil I li < - ' ! ' 11 cut llullil- In tinWorld. . "Chicago oonitructlnn , " an a terra desig nating the modern bridge-built steel sky scraper , Is nn evolution. No one mnn can claim tlip method as Ills own. It grew out of local necessities nnd circumstances more surely than from the liraln of one enthu siastic experimenter. lu prnctlcablllty , however , was first demonstrated in the thlrlcen-stnry Tncomn building In Chicago , completed by Holalilrcl & Hoclic In April , 1S89. 1S89.Moro Moro thnn to anything rise , perhaps , Chicago cage construction owes Its existence to the topography of the downtown district of Chi cago. The lake on the north and cast had a natural tendency to hamper this district. That the north , south and west side trans portation companies simply touched this dis trict from thrco Rides without passing through It forced the already natural con gestion. When realty had reached a flguro that would not Justify Investments In ordi nary office buildings the skyscraper becuino a neccEfllty. Other architects had been trying to fore stall this Inevitable situation. The-lr work had 'boon ' along the line of lightening and simplifying construction. The first serious grappling of the olllco space problem , how ever , was when the owner of a lot twenty- five led wldo on LaSallo street and 101 feet on 'Madison ' street came to us In the fall of 1S87 , asking for designs for a building that Hhonld bo nn high as wo thought It might bo safe to make It. After several studies on conventional lines had been abandoned It was decided to use steul " 1" columns In all stories , carrying the oiltsldowalla without any Interior columns , the ontlro structure to bo riveted firmly together and wind-braced with steel con struction. A full set of drawings wan made for this building , ready for making con tracts. Just then , however , the owner of the lot acquired an additional fifty-five feet on ia.- Sallo street , and the design was abandoned. With a lot 80x101 feet sketches were made for a now ibulldlng that should toe thirteen stories high , with one story of castlron columns on the front and masonry enclosing the walls above. The Interior was to bo supported 'by ' a north party wall of masonry and the remainder on castlron columns. HvolvliiK l e SUy-Scrniicr Irtcu. Ono day , studying over these plans , the owner asked why It would not be possible to put the masonry on the Insldo and sup port the exterior on columns alone , Just as we had planned to do on the twenty-flve-foot building. This change would save him many square feet of rental spa.ce , which was the most vnlunbfo In the building , ns It was upon the street fronts. At that time It was thought to be necee- sary to have great walls or solid vaults In these high Buildings , in order to render thorn safe In high winds. Drawings were made , however , In which all metal work , Including columns , was of steel , with no tolld masonry walls of any description , the wind-pressure being cared for by sway bracing ingThis , however , would have cost more than the castlron columns and masonry cross walls , so It was abandoned. New plans were drawn at once with columns on the exterior from the founda tion to the cornice , and a mere facing of masonry , entirely Independent of the walls , tied on by copper wlro and anchored to the structural Iron by wrought Iron anchors. By this method of construction the size of the jilers and mulllons was greatly re duced. When a building permit was applied for Building Commissioner Edbrooks was undecided and uneasy. Ho asked for time In which to consult the city engineer nnd to look over the plans with that official. In the meantime the Chicago newspapers took up the question nnd aired It from all sides. The permit was granted , however , and work was 'begun ' on May 10 , 1888. Novelty of tlio Kiitorprlwe. Byes familiar with the old methods cf construction were opened wide at the Tacomn's piers nnd exterior walls. A thir teen-story building of any construction was a novelty , and for such a building , under the existing circumstances , masonry walls should have been thirty Inches thick from Iho second to the fourth stories. In the skeleton plans these walls from the second to ths thirteenth stories were only eight Inches thick In bay windows , and twelve Inches thick In plain wall surfaces. The twelve-Inch walls hnd a four-Inch pressed brick facing and a lining of four Indies of common brick , furred with three Inches of hollow tlio flieprooflng. The columns were encased with brickwork , as were the mul- 1 loirs. Under such circumstances as these the Tacoma building was carried to completion In less thnn one year. Experienced men hnd said that the time limit was too short , but It was done on April 1 , 1889 , even to the alterations In partitions to suit tenants. As an accomplished fact , the steel con struction had received an Impetus from San l-'ranclsco , whore It was considered ns a pos sible Rotation of the earthquake problem on the Pacific slope. Again , In Chicago a man ufacturer of terra cotta , In order to create a market for his experimental product , ex hibited designs In steel , showing how his clay manufactures might be tied In as an exterior wall llnlsh , The Homo Insurance building In Chicago had been an advance over previous methods , but the scheme In volved Iron columns , housed In piers , and without doing away with the thick walls and heavy inawiiry surrounding these col umns. Dolts , too , had been used Instead of rivets In uniting the Iron frame-work. Improvement In SIy-S < Tiiirrx. Ill the modern skeleton construction nil castlron has been replaced by steel , and the clumsy imiXo-shlflu of the first cfforjs ere superseded by well-designed steel shapes unknown In 1SSS. In 'brief , the modern building of this pattern U n stecl-framo skeleton , starting with the foundations and built upward like a bridge. Surrounding this framework Is a skin of terra cotta , brick or stone , which Is put over Inde pendently so much eo that workmen might easily begin at the top and work down to the street level ; or , as Is often done , work might bo carried on at the same time on ecu oral different stories. The walls have only their own weight to carry , and each lloor Is Independent of any other. Tills coiibtnicUoii 1ms overturned the old Ideas of builders who worked from heavy foundations , building old-fashioned , solld- musonry plem , exterior walls nnd partition walls together from the bottom up. It has reduced ilio size of piers that would have been necessary for an eighteen-story build ing from seven feet square to two and one- half feet square , and the wall thickness In proportion. It hoa given more floor space , nioro strength and moro light , and In doing oway with Interior walls It has made parti tion alterations u simple matter. Once , In making partition changes. It was necessary to substitute supports for' floors above ; now purtltlomi and vaults of hollow tiling are put lu or removed at the pleasure of the tenant , AVnlU tlmt Cnii II ? WimliPd. Ono of the recent novelties In the build- lug of the sky-scraper Is the glazed terra cotta which In Chicago Is especially desir able , an It permits of the washing of ex- Urlur walla , removing the soot and grime 1 r ' 3& af&k of soft coal and restoring a building to Its former color and finish. Chicago construction has not been put to the test of time , but It promises well. Ex aminations of steel columns erected ten years ago and housed In cement , and ot foundation beams lying below tlio water line , have shown that not even the blue- black scale from the rolling mill finish has turned color. Wherever It IB possible these steels are burled In cement , In Itself n rust- proofing , and under such conditions the stcel-constructod building promises to stand ns long ns the building itself shall be satis factory to Us owner and Its tenants. TAI.I.1CST IK TIII3 WOULD. New York's Lofty HulUMllK , ' 100 from Curb to CoriiliM- . The now Park row building In Now York is undeniably the tiilkst olllco bulldlnc in the world and with very few exceptions the tallest work of human hands to be found anywhere on the earth's surface. A passing glance at the sky line of lower Manhattan shows how decidedly It towers above Its near neighbors and closest competitors the St. Paul building , which Is 308 feet high , ami thn American Surety building , rising 312 feet above the street. The Manhattan Ufo structure , which was for a long time the highest In the city , is , tower and all , nearly fifty feet below the summit of the now building. How long the Park row building will enjoy Its present pro-emlnenco It Is , of couruo , Impossible to say. The very conditions that have made It may cause It to bo excelled within the next few years. The erection of a 400-foot olllco building offers no engineering nor architectural problems that have not "been " dealt with before - fore In steel structures of lesser height. It i an evolution from the first steel building , Just as the slxty-mllu-un-hnur express train Is a natural development from the first UbO of steam for traction purposes. This Is not saying that It Is a simple matter - tor to put uji a thirtystoryUulldlng. - . U Is really n wonderful achievement , nut for the particular architect or engineer engaged In this ono undertaking , but for ( ho con structive genius of the age which has made such a feat possible. The best Idea of the magnitude of such n structure as the Park row building may be obtained perhaps from a consideration of some of the startling and spectacular statistics which It present ? . To begin with. Its height from the side walk to the tops of the cupolas on the towers Is 390 feet. Thus It Is over 100 feet taller than the dome of the capital at Washington , elghty-flvo feet above the Statue of Liberty nnd within a very few feet of .the extreme height of the Pyramids. Even three figures do not represent Its full proportions. The Hag poles on top of the building are fifty-seven feet In height. The foundations extend fifty-four feet below the surfaceTherefor * , from the base of Its foundations to the top of Its Hag poles the now building spam 501 feet. How great this distance Is ono may realize by reflecting' that It Is equal to the length of two city blocks or by measuring off the distance horizontally for himself. While there are a few structures that ex ceed the new building In vertical dimension It Is by air odds the tallest Inhabited buildIng - Ing In the world. The restaurant on top of the main oullrtlng Is 308 feet above the street , while the topmost offices , large , com fortable rooms , are 340 feet In air. Their windows command a view of over forty miles. The two lofty towers of the 'building may bo seen from nearly the entire distance across the state of New Jersey. The now building has a frontage of 103 feet on the street which It faces , of twenty- three feet on a sildc street , nnd of forty-seven feet on a rear alley. It may therefore he said to look In three directions. It Is nearly four timort ns high as Its main frontage. The difficulty presented by that proportilon Is nn architectural problem of some magnitude In Itsorf. The lot on which the building stands con tains 15,000 square feet. Considering this fact , nnd the great height of the structure , It need not bo said that a vast amount of steel and stone nnd other material enters Into Its construction. As a matter of fact , It weighs about 20,000 tons. Jf all the material were loaded upon heavy street trucks It would require a procession of teams and wagons nearly three miles long to con vey It. Itwould build all the houses of nn ordinary suburban town , with enough leftover ever to .construct a good-sized church. It may surprise those who are not familiar with the art of modern construction to know that tills towering structure , with all Its weight , rests upon a foundation of sand It Is as secure , however , as though KB base rested upon the most solid rock. In fact , a foundation equal If not superior to rock was made for It. SliiiidM nn a IIridue. This was done by driving timbers n foot In diameter and forty feet long Into the sandy soil which forms the slto of the build ing by means of a twenty-ton plle < lrlvor. These piles nro In rows two feet apart and sixteen Inches from center to center under the vertical columns which support the structure. Thcro ore some 12.000 of them under the whole < bulldlng. Several acres of Georgia timber land were denuded to furnish the foundations alone of this high building. The piles were driven Into the ground as far as they would go under the blows of the twenty-ton driver. They ore thus prepared - pared to sustain a weight of twenty tons. As the most that will be put upon them Is about scivcn tons It will bo seen that they form a tolerably secure foundation. More over , they are below the water line , so that they are Indi'structlblo by the ordinary pro cess of decoy. When the piles were driven In their full length the sand was cleared away for a foot down around ( heir tops and concrete was poured about thoni , forming a solid rock surface , rusting securely upon their caps. On this cincrete base were laid large blocks of granite and above them the brick piers of the building. The weight of the building Is not allowed to como directly upon the granite capstones which surmount theae pier * . Instead , It Is distributed by the system of steel girders which Is familiar to all engineers. Thco Blrdcrfl nro from eight to forty-seven feet In depth. They arc In effect big bridges placed betw-een the foundations nnd the footings ot the vertical columns of the building to carry the weight evenly. The heaviest of these , beneath one wall of the building , weighs over fifty-two tons. Above the surface the method of con structing the building has been the ono that must be tolerably familiar to nil residents of the larger cities who have seen tall buildings In process of erection. It con sists of a steel framework , built span nbovo span , as Is done In the building ot a cantilever bridge. The walls are merely the sheathing for this skeleton structure. Having assurance of a sufficiently firm foundation any engineer could sit down nnd figure out In a few minutes how to build a thirty-five story building If It were neces sary. The addition of a few more stories to n steel building offers no great engineer ing difficulties. The considerations that finally will limit the height of skyscrapers will probably bo rather of an economical nature. AVlmt It C M. It Is Interesting to turn from the con sideration of the vast proportions of the building Itself to the human Interests that It will servo. It was to accommodate the constant demand for moro room In the busiest section of the metropolis that this expenditure of. time , money and effort , amounting altogether to some $2,400,000. was made. And the addition which It makes In thla direction Is by no means Insignifi cant. 'As ' was said before , the .dead weight of the building Itself Is about 20,000 tons , llut with the addition ot the maximum load which the twcnty-nlno floors are calculated to carry the total weight of the structure will amount to something like 54,000 tons. There are 950 rooms In the building. Counting four persons to each office this will make the permanent population ot the building nearly 1,000 , or equal to that of. seat. many n flourishing county To this must bo , added u largo transient population , amounting probably for ono person to each resident at any given time during business hours. This would make an ordinary population , resident nnd float ing , of 7,500 for this ono building ! If twenty persons visit each office during the day we have the result of 23,000 persons using the building every day. In other words , an army as largo as that ot the United States will march In and out of the building every day. The various elevators will have a dally passenger traffic of over CO.OOO. or moro than that of many an Important railway line. It Is a curious reflection tlmt If the regu lar occupants of the building were placed shoulder to shoulder on the ground that It occupies there would be barely standing room for them , while If all the persons who visit the building during a. day were gath ered on the ground slto at ono tlmo they would make a group standing five feet deepen on ono another's heads. From the architect's point of view the planning of a building nearly 400 feet high , with a base ot only 100 feet , offers many difficulties. The necessity of a facade nearly 350 feet high Is apt to result In the bald , staring appearance of a chimney or n tower , which Is both ugly and painful to the sight. The architect's method o relieving this tendency Is by treating the stories In groups of four or five. This lessens the effect of extreme height. At the same tlmo the wldUi Is made to seem greater than it really Is by the addition of heavy cornices nnd projecting balconies. While It Is perhaps too much to expect that a sky-scraper shall become an object of beauty , these various devices do much to give the building personality nnd , distinc tion nnd to lessen the effect of perfectly blank , staring walls. The architect's aim Is realized If the building can be made to look less than Its real height without losing any of the Imposing character of Its true pro portions. R. H. ROBERTSON. SOME LATU INVENTIONS. Two Virginians have patented a cigar in which a leaf stem Is Inserted In the center to impart Its fragrance to the filler , the stem being withdrawn when the cigar is lighted , thus forming a passage for the smoke. A Kentucklan has patented a piano ham mer which has a disk ot fel't carried by a pair of curved fingers set In n tapering tube , with a nut at the opposite end to tighten the fingers , the disk being turned around as It wears. A Texan has patented n machine which will crack nuts of any size or shape , con sisting of two Jaws suspended to permit of a vertical movement , which Is obtained by a pair of cams operated by a lever nt the side of the machine. For use In assisting vehicles oft car tracks a band Is loosely mounted on the axle to carry an arm , which Is raised and lowered by a lever near the scat , a shoe being fixed at the end of the arm to DC dropped into the track and lift the wheel out. Railway and other cars are easily ven tilated with an Arkansas man's device , a small wind wheel being set on top of the car to drive an exhaust fan mounted in an opening at the end of the car. the two fans being connected by a gear shaft. Fish can bo caught without hooking in anew now spring trap , consisting of u tray having a pair of spring-controlled Jaws pivoted In the bottom , with a bait holder In the center , which springs the trap , the device being sunk In the bed ot tbo stream. Just Received f s J * ' pique , duck , linen in nil the known new fabrics all nt prices seas i i In as to convince you beyond a possible doubt Ui.it I am not only Omaha's head ' ' quarters for fine ready-to-wear goods , but that my prices are always the lowest , t * quality and style considered. S # White Plquo Dress Skirt * , $1.10 , $1.60. 12.00. up to $12.60. Linen Crash Drxws Skirts , 60e , $1.10 , $2.00 up to $10.00. Linen Dress Skirts , $3.00 , $5.00 $ , $7.50. llluo Denim Dress Skirts trimmed with white straps $1.00 , $1.SS , $1.65 , up to $ S.OO. COLORED I'BTTICOATS for Summer gingham , llnon , Italian cloth , Imported satinet , plain , or wltu Jeep ruffles COe , $1.00 , $1.40 , $1.76 , $2.00 $ nnd $3.00. Colossal Mid-Season Saie of Class Man-Tailored Suits t a memorable occasion , coming thus early , as it does , in mid-sea Is son , and not as ordinarily , when the season is over. I am selling the best suits in Omaha at much less than the cost of material alono. They include all the swell Eton , tight-fitting and lly front suits , nearly all being lined throughout with # best taffeta silk. The materials are homespuns , Venetians , coverts , broadcloths and cheviots the colors are the new French greys , tan , brown , blue , plum nnd black- s sizes from 32 to 45 , inclusive making the season's most exceptional opportunity to secure an outing or traveling suit at half the usual prices. \ 9 50 85 50 50 ' 22 $38 Suits A 4 suits Suits Suits Suits I Nearly All of My fancy Silk Waists and Silk Shirt Waists Reduced 84.0O WnUt norr 51.OB 912.OO Walit novr 9S.OO \ QS.bO Wal t norr 93.23 930.OO IValnt now 914.OO $8.00 WnUt now . . .94.QO 92B.OO WulHt no IT 91O.OO 10.00 AViUst xiovr 9nz.no Wnint now 920.00 Silk Capes , 24 to 28 Inchc * long , trimmed at the neck with loco and ribbon $14.00. $10.00 , $17.60. Silk PetUcoate big assortment $4.00 , $6.00 , $7.60 and up. GEO. de SOSNQWSKI , T tf * BETWEEN fARNAM AND BARNEY. 321 SOUTH 15TII STREET , OMAHA , NEB. tfffi ? Jr TOPNOTCH IN WAISTCOATS Price a Gilded New York Youth Paid for a Stunner. NO PREJUDICE AGAINST FOREIGN STYLES Sninrt mill Ilrllllniit Xovcltlcn in Illtl- nntl Driving COII N Sport- CIIIIN Avldi n De cided Jockey Cut. NEW YORK , May 2G. ( Correspondence of The Coe.The ) well dressed American man does not object to paying a good price for a good thing , and the topnotch In masculine extravagance In clothes was reached lasl week when $ SO was paid by a glided jouth for ouo waistcoat. It was not Imported , but made up by the tailor who sways the sar torial destinies of the smart young million aires of the empire city. This particular waistcoat looked every stitch Its value. Its material was a rich red goods picked out In white silk spots and closed with flat but tons of French gilt that wears like. gold. The small 'but ' costly garment was worn with a silver gray cashmere suit , and if any man wishes to know what sort of tlo goes well with this type of vest let him try a black bow or knot picked out In small white figures. To Invest $1,000 In spring toggery , on a shopping expedition that consumed one morning , was the record of another leader In the New York net that gives some time and brains to the question of modern haber dashery. Though $1,000 looks a 1)lg sum to the man whoso clothes arc a necessity , nnd not a luxury of his life , It scarcely over- IUDING AND DRIVING COAT. stocks a wardrobe when the purchasing la done at any of the leading tailoring estab lishments. Since the spring fashions crys- talllzod two or three Important facts have 'been ' made evident concerning the dress of American men. The first Is that the padded coat Is no longer a strange and Interesting object. London tailors nearly always pad frock nnd evening coats , and artfully build a man's shoulders to the form they uhould have , and not on the shape .they may nat urally display. Every man , says the English tailor , has a right to squared , 'broad ' shoul ders , and if nature has denied him his birth right It's the tailor's duty to make good the loss. FftMhloiiN from Frnncc. The New York tailor was slow to adopt this subterfuge , but the first step has been made and henceforth customers will not oven bo asked whether they wish their shoulders made for them or not. The tailor will shape the top of this garment , send it homo and safely trust that no man , when ho has observed himself in his now habit , will dare to have tbo scientific padding ripped out . New York tailors and those In other large cities put forth most now fashions as of English origin , but as a matter of fact a great many of our best fashions come from Paris , and , though an Englishman would cheerfully lay him down nnd die rather than display on his person a Gallic style , the 'American ' man knows no such prejudice. Kor example , all the gay silk , llslo and cotton hose on the market this season , the butterfly neck bows , the -white spats with summer shoes worn In the afternoon , the now shape of top hat and yet moro details of dress on this order arc direct Importa tions from Paris. Frenchmen have an Inbred fondness for wearing Jewels and the rings and watch chains we have adopted of late are all done on the Parisian pattern. Ono detail of the toilet , now most popular In Paris , the American , however , Is too nearly related to the Anglo-Saxon to adopt , and that Is artificially curled hair. Ondulcs and crcped tresses are dominant , even universal , In the gay capital , nnd they are secured by exactly the same means that the gentler sex em ploys. A good French valet numbers among his accomplishments the art of waving hair with hot or cold tongs , but It Is here that the American draws the line , and takes his hair straight oven moro rigidly straight and closely plastered to his. scalp than Ills British brother. Top Coiiln. Men nnd their tailors have como to nn agreement as to the continued fullness of driving coats that show curiously short shoulder scams , for , In order to glvo ample room nt the armhole , the slcevo Is not Into a rather tremendous orifice , made by cut ting out generously on the shoulder. Also It Is the rule to bring the scam of the slcovo to tbo upper sldo of the arm nnd at Its top to make exact Junction with the ono on the shoulder. In the rear a strap Is often introduced across the shoulder blades to the effect that a double pointed yoke Is simulated , and this Is done chiefly to lend an appearance nf extra shoulder width , that the big armhole and high set sleeve do\s so much to counteract. This Is the typo of coat that men who own motor vehicles and maneuver them with heir own hands taro wearing , for that which is good enough to drive a liorwj In Is quite suitable for a smart automobile. For bad weather a smart leather motor carriage coat N the pioper garment. Pliable , waterproof > roun Inathor Is uhat this coat Is niadi ) nf. i The leather la so treated that It sheds rain , Iko rubber , and yet It Is not hot nor stiff ( and Intolerable oven , as the. host mackintosh nvarlably Is In summer weather. A motor coat drops nearly to the knew , has an abundance of pockets Inside and out , nn the Ivo fiat buttons that clcfio It In front the owner's Initials are usually etched , and a rather shallow Prussian collar completes It at the neck. Kor .SjmrlliiK AVciir. Norfolk jackets used to bo the Ideal sum mer bportlug coats when a simple reefer or a ilazer was not worn. This summer the golfing , fishing and shooting men are all ; olng to wear the Weatbury , which IH noth- ng more than a Norfolk , with alt sorts of xitont appliances. The broad boxplalt that used to ornament the Norfolk I will gunranteo that my nhcuuintisin Cure will relieve lum- bngo , scinticu and all rheumatic pniua ia two or three hours , and cure in a few days. days.MUNYON. . At all druggist * , 25c. nvial. . Guide to Health and medi cal aducc free. 1505 Arch St. . Phila. Is recognized throughout the civilized world ns the greatest IJIood Purifier of the ago. It Is sold under a bona lido guarantee to cur * the following symptoms : Pains In tlio back , side , under the shoulder blade , smothering sensations , a tired fe-cllng , a poor appotlte , a coated tongue , blotches or pimples , u bad lasts in the mouth , sick or bloating stomach. headache , dizziness , htlffness of the limbs , Hkln trouble. Are jou constipated ? Are you nervous ? Do you take cold easily ? Are you losing In weight ? If so , Dr. Hurklmrt'H Vegetable Compound win cuio _ you. IJegln treatment today , to " - ' - ' - - " - - - ho.sltato may be the mistake of your life. 1 Thirty days' treatment for 2Sc ; seventy days' BOcj six months' treatment $1.00 ; 01 prove beyond doubt "its Virtue Twill mail a week's treatment free. Sold by druggists. Address Dr.V. . S. Uurkhnrt , Cincinnati , O. Always Reliable and Satisfactory , ' 8 Sugar Cured Hams , Breakfast Bacon nnd Kettle Rendered Lard. All are turned Insldo on the Wcsthury , closed breast high nnd shoulder blade high at back and front. Hut above those points the box- plaits nro left open , so that when n gun or club Is raised the expanse of the garment acrotK the chest and back Is so great that thn most perfect freedom to movement is given , while at the dropping of the nrma thu garment fits snugly over the body as a frock coat when tmttonod. Them If , no belt to the Westbury , but there are pockets galore , four iblg square-flapped sockets In front and two , equally big , In the rear on thn hips. Any number of these coats have already appeared on the links , at the sprint ; tournaments , anil men who cycle will do well unoiiKh to give them a trial. lly the way , for cycling and golfing It is just as Important to have your rap made to match your suit by a gond hotter as It late to have the suit Itself made by a good tailor. According to latest advices , the rap con tinues to bo built nn Jockey lines , but rather fuller In front than the Jockey wears his , and bulging well over a visor that really gives the eyes protection. Insldo the cap must have a brow band of soft dark-brown leather , and the bcbt of them art > certainly not lined , for the crown of the cap Is cut In but three pieces and the huams bound with ' silk , so a lining IH not required. Tliree small air vents should bo made In the center of the crown and neatly buttonholed with ellk , and , though this spuclea of cap Is vpry much worn on the links , the men who dresa smartly for golf bavo rather a loaning toward - ward the simple , xcrvlccablc Bcotch cap , otherwise known as the Taiii-o'-Shanter. The Now York men who have adopted the Scotch cap do not , as a rule , wear those that are knitted , but big fellows , with plenty of extension all round over the leather head band , nnd cut from the same goods as their BUltl ,