8 TIIT3 OMAHA DAILY JJEE : . SATURDAY , OCTOBER 10 , 1800. , .
FREE COINAGE OF WAMPUM
A Chapter of Early Financial History of
America ,
SHELL MONEY IN ACTIVE CIRCULATION
Houiltc Ilntcli Ilrj-nnltoa Increase * !
the Sii | pl > ' 1 r Vrcc ColiinKC nnd
. Ilciluooil ItH Value The
, Unit of Trndc. . , . . J
The strong Interest felt Just now In all
matters relating to money makes timely an
ntcount of the shell money that was current
among our American Indians when they were
first met by Europeans. The name and
general use of the money-beads called wam
pum nro familiar enough , writes Ernest
Ingersoll In the New York Post , but the
volume , Importance and effect of It upon
trade ha > TT been forcotlen.
The use of n circulating medium to
facilitate commerce by simplifying the
awkward devices of barter Is supposed to
Indicatea considerable advance toward
civilization In the pecplo employing It. On
this score , the North American Indians
ought to stand high In the list of barbarians ,
slnco they possessed an aboriginal money of
recognized value , although It had no sanction
other than common custom ,
Tills money was made from sea-shells ,
-which seem to have commended themselves
for this purpose to widely different people.
A small brown cowry attained a great
circulation , and Is still largely used In
tropical Africa , India , and the South Sea
Islands. It was once the coin of those
regions to the exclusion of everything else ,
In trading with the savages , and ships going
after cargoes of Ivory , palm oil , sandalwood
and similar products wcro obliged first to
provide themselves with cargoes of cowries
at Zanzibar or eomo other port where they
could bo bought In largo quantities.
PERFORATED SHELLS.
This small shell , smooth , shining , easily
perforated , and not too common , was the
most suitable thing that could bo found. It
could not bo produced artificially , or counter
feited or acquired without considerable oxcr-
ttbn. It therefore represented an expendi
ture of labor on the part of Its possessor ,
and became at once a purchasing power.
Us "Intrlntlo" value was derived from the
fact that strings of this shell were every
where highly esteemed as ornaments , and
could always bo turned to good account In
that way when their owner had no Imme
diate use for them In trade. This , In fact ,
is the basis of value In all the shell moneys ,
which were ornaments first and bccamo a
monetary currency because of their con
venience and universal acceptability. This
resembles the way In which gems were
regarded In the middle ages , when there
were no banks or means of carrying and
transferring money by drafts or letters of
credit. A man qolng upon a long Journey
would provide for his expenses by putting
his funds Into Jewels , one of which ho would
sell whenever ho needed more cash. This
was the only practical method In those
days of maklnc one's wealth portable.
Among the aborigines of the cowry-UBlng
countries the shells represented approxi
mately the purchasing power of money to
day ; but when European traders began to
gather them systematically where they
grow , take them In shiploads to the Interior
of Africa , the New Hebrides , and similar
regions , they Increased the number In cir
culation eo enormously and outbid ono an
other eo recklessly ( as they could well af
ford to do ) that the shells became extremely
common and sank In value to almost noth
ing.
ing.No alterations were mndo to the cowry , ex
cept to punch a small hole In It for the
passage of a thread ; and In this respect It
resembles the hlqua or money-strings of
tusk shells ( Dentallum ) which , as will be
presently explained , has only recently gene
out of use among the Indians of our northwest -
. west coast.
I ORIGIN OP THE "COIN. "
The origin ot American shell money may
be taken to have been somewhat as follows :
Shells by their pretty shape and bright colors
attracted the eye of the savage , who , finding
them easy to suspend about his clothing , em
ployed them as ornaments , certain kinds be
coming" especially fashionable. Only tboso
tribes living on the shores of the ocean
could obtain tlicso shells ; but as soon as
they were In request by natives of the Ip-
tcrlor exchanges quickly sprang up. Roger
Williams , speaking of the trades pursued
by the members of the Narragansett Indians
of Rhode Island , records that these along
the coast "mado money" as a regular and
profitable operation. The longer these ex
changes continued , the more frequently and
widely they were carried on , the more the
shell beads lost their character as orna
ments and became truly money.
The shell money of the eastern coast con
sisted of small cylindrical heads from a
fifth to a quarter of an Inch In length , of
two kinds and values represented by differ
ent colors , white and dark purple. A great
variety of names and spellings ot the Indian
terms for these beads appears In the books
of the early voyagers and historians , none
of which survive In popular parlance except
wampum , which seems originally to have
designated the white beads alone.
This white variety waa most plentiful and
was of Inferior value. It was commonly
made from the central column of the large
pear-shaped conch ( Fulgur ) , the most plenti
ful largo univalve on the eastern coast.
Roger Williams wrote In his "Key" to the
language of the Narragansctts : "Tho New
England Indians are' Ignorant of Europ's
t coyne. Their owno Is of two sorts ;
one white , which they make of the stem or
stock of the pcrlwlncle , which they call Mo-
tcauhok , when all the shell Is broken off. "
This kind was distinguished by law In Rhode
Island as late as 1663. Smith's "History of
Now Jersey" tells the same thing of that
coast , and Boverley's "History of Virginia , "
date 1705 , records that the riches of the In
dians then consisted of "peak , rocnoko and
such like trifles. " The first was made from
1 the quahauf ; shell , but roonolco was the name
of a poorer sort of bead made from the
conch ,
THE GOLD VARIETY.
The dark-colored variety of wampum the
gold of the red man was fabricated out of
a small part of the shell of the hard clam
or quahaug , which the Indians gathered
nllvo by wadtnc or diving , not having such
rakes as ore used by modern clam dredgers.
Toward ono end ( the forward ) of the other-
wlso whlto Interior of each of the valves of
this mollusk'a ebcll Is a deep purplish or
brownish-black scar , which fishermen call
the "eye , " It Indicates the attachment of
the largo muscle by which the animal shuts
and holds Us shells together. This dark
spot Iho Indians broke out of the shell and
used as the material for their dark-colored
beads. These wcro worth twlco as much
us the whlto ones , because they represented
that difference In rarity and labor of manu
facture.
Some of the methods of making this finer
Bert of bead coin nro Interesting. "Heforo
over they had awle-bludea from Europe , "
says Williams , "they made shift to bore
Awarded
Highest Honors World's Fair.
-DHL-
BAKING
PWWfR
MOST PERFECT MADE.
A pure Grape Cream of Tartar Powder. Free
f cm Ammonia , Alum or any other adulterant.
* 40 Y * rs the Standard.
their nhcll money with stone , " and from
the ( hell heaps along the Now KnglanO
coast Are now exhumed thcto old flint wlf
or drills ot a prehistoric design , which mas
havn been revolved Jn some c ei by a bow
such as Jewelers employ at present. Law-
Bon described , In his account of early trad
ing In Carolina , a method of drilling with
a nail stuck In a cflno or reed , "The )
roll It continually on their thighs with theli
right hand , holding the bit of shell will ;
their left ; no In tlmo they drill a hole
quite through It , which Is very tedloui
work. "
A. WORK OP PATIENT LABOR.
The coinage , * o to speak , of this shell
money was therefore a work of patient labor
nnd great delicacy ot manipulation , and
there \vafl no fear of Increasing the supply
beyond the demands of trade by the worth
of ono deerskin , slnco a savage would rarely
inko a single bead more than sufficed for
his Immediate wants. H was , however , a
true medium of exchange a real currency.
All the early writers speak of It as "riches"
and "money" and "current specie. "
The Delawarcs , In fact , had A tribal
treasury of wampum out of which were paid
the expenses of public affairs. Hired serv
ants at stated feasts and ceremonials wcro
paid In wampum , and great quantities were
thrown Into graves for the use of the de
parted nplrlt In the next world.
It followed as a matter of course that the
shrewd first traders who came to New York
nnd Now Jersey should adopt this currency
which nil the nations wcro accustomed to ,
receiving It as pay for their merchandise
and with It buying peltries ot the Indians ,
Thus wampum quickly became a standard of
value among the earliest colonists , their
currency to a great extent In their transac
tions with each other , and finally even a
legal tender.
Though the beads were often used separ
ately , the ordinary and approved manner
was to string them upon cords or sinews ,
which might or might not bo plaited Into
bands and bo known as wampum belts. The
length ot these strings varied , but In the
neighborhood of the Hudson a length of
about six feet was found to be the usual
quantity computed by the Indians , and
hence a fathom bccamo the Dutch unit ot
trade. In the south the unit length was a
string as long as the distance from the
elbow to the tip of the llttlo finger a cubit.
PAtlTICULAH AS TO QUALITY.
The Indians wcro particular as to the qual
ity and elzo of the beads , for upon the
elegance of their finish to speak scientifi
cally , the amount of personal labor they
represented depended their value ; nnd they
were careful to examine each string , and If
It wcro Imperfect , or the beads worn and
Irregular , they would not accept It. They
measured the quantity by their thumbs ,
counting six beads to the length from the
end of the nail to the first Joint. Woolcy/s
"History of New York , " written In 1079 , says
that then wampum was "valued above the
Spanish or English silver. "
Now came some "financiering. " Seeing
that profit nnd wealth lay In possession of
wampum , the burghers along the Hudson
river , as the easiest way , of getting rich ,
began to make It , there being no law against
a free and unlimited coinage. With their ,
tools of steel and knowledge of lathes , this
could bo done very rapidly , and there was no
lack of clam-shells ; but with the absence
of the painstaking care bestowed upon the
native , hand-made beads , came a poor
quality of wampum which the Indians would
not accept at the same prlco as before. To
widen their market the Dutch carried the
custom to New England , where It seems
that the Pilgrims had not made much use
ot wampum. The Massachusetts rulers tried
to prohibit It , but when the Indians there
learned that It could buy goods from white
men , they began to make It moro In
dustriously , and the amount Increased BO
rapidly that the usual result depreciation
followed.
followed.DUYANISM
DUYANISM BREAKS LOOSE.
But meanwhile trade flourished , the wam
pum ( or seawant , as the Dutch called It )
circulating everywhere exactly as money
docs with us. William Ktcft was then
governor of Now Netherlands , and In the
Knickerbocker history Irving gives a humor
ous account of the financial- troubles that
ensued. To check the evil effeqts of the In
flation hinted at above , Kleft had his coun
cil pass a law , dated April 18 , 1C41 , whose
preamble Illustrates In n singular way the
truth 'of the rule that a cheaper money
always supplants a dearer. This law read
thus :
"Whereas very bad Wampum Is at present
circulating hero and payment Is made in
nothing but rough , unpolished stuff which la
brought hither from other places , where It Is
CO per cent cheaper than It Is paid out here ,
and the good , polished Wampum , commonly
called Manhattan Wampum , ts wholly put
out of sight or exported , which tends to the
express ruin and destruction of this Country ;
In order to provide In tlmo therefor. Wo do.
therefore , for the public good. Interdict and
forbid all persons * * * to receive In pay
ment , or to pay out , any unpolished Wam
pum during the next month of May , except at
Flvo for ono Stiver , and that strung , and
then after thnt Six beads for ono Stiver.
Whosoever shall be found to have acted COR-
trary hereunto , shall provisionally forfeit the
Wampum which is paid out and ten guilders
for the Poor , and both payer and payee are
ollko liable. The well-polished Wampum
shnll remain at Its price , as before , to-wlt ,
Four for one Stiver , provided It bo strung. "
In Massachusetts ( act ot 1648) "wampum-
peag" was legal tender for all debts up to
40 shillings , "except county rates to the
treasury , " the whlto at eight for a penny and
the black at four for a penny. In 1C5C the
Pequot Indians paid as tribute to the united
colonies 215 fathoms of wampum. At this
tlmo the whlto was worth G shillings ster
ling per fathom of 3CO beads , and the black
10 shillings. It was a legal tender In New
England until 1CC1 , and In New York until
somewhat later , but It remained useful for
a long period afterward.
Nearly a century passed , and still the shell
money held a firm place In colonial trade all
along the coast , though It bad depreciated
to about one-fourth Us former value. Baron
Kalm , who wrote a most observant book
about America In 1845 , has much to eay. of
It. Ho tells us that the Indians of the
backwoods knew or cared little for gold or
silver , but demanded wampum ; and that
there were factories of It , especially at
Albany. The nov. Mr. Barnaby saw It
made on Staten Island , and In 17CG Jacob
Splccr ot Capo May , then ono of the leading
merchants of New Jersey , collected all he
could of It , and found his stock worth moro
than Us weight In silver coin. A factory
for making wampum for the western In
dian trade survived at Park Ridge , N , J. ,
until about 1S7G.
Now remedies era being constantly Intro
duced to the public , but Dr. Bull's Cough
Syrup still maintains Its pre-eminence.
K1INAT1I FOUNI1 IIGAD IN HIS HED.
Snlil to HIIVC Itccii CmiNcil by
Aiiuvloxy.
Robert Kunath , a butcher at 320 North
Sixteenth street , was found dead In hla
bed In bis resilience , 1816 Chicago street ,
yesterday morning. From the convulsive po
sition of the limbs and other Indications
shown on the body , It Is believed that death
was caused by an attack of apoplexy ,
Kunath had been ailing for some tlmo
from what ho thought was a cold. He at
tended to business , however , being In his
shop Thursday , and did not summon medi
cal assistance. Ho went home Thursday night
as usual , and from the appearance of his
apartments evidently spent sorao tlmo In
working upon his books before ho retired.
Charles Cook , ono of his employes , went
to the ebop at the usual hour , C:30 : o'clock
yesterday morning , and found It closed. Ho
waited about a half hour or more , and
then believing that his employer had over
slept , went tn hla residence to awaken
him. Repeated knocks on tbo door of his
apartments failed to arouse him , however ,
and Cook , becoming frightened , hurried for
assistance. Returning ,7lth a companion
the two climbed to tbo transom and , looking
In , saw Kunath lying upon the bed. Cook
then crawled over tbo transom and dis
covered that the man was dead. Coroner
Burket was at once summoned and took
possession of the body , A physician pro
nounced death to have been caused by
apoplexy.
Kunath was about 35 years of ago and
was well known In the city , having re-
ilded hero fourteen years. Ho came hero
from. Minneapolis , Ha leaves a wife ,
who Is now on a visit to relatives at
Owatonna , Minn. She has been notified of
the death , as well as tbo deceased's , mother ,
who resides la Austin , Minn. Eo far as
known Kunath was not a member of uny
secret organization , but leaves some prop
erty. An Inquest wU ! _ not bo held.
Tbo king ot pills la Beccham's BcccMvr *
KEI1EY , STICER & CO ,
Offering Seasonable Merchandise at Reason
able Prices for Reasonable Buyers ,
ASTONISHING BARGAINS FOR SATURDAY
In Ijnillcn' nnil Clill < 1rcii'n Fall nni
"Winter Jlonlery ntiil Uitilrrircnr ,
. Jloj-x' Knit Shirt * anil Draivcru ,
1'rloon ( lint Make Economic
BUYERS STOP. THINK AND BUY.
A SPECIAL , DRIVE.
150 dozen of ladles' heavy ribbed flcecei
lined vests and pants , worth 39c , Satur
clay , 23c each.
33 CENTS.
For ladles' , GOc vests and pants , hcav ;
ribbed , ( leoccil-llncil silk crochet edges
fronts anil necks , Saturday , 35c , 3 for { 1.00
CO cnNTS.
For ladles' , 7Bc extra heavy balbrlggai
ribbed vests and pants , yoke belts In nat
ural and ecru finished scams. Saturday GOc
Ladles' ribbed balbrlggan union suits , fin
Ishcd seams , made from pure Egyptian cot
ton , should bring 75c , Saturday COc.
EO CENTS.
Ladles' black tights , extra finish , fas
colors , a special bargain Saturday , COc.
THE YPSILANTI , KNIT TO FIT.
For ladles' the perfection of ribbed under
wear. The agency Is controlled by us li
Omaha. Call and see the many points o
excellence It possesses and note that tin
prlco Is less than Is usually asked to
cheaper wove goods. They are made li
suits , tights , vests and pants.
A RARE CHANCE FOR SATURDAY.
Just received , 100 dozen boys' heavy knl
chlrts and drawers. These are the bca
underwear for boys In the city for thi
price. Saturday , nil sizes , 25c.
STOCKING SPECIAL.
25 CENTS.
Ladles' fast black cotton hose. Heavy nnc
medium weight , double sole special hee
and toe ; suitable for fall wear , Saturday
25c.
35 CENTS.
Ladles' fast black silk fleeced hose , whlU
sole ; extra high special heel and too ; regulai
COc quality Saturday , 35c , 3 pair ? 1.00.
35 CENTS , 3 PAIR $1.00.
Ladles'- fast black fine cashmere hose
Special heel and toe double " solo-j-Just rlghl
for present wear Saturday" , 35c , 3 pair $1.00 ,
EO CENTS.
Ladies' extra fine English black cashmere
hose merino heel and toe double sole oui
7Cc line , Saturday COc.
12& CENTS.
Children's heavy school hose , seamless ,
fast black all sizes , C to 3' Saturday 12V4c
Our boy's school hose at 25c , are of the
best Mace cotton ; none equal , stainless per
fectly made foot double knee heel and too ;
an extra heavy weight All sizes C to 1C
Inch Saturday 25e.
KELLEY , STIGER & CO.
Corner Farnam & Fifteenth.
CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN
Hallway
Operates two through superbly equipped
trains EVERY day In the year.
THD OVERLAND LIMITED
AND OMAHA-CHICAGO SPECIAL" .
DEPART. ARRIVE.
OMAHA , 4:45 : p. m. CHICAGO , 7:45 a. m.
OMAHA. 0:30 : p. m. CHICAGO , 9:30 a. m ,
CITY TICKET OFFICE ,
1401 It. R. RITCHIE ,
PARNAM ST. GEN. AGENT.
Johnson Bros. , hard coal. J9.
Six Thirty r. M. Train.
of the
CHICAGO
MILWAUKEE
& ST. PAUL RY.
Best service ,
ELECTRIC LIGHTS ,
Dining car.
City onice. 1C04 Faranm.
RETCHNS FROM A HUNTING TRIP
General Coppliifrer TnlkN of Reported
TlnrlMliiRH of IiullniiH.
General Copplnger returned _ yesterdaj
morning from a combined Inspection
and hunting trip In the Rock ]
mountains. Ho was accompanied bj
Dr. Seward "Webb , Lieutenant Pcrrj
and a number of Gentlemen com
posing Dr. AVebb's party. The two parties
had met lu the mountains , where the }
spent about three weeks hunting and fish-
Ing. In Dr. Webb's party were J. L. Webb ,
R. T. Emmet. George Bird and J. H. Purdy.
Jackson's Hole , the scene of several In
dian scares during the past two years , was
visited by General Copplngnt , with a view
to learning the exact situation there and
what foundation there was for the
frequent reports emanating from that
country regarding uprisings of the Indians.
The general found that there was absolutely
no ground for uneasiness , so far as the
Indians were concerned , and that there was
nothing to be feared from them. The re
ports of difficulties there were found to
emanate from the surrounding country and
to gather strength as the distance- from the
reported scene of action Increased.
After leaving Jackson's Hole the party
camped on the Snake river for a week or
more and bagged a nice lot of game of all
kinds , but did not try to see how many
animals they could kill. The members of
the party report game very plentiful In
that country , elk In particular having been
reen In largo herds. The Yellowstone Na
tional park was crossed on the return trip.
Members of the party are bronzed by fho
exposure and are greatly pleased with their
trip.
trip.Tho
The Now Yorkers wcro the guests of Gen
eral Copplnger yesterday , being entertained
by the general at the Omaha club. They
spent the day In visiting various points of
Interest about the city. The party trav
eled. In a special train and started for Now
York this afternoon over the Northwestern.
HUUMXr.TON 11OUTB
Clicnp ItattH South nnil Went.
Kansas City and return J3.60 October 4
to 10.
St. Louis ono way and round trip VERY
low October 4 to D , and Tuesdays and Thurs.
days until October 22.
Homcscckcrs * excursions west and south
half rates , plus $2 October 0 and 20 ,
Call at ticket office , 1C02 Farnam street ,
and get particulars.
J. B. REYNOLDS , City Passenger Agent.
PROCEEDINGS OP THE CITY COUNCIL.
Mnillfleil I'luiiH for Fourteenth Street
Viaduct I'rcxenteil.
The city council met In special session at
) o'clock yesterday morning to pass
the appropriation ordinance ana trans
act somesome general business.
Several of the members were too
busily engaged looking after their chances
for re-election to bo present , but there was
a quorum , with ono or two to spare. The
challenge of the Board of Education to a
game of foot ball for the benefit of the Old
Ladles' Home was the first document to ro-
celvo attention. Evidently the members
thought It might be loaded , for it was re
ferred to the Judiciary committee for Investi
gation.
The city engineer submitted the plan of
assessment for paying the one-half cost of
grading Seventeenth street from Vlnton to
Castellan It was referred. City Engineer
Howell also presented a modification of the
plans previously approved for the construc
tion of the new -viaduct over Fourteenth
street at the Burlington crossing. The origi
nal plans were approved two years ago , but
the railroad companies have never construc
ted the bridge. Now they assert their
readiness to go on with the work , but want
the plans changed to include an Iron floor
under the tracks. The change was ap
proved by the engineer and his suggestion
was referred to the committee on viaducts
and railways.
Blngham entered a protest against the
present system of the council In meeting
only twlca a month. He declared that he
was tired of the special meetings during the
day and would introduce an ordinance at
the next meeting providing for holding regu
lar weekly meetings.
RECEPTION TOfSCCRKTARY WILMS
ICInrt WnrilN liK Member * of Yoitni
Men' * ChrlMInn Aftftoclntlnii.
The parlors of Ithc * Young Men's Chris
tUn Association 1 building wcro band
somely decorate * ! with flowers am
follago Thursday night In honor o
the reception to Fred L. Willis , the nov
secretary. Members of the association am
their friends began congregating early litho
the evening , and by the tlmo the mandolli
orchestra commenced playing the room ;
were comfortably crowded.
A reception committee composed o
Messrs. John W. Bnttln , C. V. Nelson , C. A
Altcrbury , Fred Keysor , R. B. Ilurchard , J
H. Parry and A. Evans did the honors am
looked after the comforts of these present
while Mr. and Mrs. Willis were kept bus ;
shaking hands with the many who wen
eager to make their acquaintance.
The first number on the program of tin
evening was a solo by Homer Moore , aftci
which C. A. Goss , on behalf of Presldcn
Hill ot the.executive board , who Is at prca
cnt absent from the city , delivered the wcl
coming address. In turning over the man
angemenl of the association to Mr. Willis
Mr. GOES said that ho felt assured that I
fell Into excellent hands. From the loni
experience which Mr. Willis had receive *
as state secretary of the associations In Ala
bamn and his work along the eamo line li
eastern states , It was apparent that hi
would ticed no Introduction to the peopli
of Omaha , and It had merely devolved upoi
the speaker to tender the hospitalities o
their homes to himself and wife.
Mr. GOES was followed by R. L. Davis It
behalf of the Young Men's Christian AS
soelatlon Juniors. Rev. S. Wright Butlc :
'concluded the scries of speeches with a will ;
address ot welcome- which brought ou
hearty applause from those present.
Mr. Willis In his reply said that ho hoc
visited this city last August and had thct
determined to locate here , provided hli
work would permit. Ho had Inquired o
people In Chicago and other places o
Omaha's standing as a city , and had re
celvcd assurances that wcro flattering to tin
western metropolis. The speaker said hi
came with a resolve to further the work o
the association , If possible , and althougl
ho appreciated the fact that ho followed ir
the footsteps of a man who had been the
most popular that the association bad evci
possessed , ho was determined to win foi
himself a place in the affections and cstccu
of the members.
At the conclusion of the address of thi
now secretary an Informal reception was
held in the parlors and the evening's cer
emonies concluded with the serving of llghl
refreshments.
o
Worth Your Confidence.
The success of Hood's Sarsaparllla in con-
qucrlng scrofula In whatever way It may
manifest itself Is vouched for by thousands
who wcro severely afflicted by this pre
valent disease , but who now rejoice over e
permanent cure by Hood's Sarsaparllla ,
Scrofula appears a humor , or It may at
tack the glands of the neck , or break out In
dreadful running sores on the body or limbs.
Attacking the mucous membrane , It mnj
develop Into catarrh , or lodging In the lungs
lead to consumption. Come as It may , a
faithful course of treatment with Hood's
Sarsaparllla will overcome It , for working
upon the foundation ot all diseases , Impure
blood , the system is clarified and vitalized ,
and vigor , strength and health restored tc
the body.
OUT11I1) PROFESSIONAL TRADERS ,
Fanciful PrlccM Honllzcil for Clinrlea
JMckciiH1 Pcr.tfuinl Property.
OMAHA , Oct. 8. To the Editor ot The
Boo : A well known New York dealer In au
tographs quotes the sign manual of several
of our presidents at $1. How many literary
men. who surely thought themselves des
tined to rank among the immortals com
mand a fair prlcoJn the autograph market ?
The personal charm of Charles Dickens
for these who know him must have 'been
something very wonderful , but his enchant
ment for these wio never even saw his
face Is still morewonderful. .
On Saturday. July 9 , 1870 , Christie &
Manson , the well known London' auctioneers ,
offered for sale ot their rooms the orna
ments anil pictures which had belonged to
Charles Dickens. The prices realized were
absurdly ei.ormous. Dickens had bought in
1SI3 Frlth's sketch , "Dolly Varden , " for
$100 , and at this sale the picture sold for
$5,000 ; Dickons' portrait by Macllso brought
$3,300 , and 'three rough sketches by Stan-
field realized nearly $6,500. , Two simple
water colors , by Cattermole , from "Curi
osity Shop , " brought ? 1,925 , and o small
painting , which Dickens had purchased In
New York , sold for $1,200. Ten barely leg
ible sketches In pencil by John Leech , all
In ono frame , and some of them mere scraps ,
brought $810 ; a common glass Inkstand sold
for $58 ; a Chinese dinner gong , not worth
$10 , brought $155 ; a modern Dresden salt
cellar , which had cost $2 , sold for ? 95. The
"Pickwick spoons" the auctioneer stated
cost $200 originally , and they sold for
$ t,335. Everything that was offered brought
the same extraordinary prices ; the Intrin
sic value ot the article was not considered
It had once belonged to the man who was
loved as probably 110 other writer was ever
loved.
Professional dealers were simply driven
away by the Dickens -worshipers , who
came to buy at any price. Excitement rose
to white heat whin the raven "Grip" was
put up. This was a very badly stuffed bird
In a black wooden case , which was much
too small for It. On account of his famous
namesake In "Barnaby Rudgo" this effigy
of the family pot was expected to bring
something handsome. In ono minute the
bidding rosn to $400 , and Grip was finally
knocked down to Mr. Nottugc of the Lon
don Stereoscopic company for $030. The en
tire sale of cutios , pictures and ornaments
realized 0,410 , about $47,050. B. H. B.
ENJOIN THE USE OF A COCOA LAIIEb.
Raymond * Cnllcri Into Court by nit
Enntcrn Concern.
Walter Baker & Co. of Boston , Mass. ,
has filed a bill In the United States cir
cuit court for Nebraska against Raymond
Qros. of Lincoln to enjoin them from sell
ing chocolate and cocoa made and put upon
the market by the plaintiffs.
The story which the plaintiff tells In Its
bill Is Interesting , The story begins in 1780
when James Baker established the business
at Dorchester : ho was succeeded by his
son and his grandson , Walter Baker , and
.ho business is now carried on by the
ilaintlff , which has become Incorporated
j nil or the laws ct Massachusetts. From the
establishment of the business originally
down to the present tlmo these engaged In
> t put up their product In one-half pound
cakes , wrapped in blue paper and with
labels. The plaintiff alleges that In that
way It has acqu'rcd c right to the exclu
sive use ot these forms , wrappers , labels
und other marks , frio hill states that Raymond
mend Bros , are putting upon the market
chocolate and cocoa In forms , packages ,
wrappers , labels and stamps like these of
.ho plaintiff. The bill prays for an Injunc-
Inn to restrain Raymond Bros , from sell-
ng the alleged spurious article and to corn
el them to account for the profits which
hey bovo made in carrying on the business.
Jults of the same character have been
brought In other states , and in Virginia the
plaintiff recovered a decrco enjoining the
sale * ot the spurious product.
A milieu Uoitu Blunt lie on Flic.
On October 28 a civil service examination
la to bo held In Omaha in which a number
of departments will bo represented. As tbo
applications must bo on fllcT ten days before
the date of the examination those seeking
wsltlons will have to write at once to Wash
ington In order to bo put upon the. lists. Tbo
examinations will be for positions as book
keeper , law clerk , mechanical draughtsman ,
observer weather bureau , meat inspector ,
superintendent of station ( fish commission ) ,
fish culturlst , statistical field agent , special
pension examiner , state department clerk ,
and the Indian department.
Dlil Not Steal the llor.cn ,
E. M. Cohen , who was arrested for steal-
ng his own horses , was discharged yesterday
morning in police court , It was stated
Thursday that Cohen took the horses because
Adam Klnfinger , herder , retained them for
non-payment pf pasturage fees. It dc-
reloped , however , that Cohen discovered that
nstead ot herding the hones Klpflnger was
working them and therefore ho took them
away. Cohen has signified his Intention of
eulcjj KIpQoger for false arrest.
Coo Oct. 0 , 1801
OvercoatsCoo
Every clothing- store in town has overcoats to sell. The
chances arc that any one of them would tell you that
their overcoats are absolutely the best , absolutely the
cheapest and that money spent anywhere else for an
overcoat is money absolutely thrown away , Let us sec.
We've got a few overcoats ourselves , We want to sell
them , We want to sell them to people who must have
the most for their money and who can't afford to take
any chances in the matter of wear. We have five hun
dred of those splendid Vermont "Grey Ulsters to sell at
$3.75 each this year. They'll wear. We have over a
thousand Men's Kersey Overcoats , all wool , to sell at
$4.50 each. They'll wear. We have three hundred
superior Irish Frieze Ulsters to sell at $6.00 each ,
They'll wear , And \ve have enough-to-go-round ol
those very Superior Kersey Dress Coats for men at $6,75
an they'll wear too. One of the cardinal qualities of an
overcoat is wear , We put a circle of safety around the
overcoat wc seTTyou by guaranteeing it to wear and giv
ing you a new coat if it doesn't wear , Where will you
buy your overcoat ? Will you buy it where you take
chances or will you buy it where it is guaranteed ?
If you want to see how far a few dollars will go in a
really serviceable suit see the all wool suits we are selling
at four dollars. If you want to see the greatest $6.50
suit in the world see the fine cassimere suits we are sell
ing at that price. If you want to see the best $7.50 suit ,
the best ten dollar suit , the best any-price suit in Omaha
come in to "The Nebraska" Saturday and see what you
can see.
UEV. FKAMC KOSTKIl IlKSIGXS.
Dtolilcs to Return to ( lie EiiNt , from
Whence lie Came.
Omaha Is soon to lese ono of Its oldest
pastors. Rev. Frank W. Foster of the 1m-
"manuel Baptist church on last Sabbath an
nounced to his congregation his intention ot
leaving his field of labor In this city , plac
ing the date when his resignation Is to take
effect not Inter than December 31. Mr. Fos
ter has seen a service which is exceeded In
length In this city by no pastor except Rev.
Mr. Wilson.
Mr. Foster came to this city nine ycara
ago , and soon engaged In mission work , layIng -
Ing the foundations of the Immanuel Bap
tist church , which was first begun as a
mission , but within a year had become so
substantial that the present church was
erected. When the church was started , In
order to get a crowd together. It was neces
sary to Issue cards , and , as It were , go out
Into the by-ways and hedges to find a con
gregation. Year after year1 the work grow ,
until , looking back over his pastorate , Mr.
Foster can name over -ICO people who have
been baptized by him Into his church fold.
Hov. Frank W. Foster has been closely
connected with the growth and development
of most of the evangelical work of this city
and South Omaha ever since his pastorate
In Omaha. Ho assisted In the establishment
ot the First Baptist church of South Omaha.
Ho has been , an active worker in the Evan
gelical union of Omaha and a promoter of
the Baptist Interests In the state during
the period of his residence In this city. Ho
Is a graduate of Hamilton Theological sem
inary of Now York. Speaking of his resig
nation Mr. Foster said that being an eastern
man ho Is desirous of again Identifying him
self with work there. lie believes the op
portunity for work In New York state , where
: io has been Invited to go , offers a hotter
Held than the west at the present time.
The resignation was laid on the table when
offered , but Mr. Foster says that It Is un
conditional ,
_
WccUly ExciirNiniiH to California.
Via the Burlington Route. Cheap com
fortable quick. From Omaha 8:35 every
Thursday morning.
Call at ticket office , 1502 Farnam street ,
and get full Information.
EXONERATE ! ) IIY CORONER'S JURY.
Helm Not io JllaiiH- for the Dealli of
George IlliiKT.
C. J , Helm , thegroceryman , was exonerated
jy a coroner's jury yesterday morning of all
ilamo In the accident which cost Bicyclist
Ring his life a few days ago. Helm , who
vas driving a grocery wagon , collided at
fifteenth and Davenport streets with Ring ,
who was riding a bicycle. Ring was thrown
to the ground , aud sustained Injuries from
which ho died.
At the Inquest it was shown that Helm
was driving on the wrong sldo of the street
on Fifteenth street , but when he turned west
on Davenport bo was headed to the north , or
right side. From the evidence It appeared
hat Ring became nervous and made pcvcral
urns to get out of the way of the vehicle
and finally ran Into It.
Saw the Point Finally.
A man'sald , "When I was a young chap I
could USD coffee and tobacco without them
roublltiK mo , but as I get along In yearn
hey both distress mo. I quit tobacco , but
inly got a llttlo better ; liver , stomach and
bowels kept all out of gear until finally my
old doctor told mo that coffee had the same
poisonous alkaloids as tobacco , but not nulto
so many , and advised mo to leave It off and
; lve nature a chance to build up. I didn't
ako much stock In the old man's advice ,
but found out by trying It that lie was
Ight. Still , I missed my hot drink at
> reakfast and supper tried chocolate , but
hat lacks the taste I like , and tea don't ex
actly go to the spot. Lately I have been
drinking 1'ostum Cereal Coffee and like It
better than the old coffee. It has that
mngent lasto that fits my notion of a hot
Irlnk and It agrees with mo well enough
hat I have put on 10 pounds In a month ,
t Is made of grains wholly , and brews a
deep , rich color llko the finest mocha. Wife
buys It at the grocery and soys It costs us
bout one-third what coffee ued to. " H
omes from Battle Creek , Mich.
Dr. Henry Venne , 09 Blue Island avenue ,
Chicago , says ; "Tho 1'oitum has been
estcd and found to bo excellent. "
Bcwaro of fraudulent Imitations ot the
rlglnal I'ostum Cereal Grain Coffee , la-
Ut on I'ostum.
For sale by AdolpU I3rown , Courtney &
Co. , Summer Bros , .
Tills Is tlic royal flush we drew : "Korklne
KutB Korner" 1J | Stores In the Middle of the
lllock" Snellccl Head Grncluntn f ro.the Cor
ner" "Heavy 'Weight Specialists" "Allots anil
Peppermint" nnil "Jlc Powilrr 11111. " This la
the outnt of the would-be bis 1' . P. Ta. "We arc
awful Horry we can't mid "Crap Shootlns Chris"
and "Jim , the Crank" to this crowd.
Ono dozen Z-graln Quinine Capsules Gc
Ono dozen 3-nraln Cjulnlne Capsuled To
Ono dozen C-craln Quinine Capsules 10o
Williams' Pink I'llls S3e
Warner's Safe Cure > Oc
I'alne's Celery Compound GSc
Stuart's Dyspepsia Tablets S2c
Munyon's Itcmcdlcs 0c
Hunyadl Water Kc
' ' 40c
N'estle's Milk Food
I'e-ru-na TGc
One Minute Cough Cure 20c
On mole Juniper % i.w
Kola Canllnctte *
Krx-'lan Lotus Cream Wo
1'jn 's Hxtruct 2 c
Caxtorla " -o
Indian Sauwa "Jo
Illrncy's Catarrh Cure > 30c
Syrup of FIK3 33c
Mcnncn's Talcum Powder uc
Fcra CUT PRICE
fill DRUGSTORE.
10th and Chicago.
Gold
Crowns
Made to fit and prcsorvo
tbo tooth. See
Dr. Bailey ,
PAXTON
BLOCK.
SL
Oijc Tholssaijti tor Oijc.
, I i ( Trade Marie. ) t
ACCIDENT TICKETS.
THE INTER-STATE
CuMunltCoiiiimny ot Ncvr Turk.
gives THREE MONTHS' insurance ,
$1,000 for $1.OO ,
to men or women ,
between 18 and CO years of age , against fatal
Street Accidents a-foot , or on Dlcycles , llornts ,
Wagons , Ilorte Cars. Railroad cam , Klcvated ,
Drlilgc. Trolley and ratio cnra , Htcamihlpa.
ilfamboiits ami Steam ferries. 1100,000 delimited
with the Insurance Department of the state or
New York for tlii security of the Jnnured.
( For Sale ! > >
Chas. Kaufmaiitiy
i K03 Douglni Street ,
Ttj. joa Omaha , Neb.
Beer Business for Sale.
Good Trade , Splendid Location , Price
$2,600.00 , Write for particulars.
EHNST HIEPBN ,
' ' DeuUon , Iowa.
DR.
McGREW
IS THB OJH.V
SPECIALIST
WHO T ATt All ,
PRIVATE DISEASES
Wcikaeti & Plunder eC
MEN ONLY
SO Y r Kip < il nc .
B Vc ri ( a Om ba ,
Bock Jit * . CopiuJuiba
ad Ejaraiaaliou fiee.
14th ind Fiuum & ! . ,
MKU.
Hayden *
Low
Prices
ON
Big- offers in Hats and
Caps and Furnishing Goods.
A great book and stationery
sale.
sale.Wo
Wo soli tlio Ilnttcrlck Patterns.
Ao sell the Oino Dress Shields.
Special
Dress Goods Sale.
Saturday eve. , 7:30 : to 8:30. : $1.00 for a full
dress pattern of 8 yards. These goods ars
all wool , 25-lnchcs wide. ,
These goods are damasso clothe , worth 25c.
The goods are English Coburg's worth 2Cc.
Sale will begin promptly and close on thu
mlnuto , and to glvo every ono the benefit
wo will positively sell hut ouo to a cus
tomer. ,
>
It's a Bargain.
Saturday wo will sell 25 Ibs of the bcafc
granulated sugar for $1.00.
And 30 Ibs. ot extra C sugar for $1.00.
Also 10 bars of best laundry soap , 25o ,
3-lb. can best packed tomatoes , GVic.
2-lb. cons whlto sugar corn , 5c. (
2-lb. package breakfast oatmeal , 4c.
10 Ibs. whlto navy beans for 2Bc. '
Now graham flour , very host , only 25 c.
10 Ibs. best granulated corn meal , lOc.
7 Ibs. of whole coffee ( Saturday ) , $1.00.
Snlders' tomato catsup , largo bottles 17',4o.
Dunham and Shepp'a cocoanut , lOo pits./
Cc.
Cc.177C pearllne , etc. , 3 pkgs. for lOc. i i
Whcatel , the new breakfast food , 7c.
Condensed milk , per can ,
Evaporated Fruits
Now peaches , Cc ; now pears , , 7'c. . >
Now prunes , 7 Vic ; now apricots , 7'/4c.
3-Ib. cans peaches lOc ; 3-lb. cans apricots.
lOc.
lOc.3lb. . can any kind of California plums , lOq ,
Saturday at the
Home of Bargains
Country butter , 7c. v . (
Cranberries , per quart , Cc.
Cream cheese , 7'ic.
Soda crackers , Cc. i
Oyster crackers , Gc.
Sugar cured bacon , Sc.
Wide bacon , 7c. „ <
California hams , GVic.
Salt pork , 4c.
Pickle pig pork , Cc.
Pigs feet , 4c.
Tripe , 4c. '
Bear in mind best butter and eggs alway <
at Haydcii Bros. , Transmisslbslppl Hc-ailf
quarters. , , . , '
Men's Hats
NIce soft hats , tourist or fedora for 75c ,
hatters price , $1.25.
9Cc buys a. good hat , costing clsowhort
$1.CO.
Our line of fedoras at $1.25 cannot bo beat.
Our soft hats at $1.75 , $2.00 and $2.CO will
bo money savers for you.
Step In anil make observations. '
Now is tbo tlmo to buy a fall hat.
MEN'S HAT DEPARTMENT ON SECONO
FLOOR. , . +
f
JMl
OF
Men's and Ladies'
FDRHISMGS.
10 coscs"of men's heavy fleeced shirts and
drawers , GOc each , worth 7Cc.
1,000 dozen of chllclicn's underwear at
less than manufacturers' cost.
Men's heavy merino BOX , 12&o pair , wortli
2Cc. ,
1.000 dozen of men's underwear sample *
and odds and ends at 25o , 35c and COc ; Just
half prlco. , . , . .
Case of men's outing flannel shirts 33o
each , worth 7Cc ,
1 casu of ladles' heavy fleeced vests ou
pants 253 each , worth 50o.
Special ealo of coracts for Saturday ,
Bible Sale.
Stationery Stale
v 5ipr ,
Hard limes did It. Dut hU lo > | t ? y uf ,
caln. Wo have purchased a complete stccH i
of bibles , books and stattoneryifrom'a flrotf
class book store , which liaijici'ut'-l ( ! > u lB /
at 2So on the dollar , and , . /on .Saturday wll )
sell'i : ° r 5
25 high grade cnvolpnw for lc. - . '
120 sheets beet Icttcr-popsr , for,15c ,
12 lead pencils formic. ' - '
Flno box paper and'enev lopes , p r
' " . * "
3c. f
All styles memorandum booka , anh So * i
U1ULJ5S AT HALF AGTUAJj COST. '
Bibles that costjfwjiola sal 1 1. 00 , for U ,
lilblcs that coswholaislB * l.W/Ior 7M >
Bibles that cost wholesale' 2.00 , far $ LOO.
Bibles that cost wholesale W.IQ , for il.25 <
Blblro that cost wholesale 53.00 , tor $ l.M ,
Bibles that cost , wholesale $4.00 , for 12.00 , i
Bibles that cost\wtjol ale K.OO , for f2-6ft *
Bibles that coat , wholwmlo fO.OO , for | 3.W. r ,
The ereatett.blble B < U < | cvsr kupwn , Jtfll
ano-hau. regular * wholc al0 prep | .
rour Christmas bible * . ow , end uv
per cent , /
*
H