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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (Sept. 13, 1896)
" B v- * < TITE OMAHA DAILY BEEs StTNDAY , SEPTEMBER 13 * 1800. I SMALLEST MATERIAL OBJECT invisible Particles -with All the Individ uality of Planets , THEY ARE ALWAYS IN CEASELESS MOTION flo Minute ( lint Million * ToRCtlirr AX'iu111 Scarcely ainka n. ( Irnltt or l HIMV Tliey Transmit Ill-Ill IIIKl ( Copyrlglit , ISM , by Sir llobtrt Hall. ) The man of science la at one time ex ploring tbo depths ot space ami becoming there conversant with magnitudes so vast as to tax his powers of conception to the ut most. At another tlrno he Is engaged In the study of objects far too minute to admit of their direct perception by any of his senses. That potent weapon for the Investi ' gation of nature which Is supplied by the ' ) \ laws ot mathematics Is equally available for tlie dlscusjlon of the phenomena pro- eentcd In such a mighty system us the Milky . . Way , or for tracing the movements of those atoms of matter so excessively smalt that they must necessarily elude every endeavor to perceive them. It was at one time supposed that every substance must bo susceptible of Indefinite subdivision. If \\o took a material object , nay for example a sheet of paper , and cut It In half , and repeated the operation again end jet again , ever halving oneof the portions tions which was left by the preceding di vision , It used to be thought that though the fragments of taper must be ever growing ] csi and less , yet It should be possible to continue this subdivision Indefinitely , If only cufllrlcnt dc-lleaoj of manipulation were forthcoming. In other words , the Idea was entertained that there could bo no plcco or paper so small but that It would admit or division ngaln Into two other pieces , each of which was still the substance possessing the qualities of paper. Hut now we know that the Indefinite dovlslblllty which Is lore postulated Is not the property of matter us It Is In nature. Only a finite number of divisions could bo made or conceived before the fragment which Is arrived at though perhaps Itself veritable paper could not uxcolvo any further subdivision without ceasing to be paper. Ot course It may be galil that In the case supposed wo are oper ating upon a substance which Is manifestly of a composite character. The result of the subdivision , when carried on sufficiently fur. roust therefore necessarily disclose the ul timate Ingredients of which the composite material known as paper Is formed. Let us , therefore , take for our Illustration some sub stance which , as far aa we can tell , Is abso lutely homogeneous , Inasmuch as It con sists only ot a single element. I select for this purpose a plcco of Iron , and suppose It to bo divided Into two portions. Let each portion bo subdivided again , and yet again , until at last It shall have been reduced to the minutest portions of which our senses can take cognizance. Each one ot the little nieces so obtained will still possess all the qualities of Iron. We shall further Imagine that wo are provided with some means for carrying on the subdivision of an Iron par ticle to a point much beyond that whlcli i nny mechanical /appliance at our disposal can effect. Wo shall even suppose that we ore able to continue the subdivision ot the Iron long after the particles have become too minute to be visible , even In the most powerful microscope. Modern science has , however , taught us that though this sub division can be carried on so far , yet It cannot bo protracted Indefinitely. A point ( would at last be reached where each of the llttlo particles , though still possessing all the qualities of Iron , would refuse to admit of any further subdivision. The particle In question may , no doubt , be composed of parts , but If wo could separate those parts they would not be Iron , they would not In tact bo anything llko Iron. This piece of Iron which cannot bo further reduced ] Is cnllnl an atom. The derivation of this word Indicates that the object to which It Is ap plied Is a something which cannot bo cut. Wo are thus led to the conception that all matter on the earth or throughout the unl- verso Is constituted of aggregations of atoms. The sun Itself Is no more than an enormously great , though quite definite num ber of those ultimate atoms out of which all material objects must be composed. LACK OP INFORMATION. There Is perhaps no other department of Bclcntlflc research which shows so strikingly man's tremendous Ignorance of nature. Any adequate Information as to what thcso atoms of matter really are has been hitherto de nied us. A few facts may bo stated. We Itnow at nil events that the atoms are so mlnuto lliat millions of them would bo re quired to bo put together to form the bulk of a small grain ot sand.It would , however , bo qulto erroneous to suppose that because those objects are so mlnuto their structure Is therefore simple. This Is by no means the ease. Some phenomena provo unmistak ably that the atoms ot certain elements , such for Instance as those of Iron , which I have already used as an Illustration , must bo any thing hut simple objects. They should rather bo regarded as possessing a highly complex character and ns elaborately formed from many different portions , thcso portions being In many cases animated by rapid and . Intricate movement. Indeed It woul seem tnat no experience of the grosser objects which nlono nro perceptible to our senses would bu capable of affording any adequate conception of the extraordinary liveliness of atoms. I must try to explain some of their varied activities. Lot us think of the steam In the cylinder of a steam engine , The steam presses upon the piston anj thus forces It up to accom plish Its work. In our ordinary language wo say that this work Is done by the pre.ss- uro of the steam on the piston , anil every body understands what Is mennt when wo thus speak of high pressures and low press ures. If , however , wo look a llttlo more closely Into the matter , wo shall find that what the engineer understands by the press ure of the steam , has to bo regarded in a somewhat unexpected light when the ultl- jnnto constitution of steam is considered. The water from which the steam Is made , " \ - Is of course , produced by the chemical union iJL between two gases , oxygen and hydrogen , ' Each molecule of steam Is In fact the re sult of the union between two atoms of hy drogen and one of oxygen. Steam thus consists of molecules too small to be sub divided Into lesser particles ot the same substance , namely , water. If any subdivi sions ot a molecule of steam were effected then the parts into which It would be sepa rated would not bo water , they would bo the atoms ot the constituent gases from which that water was made. The steam In the cylinder of the engine Is to be regarded na consisting' of a vast multl- ° tudo of molecules ot water. Bach of these molecules Is In a state of rapid motion. It Is hurrying along with i speed which Is sometimes slower and some times faster than that of a rifle bullet , Even In a very small portion of space the multi tudes ot these molecules la prodigious. The number of them which are required to form as much steam as atmospheric pressure as would BUllo ( to fill a lady's thlmblo ia to bo ' " " " represented by many billions. Aa these molecules are in such close contiguity , and as they are Incessantly darting about , It will not bo surprising to find that collisions frequently - quently take place between them. The effect of a collision will be to divert each of the Implgnlng molecules from the path In which it was proceeding before the collision took place , so that It bounds oft again In some other direction. This new direction Is simi larly pursued until the molecule Is turned asklo by the next collision. Tlieso opera tions take place BO rapidly that each of the ' -i molecules will experience millions of col- 1 'lUlous In each second. A MOLECULES OF STEAM. ' As the molecules of steam in tbo cylinder d.ixh about with their tremendous velocity they rain Incalculable myriads ot llttlo blows upon the bottom ot the piston. The effect of tlieao Impacts Is to push the piston up ward , Indeed what the engineer calls the pressure of the steam Is merely the result of the myriads of llttlo Impulsive shocks which ara given by the blows of tbo rapidly moving molecules. It the heat from the bollur la still applied , while the-oteam gener ated | i not allowed to escape , then of courao tbo pressure of the steam rises. Uut we may state wbut this means la a different mumcr , The Increase of pressure ar ! w from the fact that the tcmpor tura ot the stetm la In * creased. AR the temperature Incrcaics the rate at which the llttlo molecules hurry along also becomes greater. Thtio la In fact a definite relation between temperature ot In * steam and the average rate at which Us molecules are moving. The greater the tem perature the greater the speed ; the less the temperature the less the speed. The Increase of the pressure within the boiler is equiva lent to an Increase In temperature of the steam , And this coiresponds to an Increase of the average upecd with \\hlch the mole cules are animated. Dut with Increased ve locities of the molecules there would bo a corresponding increase in the vehemence of the blows which they administer to the In side of the boiler and consequently as we say the pressure in the boiler Is augmented. Under certain circumstances those blows may become so numerous and so energetic that the tension of the Iron or steel of which the boiler li constituted may no longer be able to withstand the strain to which It Is exposed , In which case explosion will be the result. This Illustration will at all events show to a certain extent how the temperature of a gas Is connected with the avcrago speed by which Its molecules are animated. ELEMENTS OF FUSION. When two liquids , such as brandy and water , are placed together In a tumbler a complete fusion takes place. No doubt In this case the act of fusion Is generally ac celerated by the way In which one liquid Is poured Into the other. Fusion would , however , proceed without such assistance ; Indeed , It could not be prevented If the two liquids are in any way brought Into con tact. Supposn the water has been placed first In the glass and the spirit being the lighter liquid has been carefully poured on the top. There will bo at first a marked difference between the two strata ; a grad ual blending of the two liquids , by whaj chemists call diffusion , will , however , at once commence. Notwithstanding the rel ative lightness ot the spirit , It cannot re main permanently distinct from the water as a covering ot oil would do under the same circumstances. In duo time the spirit descends through the water and the water ascends through the spirit , so that the mlxturo will ultimately become as complete as If the two liquids had been shaken to gether In n bottlo. Thus wo see that the spirit , though actually lighter than the water , gradually sinks downwards , while the water , though heavier than the spirit , gradually makes its way upward. The explanation of this phenomenon can bo readily obtained when we remember that each ot the two liquids In question Is made up of molecules In motion. Across the boundary which at first divides the upper from the lower stratum a molecule of cither liquid occasionally dashes , and by the Incessant repetition of this process the blending Is ultimately accomplished. It Is quite true that the movements ot the molecules 'n matter in the liquid state are not so unrestrained as they are when the matter Is In the gaseous state. Each mole cule In a gas has , so to speak , a free run between ono ot Its collisions with other molecules and the next. It seems , however , that the molecules of matter when In the liquid state enjoy a much more limited degree ot freedom. In this case each mole cule can only bo detached from Its associa tion with some neighboring molecule In order to become associated with a third molecule. Such Interchanges of alliance among the liquid molecules are , however , Incessantly taking place , and thus It hap pens that the molecules of the spirit become gradually dispersed through the water , whllo on the other hand the molecules or the water gradually penetrate thrdugh the spirit , until at last the two fluids become completely blended. ATOMS IN SOLIDS. A solid substance , such as a piece of cold iron , may seem to our senses to bo quite de void of movement In Its ultimate parts. We have , however , the best reasons for knowIng - Ing that if we had organs of sense some mil lions of times more acute than those with which nature has endowed us wo should find that the molecules even ot a piece of cold Iron wore animated by the liveliest move ments. In the case of such a body or of any body which may bo termed solid , the movements of the molecules are of much moro restricted character than they are In the case of gas or even of a liquid. The ex tent of the. movements of the particles of a solid are confined within , very narrow limits. Each molecule , In fact , remains , generally speaking , In pern ancnt association with the other molecules with which it was origi nally connected. This Is illustrated by the obvious truth that If a piece of solid copper and a plcco of solid zinc arc placed even In the closest contact no fusion of the two sub stances will take place. The movements of the molecules In the rlnc are so narrowly restrained that they do not cross the boun dary to any appreciable extent. The mole cules of copper are also confined In their movements within the mass to which they originally belonged. If , however , these two metals. Instead of being in the solid form had been melted Into a fluid state , then the two fluids. If placed In contact , will speedily diffuse one Into the other. For under the Influence of heat the amplitudes of the movements - ments of the molecules have been so much Increased that they are now able to shake themselves free from their original attach ments. The atoms of the zinc can thus cross the boundary and enter Into the copper , so that the homogeneous material known as brass Is the result. Lord Kelvcn has glvon a striking Illustra tion to show how extremely minute must be the actual magnitudes of tbo molecules of matter. Imagine that a rain drop the size of a pea were to be magnified Into a globe aa largo as the earth. Let us suppose that each of the molecules in the drop of water were to be at the same tlmo magnified In the llko proportion , then we knovr that the dimensions of the molecules as thus In creased would make them larger than grains of shot , but smaller than cricket balls. TEXTURE OF MATTER. AVe may also Illustrate the fineness , so to speak , of the ultimate texture of matter In the following way. Think of a plate of copper possessing the same thickness as the page on which this Is printed. It Is perfectly certain that If wo had machinery by which wo could beat out copper until the plate was reduced to the thousandth part of Itn present thickness the thin sheet so produced would still be found to present nil the characteristics of copper. Even If the sheet could bo beaten out ten times more , EO that its thickness were ultimately reduced to ono ton thousandth part of that of the original sheet of paper , the substance In the plate would still possess the charac teristics , chemical and physical , of actual copper. It can , however , be Inferred by on Ingenious line of reasoning , given by Lord Kelvin , that If the plato thus attenuated were to undergo a yet further reduction which would make It to have no moro than the millionth part ot the thickness of this sheet of paper , then the substance would have ceased to bo copper In the sense In which wo understand the word. It would approximate to a layer of Individual molculcs , further subdivision ot which would bo impossible. Some very Interesting results Illustrating the mlnuto subdivision of matter can be derived from certain beautiful experiments made by Prof. Hoys. Having melted the common mineral-quartz , at an excessively high temperature , ho haa succeeded in drawIng - Ing out extremely line fibres of this remarkable - markablo substance. The method lie em ployed in this delicate operation is one ot great ingenuity. To produce the fibres he used a little cross-bow wherewith ho dis charged a light arrow which had been previously attached to the melted quartz , As the arrow flow through the air , It drew out behind It a filament of tbo fused mineral. In this way Prof. Hoys succeeded In obtain ing fibres possessing moro tenuity and deli cacy than had over before been attained by human art with any material whatever. The fibres of quartz produced in each discharge of the arrow are about forty or fifty feet long. They are remarkably uniform In diameter , and the strength of these fibres , due allowance being of course made for their dimensions , Is truly astonishing. Drawn quartz thus ap pear to have a tenacity not less than that of ordinary steel. DELICACY OF FIBRES. The thickness ot a fiber of silk as wound from the cocoon is about one-flve-thou- sandth of an inch. Prof. Boys has drawn fibers of quartz so fine that if 100 of them were twisted into a cable Its thickness would be about the same as that of a fiber or utupuii silk , Dut this statement , remark able us It may seem , la by no means ade quate to express the highest order of tine- ucas which has been obtained In certain of the quartz filaments. They have In deed been drawn with such excessive deli cacy that they cau no longer be perceived by Uiu naked eye. Indeed , I'rof. Boys baa assured us that where tbo end ot the fibers gradually tapers off Its thickness has be come so small that some ot these fibers arose so fine that they do not possess a thickness of the hundredth thousandth part of an Inch. This extraordinary tenuity Is strik ingly illustrated by Prof. Hoys when ho says that a lump ot quartz the sire of a walnut contains sufficient material for a fiber long enough to wrap six or seven times round the whole earth These results demonstrate In a striking way the extreme subtlety of the molecular texture of matter. The quartz fiber , though only ono hundred thousandth part of an Inch In thickness , still seems to bo as veritable quartz as was the original lump ot mineral before It was fused for the opera tion of drawing out. In other words , so vast a number ot molecules are contained within the thickness ot the ono hunilrcd thousandth of an inch that the physical properties of the substance remain the same In the delicate filament as they are In the largo mass. IJKNEFICENCE OF THE SUN. Many illustrations might bo given of the significance of molecules In connection with the visible operations of nature. Let us take for Instance the supreme beneficence of the sun Itself. We shall , I think , bo able to demonstrate that we are Indebted to the smallest material objects for conferring on the sun Its ability to send us light and heat. We receive the solar radiation In the form of waves trantmtttcd through that mysterious fluid the ether which seems to fill all space. The vibrations of the ether enter the eye , nncT falling on the retina , produce the sensation of light. These waves start from the sun , and they have there been endowed dewed with the energy which Is to carry them across the ninety-three millions ot miles which separate the earth from the great luminary. If we Inquire Into the actual method by which the necessary waves srem to have been Imparted to the ether , we shall soon learn the extent to which wo arc Indebted to the movements which take place \vlthln the atoms. The sun Is at a temper ature so high that In its outer regions at all events It Is actually In a gaseous state. The molecules of these gases are continually dashing about with speed corresponding to the exalted temperature which they possess. It must bo understood that although an atom Is so minute an object It Is stIU In some capos at all events of a highly complex char- aster. Portions of an atom are found to bo free to move relatively to other portions , su that In consequence of the collljlons with whlcli ono atom strikes against another , vibrations In the several parts arc kept up. The atoms iray bo said to quiver under thu Influence ot the repeated shocks which they receive just as electric bodies would do. Indeed It would seem that the most perfect type of an clastic body may bo Illustrated by the deportment of these llttlo atoms. The rapidity of their vibrations dliters some what for molecules of different substances. The molecules have. It would seem , thu power of transferring part of the energy of their vibrations to the ether , and thus of originating waves which speed on their way to the earth to be Interpreted by us cither as light or as warmth , nccordlng to the senses to which they make their appeal. Though the Internal energies of the atoms ever tend to be reduced in the process of giving rise to vibrations In the ether , yet those energies are ever and anon recuper ated by the fact that as the atoms are dashIng - Ing about , they como into collision with other atoms. In conscquenco of thcso colli sions , part of the energy which Is due to the translation of the molecules as a whole Is transmitted Into that internal energy due to the motion of the parts of the molecules , which has the capacity of producing ethereal vibrations. IMPORTANCE OF HYDRO13EN. Such Is an outline of the jiliyslcal cause ot those wondrous natural phenomena , the radiation of light and heat. When wo come to examine Into the details of the subject , multitudes of Interesting points arlso which are connected with some of the most re markable developments of modern science. Let us take , for Instance , one of the most Important elements , namely hydrogen , that gas which wo know so well on this earth , and ono which Is diffused far and wide throughout the universe. The eun. like many other celestial bodies , contains largo quantities of hydrogen , and its atoms are , of course , vibrating In the tvay that I have suggested. But these vibrations are known to be of a manifold character. They do not nil seem to be performed In the same- time , and , consequently * the undulations , through the ether which are originated by the molecular vibrations of hydrogen , are not all of ono type. There are a large number of quite distinct ethereal waves produced by the hydrogen molecules. In the ordinary way In which these waves are received by our eyes we have no means of discriminating between them. Modern science has , how ever , at Its disposal a beautiful instrument called the spectroscope , which enables us to take a complex bundle of ethereal waves and , so to speak , to sort them out Into their different types. Wo can discover by the spectroscope the several waves which ore blended In a beam of light. Thus , to take the case of hydrogen , already men tioned , wo find that among the solar beams which reach our eyes , there are qulto a num ber of distinct rays due to the presence of hydrogen In the sun. Besides those waves from this gas , which produce effects visible to the eye , there are also many other ethereal waves transmitted from the atoms of solar hydrogen , which are unable to ap peal directly to any organs of sense which wo possess , but which nevertheless possess the power of making themselves manifest on the photographic plate. The photographic spectrum of hydrogen , as It Is called , con tains a multitude of lines. Each one of those lines corresponds to a distinct form of ethereal undulation , and thus we obtain some idea of the extraordinary complexity of that atom of hydrogen gas , which , Itself so excessively minute. Is still able to gl\e rise to so many different forms of ethereal agitation. Every other element besides that one which I have named Js also able to produce v/aves In the ether when suitable conditions as to temperature and pressure are present. It Is a remarkable fact that the waves which arise from each element are , generally speaking , ao entirely distinct from those produced by any other clement , that wo have , with the help of the spectroscope , * a method of ascertaining what tbo actual substances may bo which are present In the sun. In some cases the spectra of the ele ments are extremely complicated , thus Indi cating a corresponding complexity in the atom belonging to the element. The molecule - culo of Iron must , for example , be of a very elaborate character , for the spectrum which it produces contains far moro lines than are to bo seen In the spectrum whlcli Is due to hydrogen. Thousands of lines , In dicating the existence of thousands of dis tinct waves , take tholr origin from this llt- tie atom belonging to the most common of metala. The more wo learn of the ultimate texture of matter , the moro amazing seem the properties of those atoms which are the smallest of natural objects. objects.ROBERT ROBERT BALL. FiulM tit VnHhlon , Jeweled umbrella handles are the coming correct thing for the roan or woman who strictly follows the dictates of fashion. If any one has any social ambitions or aspires to any pretentlons of style tbo umbrella handle must bo thickly encrusted with jewels , These are made in either tasteful or gro tesque designs , as the fancy of the owner may dictate. Some are made with antique designs of gold and silver , with the Jewels * set In an apparently haphazard sort ot fashIon - Ion , whllo others have the precious stone set In tbo natural wood. A manufacturer of umbrellas has already filled several such orders. In speaking of the new fad ho said : "All the Ideas are original with our cus tomers , and wo receive some very odd or ders as well as some very beautiful ones. One of the finest wo have done was a sliver figure of Liberty , Two magnificent rubles formed the eyes and a truly gorgeous one flamed from her teeth. The setting alone cost $35 , Moat of the setting la done In Lancaster , Pa. " "Quo of the features of the fad , " said an other dealer , "Is that cheap stones cannot be used. The gems must bo genuine and of good quality or clso tbo entire effect Is lost. It Is a costly sort of Idea for those who adopt It , but as a rule persons who , readily adopt such a fad are perfectly able to pay for It. It will , I think , become more than a passing fancy and last some time among those who regard the law of fashion. It will hardly be advisable for ono to carry a jewel-handled umbrella to the church or play and leave It standing la the. customary rack at tbo entrance , " BLIGHT OF THE "WILSON BILL A Positive Damage tlio Oattlo Business of the . ( fountry , MILLIONS LOST BY"AMERICAN FARMERS 'ii ' _ Ilccrrnncit n\pnrt Rinl Incrcnnvit lin- linrtn Uttilrr the I.nw Which Cim- illilnto llrjnii 'Cli am pi one'1 anil lloliiril to rrniiic , i I _ CHICAGO , Sept. . ( Correspondence ot The lice. ) I have given some facts In a previous article from Chicago , showing the condition of Its manufacturing Industries , and It Is proposed In this to take up an In dustry bearing more particularly on agn- culture. In common with all other business , the vast cattle Interests of this city have suf fered most severely by reason of the Wil son-Gorman law. While many of the troubles the people nro suffering from may be attributed to "lack of confidence" and dis turbance arising from the threatened free and unlimited coinage ot silver , the trouble of the Chicago cattlemen Is the old fash ioned tariff complaint , for which the elec tion of William McKInley is tbo best known specific remedy. If the facts which I propose to present do not provo the above a&scrtlon beyond a doubt I shall be glad to hear from any doubting cattleman on the subject. Thci5 data ha\e not been gathered up haphazard , but carefully collected especially for this article by William F. Carroll , a statistical expert , acquainted with the business , who has visited personally the principal estab lishments of this city and talked with tlisio engaged In the business. PREMIUM OX FRAUD. The first thing that played havoc with the cattle industries was a return to the ad valorem system , which Is always bad for the farmer. The proper way to levy a duty on cattle Is so much per head. Then the American farmer knows what he Is competing with , as the element of fraudu lent Invoices and undervaluation docs not enter. The McKInley law provided for a duty of $2 per head upon cattle 1 year elder or less and J10 per head on cattle over 1 year old. This was just and businesslike. It , moreover , encouraged honesty and , as wo shall see , the American cattle Industry. The Wilson-Gorman law , on the other hand , changed this specific or per capita duty to 20 per cent on every dollar of value. It made no distinction between Imported llvo animals. The value ot the animal , moreover , was taken at the place of export. Mexico might send In cattle and value them at $2 per head and pay 40 cents duty ; the Argentine Republic at a valuation of $3 per head and pay GO cents , and Canada might call It ? 5 per head and pay $1 duty. It was a fraud and humbug allko upon the American farmer and cattle dealer. It opened the door \\-ldo to fraud , as ad valorem duties always do. Thus the farmer sees his cattle Industry destroyed and the United States government Is defrauded of revenue that it is entitled to and needs. HERDS CQMING IN. First , then , this cha'ng'e from tbo McKln- loy law to the Wlls6'nLGorman law In creased the importatlotfat this rate : No. cattle Vonr l ' lf Imported. Vnlue. , sSj . , . . 2 .7CO * 171,910 1591 . / ' . . . : . . 9033 6J.M2 Jgni . . , . . . . . 2.036 20,389 l9j . . .n. . . . 3,119 21.638 . . . ( . . .11 . 1.2SO 13.3M 1893 V..V. . . . . . . , . . . . , . , . . . 227.633 1,391,691 In other words , at 'a time when the Ameri can tarmer was hard Up" and needed all the money he could get.the Mexicans and Cana dians shipped in to compete with our farmer 227 035 cattle. These cattle sold at an average - ago price of $15 per hdad , and the foreign shippers pocketed about $3.500,000. Since this law came into for9Q wo have Imported 350,000 head , which means a loss of $5,000- 000 to American farmers ) ' - In the second placewjl , propose to provo that these cattle have been , fraudulently entered , that is , undervalued. If It were otherwise how do you account for a de cline In the value of cattle under an ad valorem duty ? Official reports show that the average value of every dutiable animal Imported under the Wilson law was $2.54 per head , as against $7 under the McKInley law. So the farmer , Instead of a good $2 protection on young cattle and $10 on grown cattlp , has had a paltry 50 cents per head. Now what has happened ? After the en action of this law our farmers sold out both young and old cattle before prices dropped. In two years the stock of American cattle was reduced 5.000,000 head. From 37,651,239 under the McKInley law , down to 32,088,813 went our total number of cattle , whllo the value was reduced from $1570,000,000 In 1892 to $509,000,000 this year. A loss of 2,000,000 head per year , and a depreciation of over $00,000,000 In value. Thcso are facts intelligent farmers should read and understand. DECREASED EXPORTS. While this criminally foolish law opened our ports to the scrawny cattle of Mexico , reduced our own herds G.000,000 and cut values down $60,000.000 , perhaps It increased our exportatlons ? Perhaps this was a reali zation of that beautiful dream about the world's markets ? Not so ! In this case wo literally dropped the meat in our mouth for the shadow. The reciprocity section of thu McKInley law helped the American farmer to sell to other nations. There was novel any reason for Its repeal , except "pure cus- sedness. " Under the McKInley law the ex port of cattle from the United States in creased from $16,616,917 In 1889 as follows- Yoar. Number. Value. ISW . , . S'Jl.ST.Ii J31.261.131 1S31 . 371.C79 30,445,219 lS9i . . 3M , 07 33.0.)9,093 ) From the moment of the advent of the democratic party this trade began to lan guish , until the calendar year of 1895 shows 289,350 cattle and a value of $26,997,701. , A loss here of over 100,000 cattle and nearly $10.000,000 In value. _ With all tlio boasts about the world's markets the free trade policy has merely closed markets to us that , under reciprocity , wore open. In 1892 our exports reached $1,000,000,000 , an-I artisan and farmer were alike prosperous , THE HIDE BUSINESS. Farmers understand that the hide busi ness Is Important and , as a rule , goes up and down with the fluctuations of the cat tle Industry. In 1892 wo consumed the hides from the surplus stork of 37,000,000 cattle and had to Import $20,000,000 worth of hides In addition. At the same tlmo wo exported $1,250,000 worth. Under reciproc ity wu Increased our exports from $1,223,895 , In 1892 , to $3,972,494 , In 1894 , before the Mc KInley law was repealed. At the same time wu reduced our Imports from $26,000- , 000 in 1892 to JlC.OfH.OOO In 1894. The American farmer sold the difference. Taking tbo calcHUaV year 1895 , Imme diately after the pansago of tlio Wilson bill , the exportation of . .hide * fell to $2,825,947 and the Imports- Increased from $16,000,000 to $36,432,989. " 'V So , you see , the iMdKlnley law Increased our uxport.1 and decreased our Imports , This has always resulted-undor a republican ad ministration and a protective tariff. Under the Wilson-Gorman law they de creased our expbrU'aiill Increased our Im ports. This ia always-j ( ho result of a dem ocratic tariff. Under , both tariffs hides ' * were free. Of course , wheni there were so many Imports of cattle and ( hides , It reduced the number of our catUo , ' Some of our cattle must have rotted bir the prairies. It did not pay to skin ilium , I much less to market the carcass. Thls-.l8 j-jvhy the number ot cattle was reduced from 37,000,000 in 1892 to 32,000,000 In 18&6. THE DEAD HAND. Thus Is the withering effect of the dead hand of democracy felt In both agricultural and industrial endeavor , and In no Industry Is the lesson so clear as In the cattle and hldo trade. I have shown that this legisla tion Introduced uncertainty where certainty existed ; it brought about undervaluation and instigated fraud ; It Increased impor tation to a point nhero It no longer became profitable for American farmers to raise cattle ; It reduced our herds at home 5,000,000 head ; It decreased our exportation 100,000 bead , making a loss of $9,000,000 to the cattle raleer ; and , lastly. It brought about a depreciation of $60,000,000 $ , And for what ? That Wilson and Bryan and a few other visionaries might try an experiment. That an "object lesson" might be given the pee ple. It there is any other reason , It is not apparent , for the changes were as absolutely senseless as they have proved disastrous. Let every farmer study "tho history ot the cattle Industry under McKlntcy's law and under the present law. It , after having done so , ho Is etlll In doubt as to what hit him , send to my esteemed friend , Hon. Samuel W. Allerton , Chicago , and ask for a copy ot "Horso Sense. " That Is a more heroic remedy than the ono herewith sub mitted , but It la usually effective. R011BRT P. PORTER. Theories of euro may b > > discussed at length by physicians , but the sufferers want quick relief ; and Ono Minute Cough Cure will give It to them. A safe cure for chil dren. It Is "the only harmless icmcJy that produces Immediate results. " Tilt : KAIIMUK OT JJVP.Vi AVItli n Cnrppl HID ? of Unmet * Ho Wna Kuuiil < ( InIliinco Mull , There are four men In Chicago who will never forgot Silas Tatman's visit to the city. It will bo many days bcforo those same men will bo able to show up at the depots again to prey on the confidence ot rural strangers. When Silas came to town Saturday , re lates -the Inter Ocean , ho came with the avowed Intention of revenging himself on a smooth-spoken young man who had met him on a former visit , and "bad relieved him of a carpet sack containing the visitor's money and return ticket. Ho did not ex pect to encounter the same fellow , but ho made.up bis mind to administer to the first man who claimed to know him the warmest reception the scoundrel had ever met with. Tatman came In from Bunkum , llunkum Is not on the map , and one could go to the place with a repeating rlfio and shoot all the Inhabitants without reloading. Hut , small as It Is , it can boast of n citizen who outwitted four ot the cleverest "con" men In Chicago. Bunkum Is also renowned for Its largo hornet's ncats and the warlike and "grouchy" dispositions of their occupanta. In Tatman's hog lot Jiung ono ot these nests > from the limb ot a locust tree. It was \ gigantic specimen , and the terror of the neighborhood. The morning Silas left for Chicago he wenOout in the hog lot very early , before the hornets were astir. Ho took with him an old green carpet bag , and this he opened and sliprjed carefully around the oblong nest , closing the clasp quickly , without losing a hornet. When ho took the train later In the day he smiled with delight at the thought of the harrowing scene that would take place when the carpet bag was opened. When Silas arrived at the depot , instead of going to the hotel ho sat down In the smoking room and waited. His mission was similar to that of the confidence man. Ho was In quest ot a stranger who would culti vate his acquaintance only to rob him ot his hornets and regret It to his dying day. Oc casionally Farmer Tatman would look down at his carpet bag. As he did so he shook with glee. The Bunkum farmer had not been seated five minutes when ho was approached by a fellow with a sharp , inquisitive nose and a checked suit. "Ah , ha ! " thought Tatman , ns the stranger extended his hand , "i'vo ' got you. " "I believe I know you , " said the sharp- nosed Individual. "Let me nee , you are from " "Bunkum , " replied Tatman. "To bo sure ; Bunkum. And your name is " "Tatman. " "Why , of course. How are you , Mr. Tat man ? " "Tolerable , " and Tatman looked down at his hornets and chuckled. "My name's Cunningham , " went on the stranger , grasping ono of Silas' hands In both his own. "You remember I was visitIng - Ing In Bunkum a few years ago with Banker a Oh , I never can remember names. You know who I mean , though. He's the principal banker In your town. " There never was a banker within twenty miles of BUnkum , but Farmer Tatman was playing n hand , so he said : "Know 'Im ? Well , I should say I do. You mean old Squire Jones ! " "Jones , of course. Ha , ha , ha ! Strange I couldn't remember the name. " "Ha , ha , ha ! 'Twas kinder funny , " and Silas fairly danced with joy. "I reckon thar hain't a nice quiet llttlo place somewhere where a feller can talk with a friend what ho hain't seen for nigh onto two year. " This was just what Cunningham wanted. "Oh , jes , " said ho In his softest tone. "I know Just the placo. It's not over a block from hero. "Then I reckon wo might as well go If you're sure It's safe walking through the streets with as much money as I'vo got In this hero satchel. " At the word money Silas detected an ex pression of eagerness and pleasure on the scoundrel's face , and the fellow's fingers seemed to itch as the two walked along. "Ain't you afraid , " said he , "of being robbed ? " "Woll , you just bet your sweet llfo the fellow who opens old Silas Tatman's valise will bo sorry , " and the Bunkum farmer smiled Inwardly. Here Cunningham turned on a little sldo street , Iradlng his friend by the arm. About half way down the block they turned Into a dark and dingy looking saloon. Cun ningham upoke familiarly to the barkeeper , who directed them to a wine room In the back of the place. The two sat down at the table , and were joined presently by three other men. Ono of them was a fat man , who tried to get Tatman to play cards , "Just for fun. " Another one of the men were a white vest and a polka dot necktie. He did all the talking , and , after Cunningham had whispered a few word's In the fellow's ear , he could hardly keep his eyes off the carpet bag. Ho was Introduced to Tatman as Thomas W. Bloomficld , tbo Hoard of Trade man. "It seems , Mr. Tatman , " said Bloomficld , "that you are very careless with your money. Wr. Cunningham tells mo that you carry It In your satchel. " "You bet , I hove got a lot ot money In that 'ore old carpetbag. I was kinder thlnkln' of spcculatln' with It. " "Perhaps you would llko to have me In vest It In wheat. I think you could make a big stake. " "I'm kinder 'frald of losln * it. " "Oh , not at all ; not If It's well Invested. People orly lese their money through carelessness. But , ot course , some nno hast t- lose morey to keep the stuff properly In circulation. " "Well , I hain't got much money to lese , and I'm feared If I was to open llmt 'ore bag that mlno would go to circulating and you bet It would circulate mighty dorn fast. " "Well , if you did lose it , It would stick to some , one's fingers. " "You b'et your blame life she would , and Bho'd stick purty gel darned fast. " "So you don't want mo to Invest It for you ? " "I'm a llttlo bit scary 'bout puttln' It In wheat.1' ' , "No risk whatever , " said Bloomfleld , "Why , I tell you , Mr. Tatman , a good specu- NO SLEEP DAYORMBCHT Myhnnda were completely covered lth He- zcmi , and between my linger * tbo eUu wai perfectly raw. I had to elt with both h.inJ tivld op , and away from tlio fire. My hutbaud had to dreci nnd iiriclrc.u mo like a baliy. I tried tlio bint iilijilclnns , but their im-dlclnr * goio mono relief , and drmo ino ulmo > t craty , 1 wan ml. vised to try CUTICUIIA KKMKUIEH , end did no , although my biuband had to f ° tucuU * inllc < to ecltlieia. At Dooq n Lo got Uack.ruied the L'UTICUIIA , aud In Jtce nhiutei a/l/r the Jtrtt application I teat jur/tclly taty , and tlr/it toumtlv all that night , lleforu I commenced lltlllg tbo ClITlCUIlA KOIEIIIEa I C 'II111 Kt 110 JKaplght orday , I could uot licarta get warm , It would put mo In a r.igo of Itching. I ulwuya Veep the CUTICUIU HniEUIKS In my house now. and n commend them lo everybody , became of their wonderful olluct. Yourn gratelnlly , AtJ.VKBM.HAItltia.ruBli.MicklcnturgCo.Va Brcinr ecu T TH > ir fo To ri MO , Pit. riQiRINQ UlTMOEft. Wrm bttbl With CUT 1CUII * 8041 * . ( t-iille | ii3llc lioni at LVTIClVA ( olnliutDl ) . Hit ii l kla curr , uil inl'd dottt or CCriClU * Ultotvim , gritUtl of humor turn. Bold throurhout th < world. PriM , CmcP l , C0e.t SOAK. 2ic.l HuoLTmr. > JC. > nd II. 1'oTTia D vo A Cutu Co r. bol I'rotn. . lltxlun. a2Muow t < j Curt Toituriof bkln Dlituu , Itt * . In tor can pick money oft the trees here in . Bloomncld's expression tickled TAlnnn. He laughed uproariously ml then * ald- "You can pick It off the trees In llunkum too , but you can't keep It long , 'cause It circulates too dorn fast. " Uy this time the men were grow Ing Im patient , Mi'l ' Tatman noticed that they looked molt frequently and longer at the carpet bag. Ho thought It about time to take his revenge , so he said : "Woll gentlemen , I icckon tM better bo n-goln' , and I'd like to IOAVO that 'ere money with you , so as it'll bo safe whllo I hunt up a sloppln * place. " "Much obliged , gentlemen , " .vid TAlmnn arose. " 'Tlsn't vciy often that ft fcllor meets such kind friends as > ou are In a strange city , and It's Kinder soothln' tcr know that a fellow's leavln" his money with honest people. I reckon I'll be back In about nn hour. " And Tatman once moio thanked his friends na he paged out ot the room , closing the door behind him. Tatman did not leave the saloon , as the men expected , Hy n clover dodge ho mnn- ngeil to slip thu key of the door In his pocket before ho left thu room. Ho 10- malncd on the outsltlo long enough to silently turn the bolt In the lock , after which he slipped Into the adjoining room. He did not wait long before he heard one of the men say : "Well , lhat was the easiest snap I over saw. " Silas resognlzed the voice as that ot Cunningham. Then Hloomfleld answered : "Rasy ! Why , you could rob that fool before his eyes and ho Wouldn't know It. Hand up the granger's gripsack. " Tat 111 nn heard the sound of the gripsack striking the top of the table. Then ho heard them prying at the lock. Presently ho heard the clasps give , and In another Instant a piercing yelp rent thu air. Whack ! Crash ! Bang ! The chairs were upturned and the table was tumbled over In the mad scramble for the door. Then ho heard some one say : "Oreat hpavrnsl They're hornets nnd the door Is locked. " The howls and yelps which followed brought the bartender and the proprietor to the scene. The Bunkum farmer seized the oppoi Umlty to slip out of ( lie saloon , and a ho was passing Into the street he heard the door crash In as ono of the men on the Insldo dealt It a blow with a chair. Over hit shoulder ho saw a stream ot hornets sail after the bartender. Twenty minutes later , from his retreat In the alley across the street , Tatman saw his five friends limping out of the saloon to the ambulance , which had bcun called , and which had backed up to the curb stone. Itoninii Women. In a lecture the other day at the summer meeting of the University of Pennsylvania Prof. Tracy P. Pock spoke of Roman women , showing how noble , dlgnlflcd and Influential was their part In the nation , and how they were honored In their private llfo and In tholr relationship tn the state. No Itomaii girl was required to rrarry without her own consent , and no moro compulsion wn3 brought to bear upon her than Is exerted In modern times , not so much as In modern Europe. It was not until the entire nation began to degenerate that the marriage bond came to be lightly regarded. The Homan matron's * duties were of n serious kind , calling for a resolute char acter. She was brave , proud , strong and wise. As a rule , she was little seen In public. But she resented any Interference with her rights , and we have records of dele gations of women who visited the authori ties and entered their protest against some measure which displeased them. A famous case of this was under the Second Trium virate , when a delegation of women , with Hortensla ns spokeswoman , presented them selves bcforo the Triumvirs and protested against being taxed to support a fratricidal war , stating that In a war against encroach ing foreigners women could bo depended upon to sacrifice everything , The In to 3Ir . S < < me. A writer In the Boston Transcript tellH the following quaint llttlo anecdote about the late Mrs. Stowe : , As she was a welcome guest In any ot the houses neap her own residence in Hartford , It was her custom to wander , at twilight , from her own Into1 some neighboring garden , and thence through the hospitable open door Into hall or living room. In the hall of one such house there was a fine bust of Henry Ward Dottier In * hlto tnnrblo resting In a dtrft nlrlio In the wainscoted wall , ami near It softly ( thadcd light. One summer evening when this light bad been newly klndlrxt. Mr * , Stone came softly In through the open doof nd stood looking up At the btist. "AD , Henryl" they hoard hr murmur , In h r quiet , dreamful voice , "Ah , Hrnry , the light burns bcforo you there llko a lnt In your shrine. But > ou were no saint , Henry ! You were no saint ! " IIIISISADOtI CAR PETS and we arc Making the Fur Fly On carpets by offer ing good goods 'so low that you can't help buying all new goods including every new shade or design worth seeing some special In grain attractions at 50 cents a. yard , that are worth your time to see. ORCHARD & WILHELM CARPET CO. , MIG DOUGLAS STREET. MEW FALL JACKETS If you want a Jacket or Cape you might as well buy the latest style as some old out-of-date affair that has only its price to recommend it Our new fall and winter wraps oflered you the pick of both the paris and London Fashions and the prices are right Ladies' Boucle Cloth Jackets $7.75 Ladies' Plush Capes edged with Thib et Fur $4.75 Ladies' Black Clay Worsted Capes , big value $3.25 We also have a big suppty of Boys' School Clothes aTid Shoes at way down prices. THE NEW STORE DOUGLAS ST THE ft HETWEEN ftft WILLIAM ftft ft ROSEWATER tff Full stenographic report of the discussion of the silver question , which took place at Urbana , August tffft 15th , J896 , was printed in The Bee after correction of typographical errors by each of the principals in the de ft bate. Four newspaper pages of large clear typs. $ COPIES MAY STILL BE HAD. Two copies for 5 rents ; 12 copies for 25 cents ; JOO ft copies for $2. Special rates for larger quantities. Write or apply to The Bge Business Office ,