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Till ! rtSfAIIA 1 > ATTJV 11H13l SUTiTDAY. AITOTTS'P 2. ISrtr . 13
USE OF THE PURSE POLITIC
Millions of Money Needed to Conduct a Na
tional Campaign.
COST OF RUNNING THE MACHINE
A I'nti'iilliil I'nciftr In n Prr li1ii < lnl
Contest Vcilnl Ciillectorn mill ( len-
criuii Contrlliiiliirn ( IrinvtU
if illC IIUHlttCNN ,
( Copyright. 1505. )
WASHINGTON , July 31. Competent
Judge * predict thai not leas than $5,000,000
trill bo gpcnt by the two national commit
tees In tlio crcat political battle now at
hand. This la a careful estimate , made by
those connected with the campaign work ,
and Is baiied on past experience. The ex
penses o ( the campaign will add to rather
than subtract from the amount named.
The use of money as a potential factor
In presidential contests Is n growth of the
last thirty years. The late Governor Curtln
of Pennsylvania said to mo not long before
lila death that It cost lens to elect Lincoln
In ISr.O than Is now often spent In a single
congressional district. "Tho republican na
tional committee In that year , " said the gov
ernor , "spent a sum that now seems con
temptible , but the work was just as thor
oughly CIOMC , and as successfully , too , as
that of any committee the party has had
since. "
The use of largo sums of money by na
tional committees began with the two com-
JOHN WANAMAKKH ,
A Heavy Contributor.
mlttcca that managed Grant's canvasses In
18G8 and 1872 , and so rapidly did the extravagance -
travaganco Increase that In 18SO , at the tlmo
of Garfleld's election , the national commlt-
tco handled , or others handled for It , more
than $1,000,000 , whllo It has been estimated
by those whose opportunities for knowing
wcro good that throughout the country there
were spent by different committees In the
aggregate moro than $1,000,000. The ex
penses of the campaigns of 1SS4 and 188 $
were about the same. In the campaign ot
1892 tlio national committees each collected
and expended over $1,500,000 , and the state
committees each collected for their Individ
ual use about one-quarter of that sum. How
arc these vast sums expended by the cam
paign managers to whom they are en
trusted ?
The charge that the greater part Is used
to corrupt voters and purchase votes ,
though often made , Is a false and silly one.
, Nearly all , It not all , of the moneys col
lected arc anticipated by the legitimate ex
penses of the campaign. Thcso expenses
cover a wide range. Four years ago the
republican national committee expended
$200,000 In the publication and circulation
ot campaign documents. An additional
$100,000 was devoted to the campaign orators
tors and their expenses. A llttlo over $200-
000 went to congressional districts where
the contest was close and the outcome
doubtful , and where It was uaed to pay
band hire and the cost of the uniforms of
marching clubs and ot parades and public
meetings. Something llko $300,000 was sent
to the chairmen of the state committees
of the doubtful states , and the cost of
maintaining the national headquarters and
of the local campaign In New York City
consumed the balance ot tbo funds raised
by the national committee. The expenses
of the democratic national committee In
] S92 varied in some minor details , but Its .
funds were expended through about the' '
same channels as the republican commit
tee , the campaign methods at both parties
being very similar.
With the growing use ot money In poll-
tics It has been found more and moro de
sirable that the chairman of a national
committee should bo a man of largo prl
vale fortune and ot high standing In the
business world. When subscriptions are
slow In coming in and he has as yet only
promises lu lieu ot cash , ho must become
responsible for or advance the funds needed
to meet current expenses. These advances
frequently amount to several hundred
thousand dollars , while if there is a , shortage -
ago at the end of the campaign the chair
man Is the one looked to to make funds
como in. Funds came In the
main from the men of largo
means within the party , some of whom give
as high as $100,000 , Largo corporations
also contribute handsomely , in hope ot se
curing political favor. In some cases these
largo concerns glvo to both of the great
parties , thus making themselves safe In any
event. There is a considerable
class of men anxious to secure
political prominence or to occupy
high positions who glvo lavishly as a
means of advancing their political Inter
ests. Finally comes the aggregate of small
popular subscriptions , which foots up n
largo sum , and which represents men of
moderate means , who take a patriotic prldo
In the success of their cause.
Presidential candidates , as a rule , nro not
depended upon for largo subscriptions , The
only exceptions , I believe , have been Mr.
Tllden and Mr. Illalno. The former Is said
to have spent over $500,000 In the campaign
of 187G. A. tale hangs to Mr. lllalno'a con
tribution to the campaign of 1SSI. At the
outset of that campaign Mr. Dlulno drew
his check for $20,000 and Bent It to the
committee as his tihnro of the campaign
expenses. In the closing days of the cam
paign , when the effects of the Ilurchard
incident and the Field banquet wcra mak
ing themslovcs felt , the members of the na
tional committee In direct charge of the re
publican campaign became badly scared
over the'result In Now York , New Jersey
and Connecticut , and decided , as a last
desperate expedient to save their candidates ,
that It was necessary to at once raise
$150,000 to be used In Now York City and In
two or three of the larger New Jersey
cities. The usual sources df financial aid
liml already been pretty well exhausted , and
the committee was able to raise from these
sources at short notice only $50,000. Mr. $
Iltalno was Informed of the emergency anil
, the difficulty of meeting It , and on the us-
surauco that the money would bo collected
olid repaid to him later , he advanced the
aunt of $100,000 , In tuls way the required
Bum was made up and promptly placed
vrliero It was thought it would do the most
.Rood. Hut when the republicans were de
feated further subscriptions could not bo
obtained , and the national committee closed
up 1U affairs , leaving the $100,000 due Mr.
nialno unpaid and unprovided for. And
ft was thus that to the sting
of political defeat was added chagrin
at a pecuniary loss which wlis
without remedy. There are many who be-
ll'jvc that this loss was the cause of Mr.
Hlalne's reluctance to aealn become a an-
dldato In 18SS , when tlu\ prospects of heavy
expenditures were as certain ua In 1831 ,
while the outlook for success seemed a good
deal more uncertain than it did lit < ho
former rampalen.
The caution of contributors , coupled to the
close watcU which one national committee
keeps on the doings and ( HaburaeiueuU nf
* * . other , reduces to a minimum the pos-
Blblllty of campaign funds being misappro
priated. Though they are dUbuneJ In Urge
measure on honor , and a final accounting
Is seldom had , still their management Is
covernod as far as possible by strict bunt-
ness rules , and , handled ns they are by
men ot the highest character and Integrity ,
tnrtancrs In which they fall to reach the
channels for which they wcro Intended are
very rare Indeed. H can , I think , bo said
with truth that the funds of n national com-
tntttco arc as carefully managed nn the o
ot any largo business corporation. In 1SSS
John Wanamaker was at the head ot the
finance committee , which had In charge the
work ot raising the republican campaign
funds , and carefully supervised all disburse
ments for which ho received vouchers. Still ,
as I have Just said , the disbursement ot the
party funds Is In large measure a matter
of honor , and the Innovation Introduced by
Mr. Wanamaker has not been repeated.
The Importance and Influence of this
potent electioneering argument hard cash
has developed some very successful and
shrewd beggars of money for campaign pur
poses. Republican veterans , when In a
remlnlsrcnt mood , delight to talk about the
late Marshall Jewell , who , as n collector ot
campaign funds , perhaps , never had his
equal. When others failed Jewell always
succeeded , and It Is told ot him that In
Doston In a single day he raised $170,000.
As a beggar his methods wcro most winning ,
and It was seldom , Indeed , that ho left a
business office or counting room empty
handed. Had ho been as skillful In the
use as ho was In the collection of campaign
funds , ho would have ranked first among the
great political generals of his time. Each
Chandler was a good deal of a diamond In
the rough , hut ho was a shrewd judge of
human nature , and ho knew pretty well
what chords to strike In order to make men
generous. Ho was chairman ot the repub
lican national committee In 187C , and there
was no lack of funds In that campaign.
Stephen W. Dorscy , who managed the repub
lican campaign In 18SO , never attempted to
collect much money himself , btlt ho was
surrounded by men who raised It for him ,
and ho used It , as results showed , with
consummate skill.
In 1SS4 0. F. Jones and Stephen n. Elklns
contributed liberally to the republican cam
paign fund and were very successful In In
ducing others to do the same.
There was something done by Elklns In
the last days ot that campaign , the de
tails of which arc known only to a few ;
but It was a wonderful plcco of political
financiering , and at a time , too , when It
seemed unlikely that he could squeeze
blood from a turnip. Had It not been for
that raise he and Jones , who was chair
man of the national committee , would have
been obliged to draw on their private ac
counts for a much larger sum to make up
the deficiency that , aside from Mr. Hlaine's
advance of $100,000 , stared the committee
out of countenance at the close of the cam
paign. In 1SS8 John Wanamaker and his
friends contributed $400,000 toward the cam
paign fund , disbursed with so much skill
by Senator Quay. Four years ago the finan
cial affairs of the republican national coin-
in Itteo were In the hands of Cornelius N.
Ullss , and with the aid of men llko William
A. Ilusscll In Boston , Thomas Dolan In Phil
adelphia , Mark Hanna In Cleveland , and
Hussell A. Alger In Detroit and Chicago ,
the New York millionaire brought that body
through an exciting nnd costly campaign
with only a small dcflctt to face at the
end.
end.The
The late August Bclmont , who , ns chair
man of the democratic national commit
tee In the years Immediately following the
war , was for a long period one of the
nnancl.il pillars of his party. Eminent as
a. banker and financier , ho always know
where ho could find aid when money was
needed , nnd , while It has often been re
marked that ho did not use campaign funds
as skillfully as ho collected them , It. Is still
a well known fact that the discipline and
system Introduced by Mr. Belmont did much
to reorganize nnd rebuild the democratic
party. William H. Barnum , who succeeded
Mr. Helmont as chairman , was an able col
lector ot campaign funds and a fine tacti
cian. Mr. Tllilen always gave freely to
campaign funds , and ho had numerous
friends who were equally generous In their
contributions. Good authority reports that
Edward Cooper and Abraham S. Hewitt gave
$100,000 apiece to the first Cleveland cam
paign , although It dors not appear that they
got any special recognition from the admin
istration. The late William L. Scott of
Erie gave freely to the same campaign.
Once when Mr. Barnum talked ot closing
the committee rooms for lack of funds Mr.
Scott drew his personal check lor $25,000
and raised $100,000 moro within a week.
Apropos of Mr. Scott's part In the cam
paign of 1884 an amusing story Is told.
Shortly after the first Cleveland adminis
tration got Into running order , so the
story runs , Mr. Scott turned up at the
State department and asked Mr. Bayard to
make some friend a consul or minister.
"Please file your papers for him , " said
Bayard. "What ? " said Scott In astonish
ment , and Bayard rejoined : "You will have
to file a paper ; It will be duly considered. "
Then Scott stood up In front ot the secre
tary's desk. "Look here , Mr. Bayard. I've
been filing papers with the democratic
party for twenty years , while you've been
drawing papers from the government and
giving nothing to the party. I want you to
understand that I got through filing papers
when Cleveland was elected. Hell's full of
fellows who will sign papers to your satis
faction. Good day. sir. '
Later , however , Mr. Scott's friend got the
ofllco ho was seeking , and in the campaign
of 1888 the former was again the anchor
sheet of the democratic national commit
tee. I have it from a source that is en
tirely reliable that In that year Mr. Scott
contributed $200,000 toward the election of
Mr. Cleveland. Still , after the election the
committee had debts amounting to half a
million dollars , and these were paid by
Chairman Calvin S. Brlco from his own
pocket. In 1832 William C. Whitney and E.
C Benedict , the banker friend of Mr. Cleve
land , between them raised a quarter of a
million dollars with which to open the cam
paign.
Itoswell P. Flower nnd Oliver P. Morton ,
the one n democrat and the other a re
publican , have never , I bellovo , been con
nected with a national campaign in an
ofllclal capacity , but both are famous fund
raisers. Mr. Flower , in collecting cam
paign funds , follows a method that Is
original and effective. Ho makes out a
list of those upon whom ho Intends to
call , with the amount ho thinks each man
should give set opposite his name , heads
the list with his own subscription for a
generous amount , and then goes tbo rounds.
As those upon whom ho calls are rich men
llko himself his tours arc generally pro
ductive of speaking results.
Mr. Morton very rarely sets out to make
a purse , but when he docs his methods are
very similar to those of Mr. Flower. Ho
prepares a list of men whom he knows on
the street , sets down opposite their names
the sums ho thinks they ought to give , and
then visits them. Not many words are
passed , The business men look upon the
matter as a business transaction. They
feel that Morton has good reasons for callIng -
Ing upon them. Perhaps one will say : "Do
you think I ought 10 put my name down
for so much , Mr , Morton ? " und he replies :
"If I had not thought so I wouldn't have
named the amount , " That settles It , after
the famous Fifth avenue- conference In 1SSO ,
It Is pretty well established by the Horsey
revelations and letters that Mr , Morton
raised nearly a million dollars for the re
publican national committee. It was this
money that made Garfleld president.
The moneys expended by the national and
stnto committees represent only a part of
the cost of a presidential campaign. Con
ventions llko those held In St , Louis and
Chicago cost at a modest estimate from
$1,500,000 to $2,000,000 apiece , and the check ,
to business during the campaign which fol
lows them Involves a loss of many millions ,
moro. Taking all thcso things Into con
sideration , It may bo roughly estimated
that a presidential campaign costs the coun
try about $20,000,000.
UShSON.
gomervllle Journal.
The mnn who has no work to do ,
Who spends n frequent hour or two
In watching to see whether
The mercury Is low or high ,
In lie who suffers most from fly
Vagaries of the weather.
But ho who his appointed task
Performs , und never stops to ask
How hot It's getting ,
It ) happy , though the mercury climb ,
And squanders vary llttlo time
In vain regretting.
So , if you would be calm and cool ,
This lesaon leurn in Wlailom'a school.
Taught by u I'oot-
Work hard , und don't tulk politics ,
Aud even though It's nlnolyU ,
'
You'll iuuaiy kiiow tu ai
ELECTRICITY FROM COKE
Boston Inventor Claims to Have Solved the
Problem of Conversion.
SUCCEEDED WHERE EDISON FAILED
Itnpnrlnncp ot tlic Dlnoov-
cry Utilize * nn ixtrnuritlnnr > -
Per Cent ot the I'oU-ntlnl
of Coiit.
( Copyright , ISM , by S. S. McClure , Limited. )
No announcement In practical science of
recent years has been calculated to excite
no much Interest as that made the other day
that the problem of the direct conversion of
coal Into electricity had been solved. The
announcement came almost simultaneously
In this country and in Germany In Ger
many from an eminent chemist that the
thing could bo done , and , characteristically ,
In this country from an electrician of high
standing that It had been done. Dr.
Cochn , a German chemist of note , has been
experimenting at the problem for some time ,
and as a result ot his researches announced
a short time ago his belief that it would be
possible to transform coal Into electricity
directly. The same month Dr. William W.
Jacques , an electrician of the Dell Telephone
company , tiled letters of patent upon a
process accomplishing exactly this result.
Just what all this means was best put In
a lecture by Prof. Ostwald two years ago ,
when he said : "Had wo a cell In which
electrical energy was produced by the direct
oxidation of carbon , with an output ap
preaching the theoretical , wo should be on
the brink of an Industrial revolution , compared -
pared with which the Invention of the steam
engine sinks Into insignificance. "
This is putting the case strongly , but
It is nevertheless In a large measure tuio.
As almost every one at all acquainted with
the subject knows , the amount of actual
work that we get out of a pound of coal ,
burned in an oidinary steam engine , is
absurdly small , as compared with the total
amount of power resident In the coal. The
finest triple expansion ctglne on one of our
great ocean liners , \\hlch probably realizes
the highest efficiency known at the present
time , only secures about 14 per cent of the
theoretical efficiency of burning coal. An
ordinary steam engine docs not realize over
6 or 7 per cent. The remaining BO or moicf
per cent Is absolutely lost wasted.
Furthermore , In order to pet the potential
energy of coal Into a form where It Is easily
utlllzable commercially Involves still further
loss and waste. All the power that
Is consumed In running the dynamo is so
much encisy thrown away. A table recently
prepared , showing the workings of several
hundred electric light plants In the United
States , disclosed the fact that the large
plants of the very finest equipment only
secured about C per cent , in actual worl. .
or electricity , of the potential of the coal ,
and that the smaller plants only secured
around 2 per cent. All told It Is. probable
that the average for the whole country Is
less than 5 per cent.
Now If a way could be found to approxi
mately rsverso these proportions it is easy
to bee what an Industrial revolution would
result. And Dr. Jacques of Boston believes
that ho has done about this. He has de
vised a process of singular simplicity , gen
erating an electric current direct from coal
or rather from coke , and in a series of tests
was able to secure in one Instance an high
as 87 per cent of a theoretical efficiency of
the coal use. This of course was excep
tional , but Dr. Jacques believes that he will
be very shortly able to produce electricity
commercially for somewhere between one-
fifth and one-tenth Its present cost.
Put in the very simplest way Dr. Jacques'
process Is this : Taking a quantity of coke
ho reduces this to a powder , adds a llttlo
water. Jams it Into a cylinder and makes
a big round stick of carbon tlipt looks a
good deal llko a giant firecracker or a stick
of carbon for an electric arc light very much
enlarged. This stick of carbon he suspends
In a cylindrical Iron pot containing an elec
trolyte of melted caustic soda. And when
a current of air , Introduced by a small tube ,
Is driven through this solution , electrical
action Is set up , producing a current of ex
traordinary volume.
To gain the necessary voltage or electrical
pressure , a hundred or more of these iron
pots are put together , their rims connected
by a wire. The whole plant It can hardly
be called a battery Is inclosed In an oven
In order to keep the solution at a uniform
temperature of about 400 degrees Centl-
Brnde.
Practically that Is all there Is of this
epoch-making invention. With the cxcep-
|
DIl. WILLIAM W. JACQUES.
Ion ot a pump to drive thu air through tbo
olutlon of soda there Is no "machinery" at
,11 , Compared with this marvelouMy sim
ile affair a steam engine and dynamo arc ,
,3 Prof , Jacques observes , "hopelessly com-
ilex , " There ore no boilers , no engine , no
lynamo , no ashes to bo removed , no water
o bo paid for , no endless quantity of sup-
dies to bo provided.
Uoughly speaking. Dr. Jacques estimates
hat the Ilrst cost of an electric light plant ,
icr horse power , will be something like a
ourth or a fifth of the present cost. The
ixpcnse of maintenance , or , rather , of at-
endance , is reduced almost to a mini-
num. The carbon cylinders last for 150
tours or more ; the enclosing oven has a
elt-fcedlng attachment. Practically this
generator requires llttlo moro attention
han an ordinary small steam-beating house
ilaut.
From a series of tests extending over
iiany months Dr. Jacques estimates that
( ready he 1s able to generate electricity
or a fifth or a sixth that of the beat plant
a the United States and for one-tenth that
t the smaller plants. In other words , a
iound of coal 1s made to produce five or
en tlmea as much power aa at the present
line.
Perhaps this docs not bring to your mind
ny very clear or vivid Idea of the Immense
value of this Invention. Take It In another
way. The other rfl y Dr. Jacques and
Edward Atkinson , the statistician , sot down
and undertook a little speculation In fig-
urps. Supposing thht by Dr. Jacques'
process All the engines.find power plants In
the United Slates could bo reproduced for ,
say one-fourth ot tndlf present value , and
next that they could bo run for one-fifth
their present cost. . It ) the United States
there are upward of $1,100,000,000 invested
in steam engines nlontf. This , of course ,
Includes locomotive ! and the like. In ttui
matter of first cost ) Dr. , Jacques' Invention
would , therefore , represent a saving of up
ward of three-quarters' ' of a billion of del
lars. I ! ii
Again , steam power In this country repre
sents an annual expenditure ot about $450-
000,000 n year. THafla practically the an
nual cost of running the national govern
ment , Including all tliq Improvements and
expenditures on publl6 work which the gov
ernment undertakes. Were Dr. Jacques *
process to be Introduced , even with Its pres
ent efficiency , this bill for power would bo
reduced to less than $100.000,000. It would
save the people ot this country annually
moro than two and n halt times the amount
that Is collected from our everlasting tariff
fees. H would save five or six times as
much as all the silver that would bo offered
for colnago If Mr. Ilryan and his populist
brethren get the reins of government and
enact a free coinage measure.
Now consider all tl'e attain engines and
all tl'e coal utd In all the rest of the
world bitldo. attd It will begin to dawn
upon you what a wonderful thing this
modest ami retired lioston electrician 1ms
succeeded In doing. I say succeeded , for
two of the foremost physicists of this coun
try , Prof. Charlrs 11. Cross Thayer , pro
fessor of physics In the Massachusetts In-
slltutn ot Technology , and Prof. Henry A.
Ilowland , occupying the chair of physics
In Johns Hopkins university. Baltimore ,
have made toports upon Dr. Jacques' pro
cess and have not hesitated to declare
their belief In Its practical value , or to
Dll. JACQUES * CONVBRTEH.
give Dr. Jacques tole credit for this great
Invention.
1 . You will better understand the full meas-
! I ure of this Boston electrician's experiment
when ycu recall that lie has won the prize
which the foremost bnentlvo : and scientific
'
tific minds of the' last quarter of a cen
tury have sought'in" vain. Edison tried
' for It , tried for yedrs ; and curiously enough
along something cf stlie same line taken
by Dr. Jacques , tiut 'he failed flatly. Just
as all the others' hiiVo clone. Indeed , so
general Is the belief .tliat the direct con
version of-coal Into electricity is impossi
ble that when the news of Dr. Jacques'
discovery was reported in England , the
Electrician of London , printed a long and
laborious demonstration of why It could
not bo done. Iiiferenually it labeled the
| , f news as a humbug. ' Dr. Jacques smiles
i us ho tella > ou that lie literally read the
article In the Eleqtrlctan by the light of a
lamp whose current * w'as geuciated by the
now rrocess dlrecBly 'frbin ' the coke.
The Boston invcutor.'ls a llttlo past 40 , a
brisk , wideawake , < hnndsome _ man , .who ha : >
very llttlo of'lhe air of the' typical genius.
You Vtotild take him for an active , go-ahead
business man sooner than for anything
else. For all that ho Is a man of science ,
as well ns n practical electrical worker , a
chemist as well as nn electrician. Origi
nally a John Hopkins man , he pursued hla
studies in Germany , and then entered the
employ of the Bell Telephone company as
its electrician. He has Indeed been with
It from the beginning.
His discovery represents the labor and re
searches of years. It is two years or more ,
oven , since Dr. Jacques became certain that
he had solved the problem , although his
pfltfiits wrre not taken out until this spring.
Just how he worked It out would be a long
story. The conditions were that he should
find a way by which carbon could bo oxl-
dlr.ed and consumed , not by combustion as
in fire , but at n low teinpernturo , convertIng -
Ing the energy of the carbon In.j electricity
Instead of heat. It was necessary that this
oxidation should bo easily regulated , and
that the fluid In which the carbon was Ini-
morsed , the clcctroljte , should not sillier
deterioration in the process.
Dr. Jacques conceived the idea and thla
Is the very kernel of his great discovery
that the oxygen ot the air might bo made
to combine with carbon , not directly , but
through the aid of an Intervening electro
lyte , which would carry the air and pre
sent It to the carbon. In order to do this
he tried forcing air through the electrolyte ,
l > pll vinis the latter would take up a part
of the air and present 'it to the carbon and
that the latter would immediately acrept
it and by combining with the oxygen which
forms a part of the air insure true and
perfect oxidation.
Ho succeeded , and , further , he found that
when thin stick of carbon and the ilm of the
Iron pot containing the electrolyte were con
nected Tiy wire a current of phenomenal vol
ume flows through It. All that remained
thereafter was patiently to work out and
overcome oil the minor dlfllcultlcs that lay
botwcen tlio laboratory experiment and sue- ,
cessful commercial application. You need' '
not think this was easy. It took months of
patient Investigation and experiment.
Things which could bo done on a small.
scale would yield nothing like the same re- |
suits when done on a largo scale. But ono
after another the difficulties gave way , re
sults multiplied results , and the problem
was solved so plainly and definitely that
even a capitalist could see that It was done.
It may be two years before the new In
vention will bo put Into practical use on a
largo scale and begin to make Its Influence
felt. But when this time arrives It Is not
easy to calculate what a shifting of the
line and seats of manufacturing It Is likely
to produce. If only a part nf thu expectations -
tions of Dr. Jacques are ic'llzcd Iho Inven
tion Is still likely to equal In value that of
any other discoverer'of the century.
nI ICAIU < SNYOGR.
ninmaotis.
Archbishop Fabrojif Montreal recently or
dained his thousandth priest. I t
The Hev. Dr. EdUldrU McGlynn , pastor of
St. Mary's chureh.rNowburg , N , Y , , was
thrown down whllo attempting to board a
moving passenger train at Boston on
Wednesday , His Injuries arc quite serious ,
McGlynn was for nianjr > years pastor of St ,
Stephen's church , N.ewYork City , and was
highly esteemed.
Bishop Alfred K , Curtis ( Roman Catholic )
ot the dtoci'so of W/Irnjngton / , Del. , has for
warded to Home his resignation of his see ,
bccaube ho believes -that ho has readied
the ago ( iju ) when bo nhould give his place
to another , Ho was. originally an Kplbcopal
clergymen and was for somu tlmo rector of
St. Luke's Episcopal church in Baltimore.
Ho entered the Churchlof Jtome In 1870 and
was conbecratcd bishop In 1SSO.
"Tho Catholic Herald" of New York City
In Its Issue of this week says : "Private
letters from Homo Inform us that there Is
every projpcct that Pope Leo XIII will
bhow his constant and Increasing love of
the United States by appointing another
cardinal In this country , At the consistory
held June 22 It seems that the holy father
created two cardinals whoso names wen
not announced. u is Bald In well
Informed circles that the cardinals Uiua
created by Leo XIII are Mons. Clasca. of
the Order of St. Augustine , archbishop of
Larl&sa and secretary of the Congregation
of Propogauda Fide , and an American arch
bishop who uphsld the pope's policy In of
France and championed the establishment
of the apostolic delegation la the United
States. "
PEN SUPPORTS THE SWORD
Men Who Wrote History in the Heat of Bat
tles of the Civil Wnr ,
WAR CORRESPONDENTS OF I860 TO 1865
with I'cn nnil S nnl nnil
lllikcil Their I.lvi-s to StMMtly
fur The IP I'miern Vil-
mill "Sio iin. " '
( Copyright , 1S1C , l > y S. S. McCllire & Co. )
The story of the war correspondents which
the exigencies ot our great civil war called
Into existence has never been told , Faith
ful to the Journals they represented , untir
ing In the pursuit of such news as the pub
lic required , and sharing nil the hard
ships and dangers of campaign llfo with
out military rank or honors , they not in
frequently played the double part of sol
dier and civilian with credit to themselves
and the profession to which they belonged.
They witnessed every phase of the struggle
for the union from the secession of South
Carolina to Its restoration , from the fall of
Sumter to the fall of Fort Grlflln nt Sablno
Pass , from the murder ot Ladd and Whitney
by the mob In Baltimore on April 19 , ISfll ,
to the assassination of President Lincoln
on April 14 , ISfio. They accompanied our
armies and fleets and accurately recorded
the stirring feats of arms and the noble
examples ot valor , patriotism and self-devo
tion with which our bravo soldiers and
sailors Illuminated the history of the war.
These war correspondents sought news as
the bravo soldier sought glory at the can
non's mouth. No dangers daunted , no hard
ships discouraged them. They shared the
perils , the labors and the privations of the
army and navy and will share for all tlmo
In the glory of the victories they chroni
cled.
cled.At
At the outbreak of tlio war the leading
newspapers ot New York , Philadelphia , Bos
ton , Baltimore and the west , placed corps
of war correspondents In the Held. They
were paid largo salaries , besides being fitted
out at the expense of their Journals each
with a horse and equipments , field glass , a
waterproof sabietache , cot , blankets and bed
ding ; while these having charge of the sev
eral correspondents with a single nrmy ,
were provided with regular headquarters ,
consisting of tents , mess chests , cooking
stoves , utensils , wine chest , and other fur
niture , besides the necessary animals and .
wagons to transport the material.
The Instructions from the various Journals '
to their army correspondents were brief , but
comprehensive. They were simply thcso :
To obtain the most accurate Information by
personal observation , and forward it with
the utmost dispatch , regardless of expense ,
labor or danger. Correspondents wore told
that to be beaten by any other papers was a
crime ; that to be up and even with them was
not particularly worthy of commendation ,
but to beat them was a success which would
not go unrewarded. These Instructions the
correspondents found full enough , and their
adventures "by flood ami field" would make
a volume of Intense Interest.
ITEMS OF EXPENSE. '
Some of the items charged to war cor
respondents nro curious. Olio New York cor
respondent returned nn Item of " $100 paid
to a military conductor on a railroad in
Tennessee , to gain twenty minutes lost tlmo
In order to make a connection with a Louis
ville train at Nashville. " The consequence
was that an account of the battles of Chat
tanooga was published a day earlier than It
would have been It the $100 had not been
expended. Ono New York journal's ' special
account of the capture of Now Orleans , al
though filling but a few columns of a slnglo
Isauo of the paper , cost it for the expenses
alone of the correspondent who accompanied
Admiral Farragut , over $1,100. Another
correspondent returned one Item of " $5 paid
for wild turkey , caught by a soldier , and
eaten by the correspondent during the battle -
tlo of Stone river. " One hundred and flfty
dollars is an Item for cost of a hoi so starved
to death during the siege of Chattanooga.
Another correspondent rode his horse to
death from the same battlefield. Several
otheis return Items for subscription to Rlch-
inond papers at the rate of CO cents per
copy , delivered in Llbby prison. There wcro
Items for presents to energetic scouts , whoso
mouths were opened thereby. Large sums
were paid to obtain confederate newspapers.
Every mode , direct and Indirect , that in
genuity could devise , appears to have been
employed to obtain news , and each corre.
spoudont appears , by his generous expendi
ture of lih employer's money , to have been
possessed of a liberality of soul truly ad
mirable.
DIAGRAMS OF MILITARY OPERATIONS.
These were not all the curious and ex
pensive Items. When the war first began
the newspapers mode arrangements to Il
lustrate the operations , marches and bat
tles of our armies and the naval engagements
of our navy , and long before the close of
the war the newspapers had reduced the
system of producing war maps to perfec
tion. They kept on hand n largo corps of
engravers to take the maps at a moment's
notice nnd they never failed to furnish an
Illustration to every important battle
ground. The coivesrjomVnts- furnished
rough diagrams of the field , the position
of troopj : and locality of bouses and
streams , which weie rapidly transferred to
the wood and engraved by the engravers.
A correspondent from the Army ot the Potomac
mac usually reached his New York olllce with
coirospondenco and maps at 9 o'clock on
the second night after starting. The dia
grams would bo placed after that hour In
the hands of the engravers and finished by
the hour of closing the forms , about 1
o'clock the same night. Ono New York
paper's Item of expense lor drawing and
eugravlng maps during the war amounted
to nearly $25,00.0.
It may bo interesting to note that before
the close of the war Thomas W , Knox In
vented a system by which army correspond
ents could forward their maps , as they often
did their correspondence , by telegraph. By
the use of this simple invention correspond
ents on the field could telegraph their Jour
nals and have produced for next day's paper
a full diagram ot the flcld , showing roads ,
streams , houses , fields , woods , the posi
tion of troops by regiments and the entire -
tire lines of battle of the contending armies.
Wo have preserved the following list of
army and navy correspondents In the field
during the war , nearly all of whom wcro
constantly nnd actively engaged In furnish
ing war news to their respective Journals ,
Some of thcso men became as well known
through their pen names us any general In
cither army , and when peace came they
found llttlo dlfllculty in sliding into snug
berths in the editorial rooms , for which
some of them were not half so well fitted.
In order to develop to the highest point
the literary ambition of the corps of cor
respondents who were trained In the army
their respective Journals published their
names at the heads of tin- letters which i ,
they forwarded from the armies. In this '
way they established Intimate personal re
lations with the public , and they made the
fullest use of their opportunities to win rep
utations for themselves. Some ot them
contributed to the literature of the country
soiiio of Its best and most esteemed writers
and are thu real historians of the war , for
without their army correspondence the true
history of the war cannot be written.
TUB MEN AND THEIR DEIJDS.
Finloy Anderson , one of the correspond
ents , was promoted to major and assistant
adjutant general on General Wtnfleld H.
Hancock's staff. While acting as correspondent
pendent ho was captured on the "Queen
of the West , " and confined for fourteen
months In a Texas confederate prison , ten
days of which was In a dungeon Into which
not ono ray of light found Its way , and In
which he had for companions five desperate
murderers , two of whom were , negroes. Ho
was wounded lu the arm by a shell at the
tattle of Spottsylvanla Court House , May
12 , 18G3 , but with characteristic pluck he
continued to take notes in the thickest
of the fight , and pushed on to Washington
where he dictated bis dispatches In time S.
for the next day's Issue ot his New York
paper. Albert D , Richardson and Junius
Henri Brown of the New York Tribune ,
and Colburn of the World , were captured
while floating on bales of hay In the Missis
sippi river , opposite Vicksburg , on the night
May 3 , 1K03 , after their boat had been
exploded and burned up by the confederate
imttrrles , and half the persona on the ex
pedition killed or wounded. They were
confined In sovnn different confederate pris
ons , the Richmond authorities reftMiiR their
et 'banso , declaring that tbcy should be
held during the war as hostages and for
retaliation. Rlclurihoti ami Davis escaped
from the confederate prison at SnlUbury ,
N. 0 , on the night ot December IS , 1SSI ,
In company with William B. Davis , cor
respondent ot the Cincinnati Gazette and
clerk of the Ohio somite. They traveled
three hundred and forty miles through the
marshes , brush and forest and over moun
tains , In the snow at the peril of their lives
before reaching the union line llttccn miles
from Knoxvlllo , Tenn.
I * A. Homlrlek and George. II , Hurt wcro
captured by Mosby lu November , 1863 , and
confined in Castle Thunder , Richmond ,
where they enjoyed the company of their
confreres , Solomon T. Btilkly , lUvcnwood
and Scliloss. Messrs. Anderson and
Gatchell , two other war co-respondents , and
J. II. Vosburg , who was taken prisoner In
May , 1S03 , on the Rappahaunock , wcro de
tained ns prisoners In other parts of tlio
confederacy. During General Bank's cam
paign In the valley ot Virginia , George W.
Clarke , another correspondent , foil Into the
hands of the confederates at Winchester ,
but after a short detention was released
by Stonewall Jackson. J. C. Fttzpatrlck
and S. Cadwallador'of the Herald and L. L.
Crounso ot the Times , were captured by
Mosby's guerrillas near Frcderlcksburg ,
whllo strivlni ; to reach Washington with
( full reports uf the battles tn the w lUlenicss ,
also complete lists of the killed and
wounded. Their papers were taken from
them , but they succeeded In making their
escape , and , having reached Washington ,
wrote their journals detailed accounts ot
the battles they had witnessed from mem
ory. General John Morgan captured Wll-
Horn F. (5. Shanks nnd Edwin D. Wcstfall
In the southwest , and not only confiscated
their equipments and clothes , but also
seized their money and Jewelry. William
Young , a correspondent with the Army ot
the Potomac , was captured by General
Stuart , , of the confederate cavalry , but
managed to escape , and with his
usual energy hi ought away with
him n full list ot the federal oincers
captured at Gettysburg. About the
Bnme time , whllo T. M. Cook was en
route from Baltimore to the army he was
captured by u band of five confederate cav
alrymen near Cookestown. While the con
federates were searching Mr. Cook for
papers Thomas W. Knox , afterward agent
of the Western Press association , and ( Jeorgo
W. Hosmor , two other war correspondents ,
made n dash at the cavalrymen , drove them
oil In the direction of Westminster , nnd all
three entered Frederick In safety and pro
ceeded to their positions In the front. Skcst-
fall fell Into the bands of Morgan's cavalry , ,
who also fancied his valuables and money ;
John A. Brady , lost In a cancbrako , turned |
up na editor in Mobile. ' '
CARRYING A DISPATCH UNDER FIRE.
It WHS not an uncommon thing for the
army , correspondents to lend effective serv
ice to the commanding generals at very
critical moments , when ono gallant act
might turn the tide of battle. A few Inci
dents In the career of one ot these gentle
men , who had been with General Thomas
through all his brilliant battles , will Illus
trate. Captain David I' . Conyngham did
such signal service at the battle of Rapacca
by carrying dispatches under a withering fire
across the flcld from General Schoficld to
General Judah , and subsequently guiding n
division Into action at a critical moment ,
that he was personally congratulated on his
gallantry by General Schofield and received
the following letter of thanks from General
Judah :
CEDAR SPRINGS , Ga. , May 18 , 18Ci.
Captain D. P. Conyngham. Acting A. D. C. :
Captain I cannot disrupt the associa
tions that bind mo to my personal staff
without thanking you for the many services
you have rendered me. The gallant man
ner in which jou conveyed my orders
under a heavy flre during the fearful ordeal
to which my division was subjected on the
14th Inat. not only commands my ac
knowledgment and admiration , but attests
my long confirmed opinion that the Irish
soldier is the nonpareil ot a soldier. With
the best wishes of your chief for your
future success and welfare. I am , truly
yours , J. II. JUDAH ,
Brigadier General , U. S. A.
This correspondent was wounded slightly
In this fight and if ho had not been an
army correspondent and had not carried his
budget of news in a portfolio Inside his
vest , which turned the bullet , he would
not have been able to write his graphic
accounts of the battles of Chattanooga ,
Franklin and Nashville. Riding to the front
In another action he was accosted by a
general , who seeing him in civilian's dress ,
asked who he was. Upon being Informed
the ofllcer remarked : "I don't think news
paper correspondents will go far In here. "
They were soon in a hot lire and the gen
eral fell , badly wounded , when the corre
spondent said : "Ypu sec , sir , that corre
spondents go farther than generals hero , "
and quietly rode to the front In search of
news. When Hood threatened Chattanooga
Conyngham volunteered his services , und
at the battle of Nashville fought for a
tlmo in the trenches with his musket ,
though tendered a command. Wo might
multiply instances ot this kind in the case
of this one correspondent alone , lie wus
complimented on the field of ChancullDro-
vlllc bis first great battle by General
Meagher for his services as volunteer aid
and had one of his employer's horses shot
under him at Brlston station.
NAVAL CORRESPONDENTS ,
B. S. Osborn , the New York Herald prin
cipal naval correspondent , was twenty-seven
times under flre , and was seriously wounded
seven times by bolts and concussions while
on board the "Montauk" and "Hartford. "
He formerly commanded a vessel In the
Buenos Ayres navy , and on account of his
experience In naval warfare , was ever wel
come on board the flagships of Admirals
Dupont , Farragut and Porter. His letters
from the "Montauk , " when lying before
Fort McAllister , In the Ogeccheo river ,
were republlshcd In the official papers of
Jiussla. Denmark , Sweden and Prussia.
When Farragut ran the forts at New Orleans
he was the signal officer In the rigging with
him and was specially honored by Farragut ,
by being permitted to plant the first union
flag on the \yest bank of the Mississippi
above New Orleans. A. K. Fulton , the
son of C. C. Fulton , the proprietor of the
Baltimore American , was nn engineer on
Admiral Forragut's flagship , the "Hartford , "
and furnished the American with the ear
liest , fullest and most graphic descriptions
of all the naval engagements fought by tha
great commander at various times nn the
"Wabash , " "Nahaut " " " "
, "Bibb , "Mai bio-
head , " "Wcchawken , " "Montauk , " "Erics
son , " and other vessels of the navy , and
during the slcgo of Charleston and the at
tack on Fort Sumter In April , 1SC3 , he wit
nessed the flght , and his accounts of the en
gagement attracted widespread attention and
resulted In a controversy between himself.
Admiral Dupont nd the Navy department.
Thomas M. Cook , afterwards editor ot
the Wilmington Herald , eat afloat on the
flagship of Admiral Porter , pencil and book
In hand , and watched the bombardment ot
Fort Fisher : George AV. Hosmcr , In the
hottest of the ' great battle of Gettysburg ,
was full of fl'ro and facts In bis neat and
accurate account of that decisive conflict
of the war which was the first account of
the great victory ; Charles H. Farrell ills-
tanced all his competitors in bis account of
the battle of Fair Oaks ; William II. Stlncr
shivered out on picket , days and nights ,
for the last confederate newspaper ; Ashley
and S. M , Carpenter shared with the old
Army ot the Potomac Its glory and re
pulses ; Thomas W. Knox " "
, "Slgcl , in Mis
souri described the brilliant battle ot Pea
Ridge ; Frank K , Chapmau , afterwards sec
retary of the Board of Trade at Cairo ,
looked after maps and plans all along tbo
lines In the neighborhood of Cairo ; William
Swlnton of the Now York Times with his
risks and dangers at Antletam , Munubses ,
Chanccllorsville and Frederlcksburg , gave
graphic pictures of desperately fought bat
tles which ho afterwards embodied In book
form ; L. A. Hendrlck , the indefatigable ,
always had a description of a battle ; Do
Beverly It. Kehn bivouacked with tbo lar
mcntcd McPheraon and was always mild
and mindful of his duties to the press and
the public ; Joseph McCullagh , "Mack" of
the Cincinnati Commercial , who Is now edi
tor of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat , es
caped death on a cotton bale by leaving
the "Queen of the West" when ube was
captured ; Mr. Bodman of the Chicago
Tribune escaped at tbo same tlmu In a vklff ;
. B. Black served In the Potomac flotilla
and was killed by the confederate batteries
at Mathlas Point Juno 27 , JSC1 ,
A NOTABLE LIST.
Wo have not the space to mention the ( i
names of many other war corrcupondentu
who are entitled to all the praise wo could (
bestow. They are tbo historians of the war
and nearly all of them , in chronicling Its
evnuU , could say with Acueas. "All ofkblch
I saw , ami n great part of which I w .M
Among the special war correspondents not
otherwise mentioned whoso names dcicrvo
preservation wo can recall J D. Blnghattk ,
afterward editor of the Memphis Bulletin )
John A. llrady , William C. Carroll , Thomaft
M. Cash , Istam ot the Chicago Times , WIN
Hum Wright of Pntorson , N. J. , the founder
Ot the first republican newspaper In that
state , who died M rch 27 , 1SC6 ; Gcorgo W
Clnrko , S. M. Carpenter. John J , Dan-son , T
C. Gray of the Now York Tribune , Kdward
T. Peters ot the Philadelphia Inquirer ,
Hcury M. Flint , "Druid ; " Mr. Denny , Mr.
Denning Theodore Barnard , Fltz Henry
Warren , Whltclaw Reid , now the editor
of the Now York Tilbtine ; II. I ) . Francis ot
the Now York World , Henry J. Raymond ,
Galen H. Osborno , who died In the sorrlco
ot the New York Herald at Hilton Head on
November 29 , 1804 ; Edmund C. Stcdmnn ,
"tho poet banker , " correspondent for the
Now York World and Tribune ; General
Charles G. Halplno. "Mllca O'Reilly ; " M.
Daley , A. Davidson. N. Davidson , John E.
P. Doyle. James W. Fitch , Samuel 11. Glen ,
who had a fort named In his honor In Nash
vllle , Tenn. : C. H. Griffon. O. P. Howo.
Frank Henry , Sinclair of the New Torlc
Tribune , Edward Cropsey of the Philadelphia
Inquirer. Edward G. P. Wllklns. San *
Wllkrsou of the Tribune. Charles
II. Ilannam , George II. Hart , afters
wards colonel on Governor 1'lor *
mont's staff. It. J. Hlnton , A. Houston , F ,
C. Long , afterwards clerk In the Interior
department at Washington ; Henry Wlkoff ,
"Chevalier , " Malcom Joes , Mr. Doryse , S ,
C. Mason , nft-jrwards editor ot the Savan
nah Herald ; William H. Mcrrlam , Home ?
Merrill , Staloy. A. H. Bylngton. C. E.
Wing. Hammond , W. 11 , Kent. C. A. Paige ,
i W. H. CunulnRton , Cofiln , C. C. Carlton of
the Boston Journal , E. A. Paul and Franlt
Henry of the Now York Times , Stetson
of the New York AVorld , A. F. Puffer , after
wards captain on Major General llutler'3
staff ; Theodore T. Scrlbncr. William J. Stark ,
Charles S. Slmnahan , afterwards corre *
spomlcnt with Maximilian In Mexico ; AV. AY ,
Shore , William H. Stlner , 3. . Slack , Oscar
G. Sawyer , Henry Thompson , George Alfred
Townscnd. "Gath. " I. R. Trembly , A. U. .
Talcott , James B , AVardell , Theodore IT *
AVhlpplo , Theodore C. AVIlson , Benjamin F.
AVebstor , J. Hoodrurf , AV. 1) ) . Ward.
It can be said that no war that the world
has seen has left behind It so many per
fect memorials of Its Incidents nnd leading
actors as that In which wo were engaged
from 1SGI to ISflo. Take for example the
letters ot the correspondents of the great
Now York Journals from the battlefields In
1SC1-G5 In which tbu great struggle for the
maintenance of the union was being * fought
for. Nothing more graphic , picturesque nnd
accurate was over written than these de
scriptions of the events ot the campaigns ,
and 1 the courage and Intellectual caliber dis
played by thcso army correspondents re
flect the highest credit on the American
press. Some of the accounts ot battles wcro
written In a style as vivid and polished as
anything to bo found In the carefully
elaborated narratives of the French his
torian , Thlcrs , And when wo take Into ac
count that these descriptions were penned
In the heat und smoke of battle , and not
Infrequently under lire written amid the
whistling ot bullets , or In state rooms ,
through which the cannon balls wore crush
ing , or on the field where the dead ami
wounded were thickly strewn around wo
have ground for astonishment nt the nerve
and composure ) of the men who could thus
coolly round a , period nnd Indulge In the
graces ot fiction with death staring them la
the face. J. THOMAS SCARF.
The memorial statue of the late Cardinal i
Newman in London is now Hearing comple
tion and will probably bo unveiled within
the next tow weeks. i
AFTER USE
THE CUTICURA
SPIN SOAP
For Red
Rough Skin
CIreasy Complexions
Pimples
Summer Rashes
Chafings and
Irritations
Nothing
Soothes , Refreshes
and
Purifies
Like
Ctiticura Soap
Tlio must rrfcctUo hklii iiuilfyliiK ami Iw-nu-
tlfylni , ' K > ; II In the worm , nn wull ua patent
nnil mvevtL'st fur toilet , butli und nurwry.
It IH mi liec-aUHu It Hlrlkea Hi tlio cuiiao vt
Imil CQinpluxlonH , falllni ; Imlr iinil baby
bleinUlitH. viz. : TMu I'luxKi'il , Irrltiited , In
flamed , Hlutreli'U or Overworked 1'urca of tlio
Bkln ,
tiuM throughout tin * v. or hi. Jirltlsh depot :
V. Newhtry & Bonn , 1 KlnK IMwrun ! St. , Ian-
don. "How to I'rcicnl I'aclul HlcmUlitw , "
pout free. roller Drun nnd Clitm. Corp. .
Bole I'rujjN. . Huston. U , H , A.
Searles Ss
Seavlea
SPECIALISTS iH
Nervous , Chronic
nod
Private Diseases.
All I'rlvittu
iiitllUurderk u | Mon
I'ruutiiumt Oy mall
SYPHILIS
Cured for life uid th * pulsuti thoroughly
drained from lh * system.- i'llil'JBTL'I.A
an rtKCTAl. UI.CKUB. HTDIIOCISL.ES ANU
VAIHCOrrcLK permanently and nuccmfully
cured. Method new nnd unfailing ,
STRICTURE AND GLEET
Oy new method without pain or culUnf.
Call on or add r CM nltn lUmp.
Searlsseale 11U 8.