20 TIlE ffiSI.AflA DA1LYflEJ : SUNDz.Y , APRIL 1.2 , 189 ( . _ _
TIlE SCENERY OF' TIlE NOON
Moro Easily Stulietl Than Any Other Celestial -
lestial Body.
NO ATMOSPHERE TO DIM THE VIEW
Ex t I tic t ' ( ) I cn ii ne. . n tt.1 I tu pnuZiig
( ) * % lI I ii Ita ni.ep4-I'iifllfl r 1ii L-
JItCICN .tbitit ( ritt ( Jteztils
lJr ) IJeltreNslulIM.
( CopyrIg1t , 1) ) " S. . . ! cC1ur , i.Imltetl. )
Notwthstan41I1Ig that the moon s 40,0O0
mUs dtanL : rutu ( ho tarth. It would In
S tflO rt3pect.9 be hatilly an exaggerLltIOll to
assert that we are bctter aquanted with
the topography ot our Eatellile than \O flVO
wtIi that of the globe wlileh forin. our
Iinrne. No doubt it may at cnco ba ad-
initted that with rcpect to a large tortion
cit the moon. dwellers on the 'earth are
iuccsariiy , in total IgnoraflO. It Is a Pc-
cullarity of our satlilto that It matIaOS
its tnovoment8 in sueb a manner as to with-
hoW nearly half of Its surface from ever
bclng Inspected. It follows that wo have no
means of learning what is ofl the other
side cf the incon. I tb not aupposed , how-
evol. , that In these day8 any one 1i0110Ve9
that if we could eo it so would flnd any
chiaracterirtic ifi here nec be tween the
scenery on the remote IdO of the
moon and on the Eldo wtilcli l tutned
towarh the carthi. So far , hoaeve ; , a
the neIhtboring lobo is ( hieplayeti for our
ebervation. we can certainly assert that
( litre i hardly a siot pssesing the ile
or an ordlntry parhshi , vlichi ! has not been
atuilted and photographed , ketchcd by coni-
Detent draughiteiiien , iluly haiti down on
elaboTato chiart of the lunar eurface , and
in many cases been asigned the dignity ci
a special name.
IT IS 1ASY TO STUDY TI1F MOOS.
The circumstances of the nioons sltua-
tioti render it much easier for us to Fur-
vey Iti ; scenery than It is to survey the
acenery of any other celestial boly. For ,
in the first place , the moon may be rc-
garded as quite close to the earth , In corn-
parison with the distaiice by hichi we
ate sepatated from the other heavenly ob-
jccls. The sun Is nearly 400 tImes as tat
avay as the moon ; anti that planetary
globe , wlioo surface We have studied to
the greatest advantage-I mean , or cohirFe
Mars-is , eveii Under the most favorable
conditions , still at a distance Ii orn the crth
Which Is not less than 140 tin2cs as great
as that of the fliOOfl. Bitt besides Its coni-
ParatiVo proximity. there Is another cheum-
Rtanco which ronhiels it comparatively CihSY
for his to StUdy the features nit Our sstel-
l'.te. It a globe like the earth In size , htih
well as 10 other particulars. had been sIt-
tiated at the same distance from us as thaL
at wilch the moon now revolves , It saems
quito uossiblo that we should never have
been able to obtain any clear iiotloa as to tbe
- geQraph1y of I3UCII a giGho. For our earth li ,
of courile , surrounded by a thick coat of atmosphere -
mosphero ; tbls atmosphere Is at all times ,
and In all parts , niort' or les& opaque front
the precenco of large quantitlee of floatIng
material. while there are alwaya sonic re-
glens 'hcre there is temporarily cnipletO
obstruction ( toni the prcscnc of clouds. The
atrnoi.pheroVOthid thus oppose great difilcul-
ties to the study of the geography of our
earth by art outside object. It may , indeed ,
be well doubted whether even the. ouLlIne of
tltq continents could be completely discrrnod ,
notwlthatanding that the area of earth at tile
distance of tim moon rould be thlrtocn timea
larger than tlio area of the moon as presented -
sented to
For the PUrPOSe of the terrostlzil a'tron-
oiner , It fortunately happens teat the moon
Ic alrnolt entirely detltute of atmosphere.
Tli features of Ite surface are cnseriuently
aver obiicured by any of those cauces which
) svouhil tend to hide the features of the eartij
from outelhlo ecrutlny. Whenever the doudi'
on our globe are GUI. of the way , It i , then
psslbio to observe the moon with but little
obrtructlon. It we alto remember that
many of the featurea of our satcIlit are
wIthIn reach of a telescopa of coniparatt'.ey
moderate power , It will not be FurprIein
that the Ii star scenery has attracted o iiiichi
attoiltion and that thousands of minute lea-
turee on Its Furfaco have beni carefully Iden-
tilled. In flflO cases accomplished obrer
have devoted themselvea with praiseworthy
a'Idulty to the detaIled examination of spe.
cml minute varta' On the surface.
j it would be impossible to enumerate all
the astronomers of recent titnes whiooa labors
have been directed to the study of the lunar
scenery. I may , however , here mention a
few iialiint adding the remark that there
are doubtlcs many otltera whose valuable
labors could not be overlooked it it had bcen
po.slbio to give a OtO complet. account cf
the subject titan would be practicable wlthtn (
the limits of thiC' present article.
Firot , I mlwt mention Mr. Nasmyth , vito
was at Once a fatuous nlechaitlciil engineer ,
a skillful artist , Coil a devoted student 01
tile stars. ho enlpoyed ) his vehl-earned
leisure in the et dy of celestitl objects ,
and ho devoted elpecial attention to the
IflOoll. The Wozlc vlllchi he ProdUCed in conjunctIon -
junctIon s'Ith Mr. Carpenter Is a standard
authority on the lunar scenery , and is per-
Itaps one of the nloi't beautIfully Iilutrate'1
bonk that. baa ever been devoted to the sub-
joet of the heavens. I intlst also refer to
I'rot. ITobleti and other dirtlngulahed astron-
onlers at the Lclc ! obiiervatory , On the top
of Mount Hamilton , In California , 'ritey
I iTh
III 7hjLt ! ,
i t
.
'
Ij.I4
silt ROBitILT flALL ,
hr.vo applied their resOurce'i to the lhto-
toghfhlly ( ) af tile moon vItli rcinurkolt'e sue-
cuss , and FhililO of their plcturtw of our
ealehllie itae formed the bash upon wideli
' 3r.Velnelc 1159 produced eXhhtlIslie drwIig : ,
of the lutist features ,
As , I1l1Iups , ( lie latest book Oil the
tOIOgraPily o : the &tinott , I tOO ) ' lflafltlOfl
tile elaborate work b ) ' I'loitta fl1v3r , 1lger ,
vllo lt ihihlhfeIt 0110 uf tlto niost aulihiious
of lunar observers. lie his coiIectij to.
golht'r the toast Interesting facts relative to
the topography of our s'alellite. I ant inuth
Indebted to the various authorities j have
narncd for lthfOrmntion which I etn utIlizIng
itt the present iapcr.
1FATtYltES OF ThU MOON'S SUflFACl. a
Vhen we look Up at the fithi moon , oven
Whillout callIng (110 ( telescope to our aid , o
at once notice the preseIke of a nurn.
her of large dark patches , It is certainly
true that there are co sheets of vater. Ilor p
IttlyillIOg like water , at pretezht visible On '
the moon , oven ' 1Ut the highest Powers of
our telescope. In fact , there era tolltld f
PhYsical rcaaons why it does not 805111 the d
least lIkely that tilere could be any vater i
ill the fluid form present In our tatohiIte. t
At the 651110 tlmo the appearance of these o
( lllrl spots , Jn days before telescopes weto s
CfllpiO'CI ) , suggested that those objects were s :
baln qt water , and accordingly they ere
oneleully called "seas , " In modern days.a&II
trononlera hayo onewbat awkwatdiy re a
tamed tltls nato. , or Its Latin eulyaleiit , C
to designate these peculiar dark tracts , notU
wltbataIldiu the absence of water , Many W
ci those are of enormous extent , to o
be rovkonel In thousands of square P
snllc.s , In tact , steariy halt Ilte visible sur- It
lace of the tnoots is so ocuplcd. LI
It Ia ilill an OPOII question as to whether si
those regIons hare over been covered with ti
water. No doubt It ueem5 the simplest supti
posItion , so far4 * certain phenomena ate
concerned , to believe thaL tfieyare the basIns
In which great ! ' eas ( hI'l ' QflCO roll , but that
as the mooti Iias'graduslfy cooled down from
a Pribneval state In whIch It was largely corn-
posed of molten matter , the water irons the
sts ponetraleh ( ItI to thojntsrlot-and there
entered into chonhical iinlom wIth tile mate-
rlals which were crystallzlng. It certainly
does seem that whele oceans full of
water could have ben thus disposed of.
There are , however , many who believe that
theo dark regIons are title to the pouring
forth from the interior : I vast volumes of
motten lava wihIch spread over deep hollows ,
burying liora or less coflipletely the object
which had iret'Iotisiy occupIed them. In
50010 places latllcation.s are fOund thlat theo
regions vero once occupIed by other strtlct
hires , of which onhy vetIges are nay longer
to be discerned.
There cn be no doubt that these so-called
seas lie loet than the general surface of
tiie moon. If vator was to be IOlItO I Ott
( hlr sateliitr' , IL would co'tatthly tenh to
fill the basir.o once agaIn. Cioe exsrnina-
tlon of these remarkable tracts 1los that
the graylsil , slttley tint that they ustlaily
present Is by ito means unilornl. At Mr.
L'lgcr remarks : "I Ilave frequently scott
the surfsce itt many. places covered with
fllintito glittering jtolntn of light , shining
with a silvery luster , Interitinglel wRIt
darker sqiots afld. a network of c'treaks , far
too delIcate and ethereal to represent In a
drawing. " In certain places In the lunar
"seas , " regions of a 3'eliowlsil or greenich
tint have lICen occasionally notico.l when the
illumination is. under suitable conditions ;
hitIcIl tints lutvo sometimes been attributed
to the pohslble pre'senoe of sotho form of
vegetaticn , thtbhh this would hardly be
compatIble Uith1tho absence of a lun.r at-
lno3phl etc.
Thu grandest Itiustratlon of this clasa of
objects Is the great Oceanus Procellarunt ,
which covers an area not very different from
that occupied by 1Ltropean Russia. If , how-
cver , we desir& tp look at one .ot tltc objects
of tilts cia&a which ieeln9 most emphatically
to suggest Its origin to have been an ancient
aoa basin , I would specially call attention to
the Mare CriFluin. It needs but little
effect of tha Imagination to fill this remarkable -
able gulf with water , and then. to eec how
Its margin forms the cliffs against ahlchi the
vaveS Jiavo hurled themselves for centurisi.
Cloco examinatloii reveals that the floors of
these "seas" are marked over with various
Irregulat1ttts so that viieti such features are
spoken of as m 'tli , it must be understood
that this rnereiy by way of contrast to
the extreme rugcdneas which prevails over
tue greater part of. the lunar eurfoce.
IXTINCT VOLCANOES ON TIlE MOON.
The most characterAic features of the
cencry on Our ratelilte are , however , the
reniarkabie phijects which arc tile results
of voicanie phenomena. There are many
classes into : which these objects can be
divided , but for. cur pesent purpose it will ,
perhaps , be sufficient if' we attempt to givc
acme brief ncount of what may be called
the wailed plains , and or the volcanic
praters llroperiy so termed. According to
Mr. Eiger , the authority to whom we have
already referred , tue most perfect eximple
or a VaIitthl' , iali ) on the moon
is the great object known as Ptoi-
emaeus. The remarkable district so
desigilated covers an area on our satellite
conelderabhy larger than Wale. It i situated -
uated ncadiy centrally on tito face of the
hhloon directed toward us , so that it generally
lies very ctvetllently , placed for oxamina-
tion. It will be recognIzed at , the last of a
chain of four magnificent objects of the
same dIameter , which lie along the coast of
that .darlcest of lunar sea ? , -known as the
iaro Nublum , PtOemaeus may be dozcrlbeJ
as almost circular In outline , though some-
tlme It mIght be regarded aa a rudely six-
sided ilure , Its appcaranco may be corn-
itared to that of an eye gasa , 'hereof tile
little handle is formed by a , beautifully
shaped crater bearIng the name of Herschel ,
Tue floor of Ptolcmaeus Is a plain , not much
jcprcseetl below the general level of thte
lunar suracc. It is so vast that en ott-
terver placed Ill its midet would .ao a bounl-
es horizon stretchllltg fl'.VftY front him on all
sides. He tvotiId not realize tile fact that
Ptoientaeus was surrounded , more or boo
ompleLciy , by a noble circle of lofty moun-
alits , for these inouittaitis would be below
lila horizon. Some of tilb peaks ascend one
11110 , and In certain cocos even two mIles
ibove tile stterlor of the plain. At certaIn
obrits the mounla'sl chaIns vill he found In.
Lerrupted by mighty iasea ; especially is
lItla tile cate on tile margin between Ptoht'
tineua and tltt i , .xlz adjoinIng walled plaIn ,
Vilicil Is caIie&tlptvnsus. )
To toy lflilll ( , . liOtVbVCr , the most inter-
? stillg of these objetts , as well as perhia a
ills tltost pets'dt representative of ito class ,
J the benuSitutts'ailed plain named Plato.
rhis Is co w bhl placcl , and htaseuch a strik-
rIg appearance , that It is probably Otto of
.it firstL objects which a student of lunar
opography succeeds In identifying , Na other
tbjcct of the z'aiuo character happens to lie
II Itti neigitboritood , nnL consequently , there
9 but little tllmctalty In dIstinguishing tite
valleti plain referred to. For It may be
etitarlteti that thin aspect of the moon
ltanges so frequently that tito identification
tf ttottle features is at limes a little trouble-
onto. 'Fitis partly arises front the never.
toiling variidles of light and shade as the
11000 chtingea froto day to day.
Tbtero is also another circumstance wilich
S sonletillIec OPt" to puzzle tile beginner1
or , owIng .ta'Wltat is called tito moon's
ibration , tile taco whticis is directed towart
Is is not always exactly the same , ijonco
L follows that at different tinios the diti.
cocos of objects front the Circular edge
t tile m000 to which they are lying neat-
at uill be found to vary , The diflicultics
iil ltowovcr , not prevent the attidont from
cadily identlt'itg ( Ito superb object known
8 Pltto. it lies in the northern region of
ho moon and as our telescopes exhibit the
bject invertctl , tbtlu meaos that Plato must
' 0 sought at the lower part of ( ho field.
'Fills walid plain isaltuated on tue coast
Inc or a fltagllItIcettt lunar sea. namely , the I
into Irnbrlutn , which may , perhaps , he do-
cribetl hIS U stupendous githf branchIng off
runl the Oceaus Prociltrum. Tbs : is , in-
ced , She rCgloti of the 01000 toward which
a vouid sPecially direct tlto attention of t
Lie EtudeIlt. There Ite will find magnificent i
xafltbtleS 01 the nlost striking typos of lunar
cotiery , Tite floor of Piato measures about i
ixty thIties across , It may be said to be flat ,
ifli tlte gxceptlon of erlalo small irreguiar. I
its ; but the facr which chiefly Mrlkes the I
ttention of the observer , an which is spa- I
lally noticeable In the , pilotogt allbs , Is the i
ttttsuttl darkness of that 1oor AS con'arcd I
itbi other parts. of tita fllOQfl. Tlo rampart
C Itlottutains witIci atrouttd Plato are coin-
aratlvciy pertect and no more pleasing I
hInt picture ca be beheld titan when ( ho I
tadows of tlteso mountain peaks lie
rotchted along the dark central floor , as
tey do when the sun is lu such a position
iLL it would just appear to be rising to a
lunar lnhabflant who was stationed in the
neighborhood.
hOW LUNAR MIASUItCMENT ARII
TAKEN.
I may mention that the shadown of lunar
mountaIn peaks not only greatly enhance
tue beauty of our lunar picture from a spectacular -
tacular point of view , but tlley have another
linportttnce. They present to the astronomer
the only means hit he posseases for incas-
tiring the altitudes of the lunar niountalns ,
For , as a lunar mountali Is lucre OF less
pnlnteti tOWarl tile observer , its elevation
above ( lie surface cannot be obtanetl by di-
rcct measurements.
We may lliuqtrato the Itrocess employed
In tue tieterrnln'ttion of tile altItude of a
lunar mountain by tue operation of calculating -
lating the height of a flag staff front knowIng
th length of tue shatlow vlllch it casts at
noon , If ( Ito length of that ahada\v be Incas-
uretl on certain days , which will , of course ,
vary with the latitude of the observer , 1.1100
tile length of the ngontidc BiladOW
of the flag staff would not be different -
ferent from the hlcight of the flag start It-
self. If tile observations be made on atiy
other days save thIose which , tve just bcen
inentioneti , then the length of the noonttdc
shadow vottid be greater or less than the
tIltttltlO of tile flag staff. however , by a
little calculation , which any one ss'llo has
learned inttthematica can easily understand ,
it is possible from knowing the lengtbl of
the shatlo and tile true altittltle of tIle Sun
at noon'in , tIle day in qtestion , to determine
tile height of the flag staff by which that
shatiow has been Cast ,
'o call mear.lre the iengthls of the shadows -
ows which are east by tile mono-
tam pcaku en the surface of tito
Inoan. Suppcro , for instance , the
allatlows wire observed to extend half way
.
'
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we . .c'i i/ ' I
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I
- . 'I L..4 , t'Nt ; ' ( (
.
. . ' - . . . i I . .
THE MOON-AGED 12 DAYS fll , hOURS-FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AT
LICE OBSERVATORY.
acrass tile floor of Plato , in such a case we
know that tile length at the shadow w'ouid
be abont thirty miles. Front our knowledge
ot the relative positions of the earth and the
moon. can determine the llelght of the
sun as it would have appeared to a lunar observer -
server , These facts sumee to enable us to
ascertain the altitude of tito corrcsDonding
peaks.
The isthmus on wiich ! _ Plato is situated -
ated contains many other interesting ob-
jects. In fact , the student could have
no better study tItan to famihbarizw himself -
self vith the cliaracteriatics of the soy-
oral objects in and about the Mare Imbrium.
Beginning the northern point , we first
conic to tue very remarkable bay known as
the Sinus Iri'ltim. Then conies Plato. , and
theit the gulf sweeps around by a noble
range of mountains called the Caucasus ,
between which and the range of the Ap-
peninos there is a passage which leads into
tile Mare Serenitatis. .
At. tills point the ot crver will not. tail to
notice three splendid rings lyIng out in the
Mare Imbriurn. Tue sniahlctat of these Ia
Autolycus ; directly below that is the larger
ring , known as Aristihius , whIch Is thirty-
four miles In diameter. Its rampart rises
upward of two miles above the surrounding
plain , while the interior of it is deprccsed
some 3,000 feet below the level of tIle general
lunar surface. Arstillus may be regarded
as a typIcal lunar crater , inasmuch as It is
adorned by a lofty mountain peak ascending
front the center , A view of multitudes of
details in this mighty extinct volcano will
revard the dUligent student , wile has tile USC
of a good tciescoje , If ho hould be an
artist , lie will find ample scope for practice
with hIs pencil 1 delineating the many
and I believe jtitiy regarded , as the most
noteworthy object on the moc.i. It Ftnt1
isolated In the Oceantis l'roceilarutn , an&h this
peculiar situation gives to CopernIcus a dis.
tictnera which makes it very easy to recog-
nice. 'the central regions of the ring are
atlornesh , by a mountain , same of whose peaks
atthln about halt a mile In altitude , Among
the features whIch make Copernictis specially
, ttereeiting as a telescopic object arc the
remarkable terraces which are to ho seen
in its Interior. They are apparently due
to exceseiS'e floodings of the crater by lava.
It. seems probable that they were produceil
In the following manoerl StlppOse that in
ocilnection vilii oomo outbresk the crater
became filled 'Xltll lava , then after a pcrid
of quiescence , the 'surface of this would become -
como congealed. If tit molten lava beneath
subsiilcth. it WotIldi doubtless leave a margIn
of solidified material , whtichi would thus form
the first or highesb terrace , At a stibeqttent
outbreak the basin might have been only
partially filled , sd that the lava dlii not
accend to so great an altitude. Tills would
in tine course bc.corno congcled on thto StIr-
face , and again the lava would subside , thus
forming a second tecraco.
I must hero spoclnliy mention a remarkable -
able eharacteriotic of lunar scenery Wlhichl
in displayed on agrarnh scale by CopernRtis.
I allude to the preeence ot bright radiating
t'trcaks ' which extend from the great crater
fQr many hundrede o miles over the lunar
stirface. The oxpiantttion of these brigilt
strt'aks offers ono of the most dimctilt prob-
lerns Itt lunar physics. They are sometimes
thought to niark lava flows from the central
sppt at s'amno earlier .phase of eruption than
tllO crater as it flow' ' etands would Indicate.
It I1OCD not , however , seem apparent why
these streaks should In thii case posses's tile
peculiar brightness which characterizes theni.
. Near the sodhern polo of the moon is the
remarkable crater knowit as Tycho. Tills is
sitt'ated in a egboii where the scenery mdl-
cates the willest ( 110(1 most nlagnificent con.
fusion. Tycho is specially notlceablo for the
nuniber of bright streaks whicit radiate from
it. Indeed , at the time of full moon , when
these atreako are peculiarly visible , they
ilave frequently been lIkened to meridians
diverging from a pole. Nasmyth suppoaccl
that these streaks were due to cracks in
the moon , and that througil these cracks lava
had welled out train beneath. lie gives a
strikimig liluetmation of the nleOhanicai 1)0551-
bility of this doctrine by showIng how a
glass globe has been observed to crack In
st'chi a way as to produce a system of streaka
exactly rcsenthling thomtc fte3fl to diverge
from T3'clio on the moon.
It Is known that great volcanIc outbreaks
on the earth , such , for example , as the rc-
nowned ( hiceharge which took place at Kra-
katoa in 18S3 , have been attended with tile
evOllltiofl of enormous quantities of volcanic
duet , or comminuted punilce , which was of
a light grayish color. It may be , as Mr.
Eiger suggests , perhaps have happened that
volumes of volcanic dust have Issued front
the flsstres produced in the moon , tinder the
influence of thic cracking suggested by Nas-
myth. ThIs ( Inet would accumulate along
1.110 lines of fissure , for it must be reniem-
bered that as there is no air on the moon ,
there would b no wind to blow the dust
away , as there would be on the earth. There ,
consequently , tIme dust would remain , and
Its characteristic whiteness would present
just tile same appearance that time streaks
imos , seem to have. This vIew seems to present -
sent the most reasonable explanation at prea-
cot available as to the origin of these re-
marlcable lunar characteristics.
One more striking feature In the scenery
of our satellite should be referred to. I
beau time deep but narrow clefts or chasms
which extend for itunlreds or often for thou-
sards of miles across the lunar surface.
These chasms seem in nil probability to owe
their origin to earthquake shocks , by which
time moon was shaken in the days when Its
volcanoes were still active. Those days
seem , however , to have long since passed.
The volcanoes on time moon no longer give
any manifestation of energy. They are all
extinct and silent , though one or two cases
have boon recordedin which apparent changes
have been thought to have taken place , yet
even if we admit the reality of such changes ,
they are but insignificant.
Tile fact is that the moon appears to have
Icst Its volcanic energy. Thts is dotmhtlesa
duo to time circumstance that our satellite.
being a small globe , relatively to the earth ,
has already cooled flown to. 0011 a pplnt.
that there is noildnger sumclent intehm l
clergy left to produce a volcanic outbreak.
The eaTtil is so much. larger that it still re-
tOlilS large quantitic of internal heat which
manifests itself occasionally in the eruption
of voicanues , The difference betsven the
earth and the moon In tills respect may lie
expressed in this vay : That while we have
many extinct volcanoes on the earth , and
comparatively few actIve ones , yet , on our
neighboring gicbe' all , time volcanoes eeni to
have patsed Into time. extinct condition.
SIR ROBERT BALL.
FASTEST IN tVJIE WoltidS ,
'FJie jt.tIhiNhhilii SJCl of the Ltlest
liritiMb. ? .mvm,1 Crssf ( ,
Details f H. M. S. Desperate , as they cal
every Craft belonging to the BritIsh navy ,
down to a dIngy , If mhe is independent , are
now at hand , saym. the New York Sun.
She Is 210 feet over' all , with a beam of
nIneteen feet Fix inches , and a depth of
thirteen feet six Inches. Ilelow the water
he is made of mIla steel of twenty-eight
toni ; tensile strength , and above of another
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ALPS , APPENINES , ARCHIMEDES , PA1 EN AT TIlE PARIS OBSERVATORY.
features of this superb piece of lunar
scenery. Tue third of the timree craters
which form this noteworthy group lies far out
in time tlare Imubrium , and Is tue famous
lunar object known as Archimedes. Timis
crater is not quite se large as Plato , but
its floor preoontu multitudes ot poiata of
interest to assiduouB lunar observers ,
IMPOSiNG LUNAR MOUNTAIN RANGES.
Returning , however. to tite noIbbor.
Ing coasts from our survey of these ott-
bects out In tile Mare Imbriurn , ve perceive
litu pIcndid range of time , lunar Appenines ,
rho objects so called arc by far the most
nagnificeot range of mouotalis that can be
teen on the moon , ascending , as aonie of its
peaks do , to an altitude of about 18,000 feet
ibovo the surrounding plain. Tlmls superb
range extends for a distance of no les than
100 imtiie along the shore of the Mare im-
oriumu , anti tlio special summits which have
0CI2 noticed upon It are to bo numbered in
undreds , The Apponin s project a mighty
romoatory into the Mare Imbrium , which
erinlnates in the trater known a Eratos.
l.tenes. This object Is of Interest as being ,
) erilaps , the volcanic vent for the mnigbty
orces whIch wore once concerned In the up.
aeaval of this mountain range connected
vith It.
The promontory thus magnificently ended
oint to another luuar teatue , This is the
reat crater Copemiicus , whieb is regarded ,
sort of steel of about rty tons tensile
strength. TIlis metal is so ductile as to he
necessariy bow In carbon , anti It is , aitl
positively to have no nickel ill It. The °
engInes have a ilgt-preSIurO ! cylinder of ii
twenty lncimea in diameter , an intermediate tc
one of twenty-nine inches and two low.
pressure cyilndera of thirty inches1 the Ii
tttrolce being eighteen inches.
A tpecIai exaction has been imposed by
time Iirhtitth .dmIrnIty u1ln these ness' Ii
tttirt.knot torpedo destroyers in the hitniIi
tation of fuel , Usually time 'ery jigil ! f3
speed clmtts ha been free to burn as much A
as it likes. If a boat is extravagant In Ji
coa , , though. she , sviil need to curry an sc
extra quantity , awl .so a standard for coal F
huvittg been , determined for these boats , St
they must carry an extra weIght of it , N
according to theIr extravagance In rtn. I )
sumption. It is believed that two and a H
Imaif pounds of coal per horse vower ncr (1
hour is tile figure br their full speed , The B
contract also provtdes that If a given power F
lim exceeded In obtalmstng a. gtvq speed , the it
boat must be tried Wi1.j adqed weight ,
'rho last trIal of thu i.cserato or sIx runs ci
o3 time Mapllll mnlha eboweti a mean speed of Je
30,111 knots , or thlrtit1vo miles an hour , as 11
we landsmen knowhern , with 6COO imorso Ic
poWer , 210 pounds ot res3ure , twenty-four Jim
Inches vacuum , 403n revoutions , and tile
standard load on board , SUCh is the fastest
boat yet built. ( Iomparcd to the Lucania
ito s a toy. Tho'Lucania ' wOutl make
fifty of imer , but she has one-sixth of the
Lucania's power , Still this gIves her ut , ,
t.Q eg gent snore speed SIme wouid cross
the .Attantio in a little over four days , ml
IRUI ) BEATS AROUND \VORLII \
Origin1 Aim and Progrcs3 of the a1vaton
Army ,
DETAILS OF TIlE GREAT ORGANIZATION
'I'lte Ahileciiiii1 of ' 1iiIrt "i'enrs ut
hIoti tihiiI tlrnd-Strcn gd it of
t lie tt'ti ) 'i'lie iemihinr
Coin tiitt islers.
In view of time dissensions in time ranlcs
of tue Salvation army in the United States ,
the following sketch of its origin and
lirogress , taken front the New York lode-
pendent , Is Instructive anti pertinent :
William liocth , time founder of the Salvation -
tion army , was born in Nottingham , Eng. ,
April 10 , 18211 , At time ago of 21. ime becanie
a minister of tIle Metllodist New connexioti ,
miflmi for eleven years was engaged In the
ordinary Work of the ministry , but vitit an
ever mncreat'ng ! interest in distinctively
evangelistic effort. In 1SG1 Ime resgnetl from
time conference to devote his whole time to
that stork , amd on Jtily 5 , 1S65 , Ito held alone
an open-air booting in a tent in tIle F'riendo'
burial ground In Whitechapel. Stibe'equently ,
lmovover , his work attracted tile attention of
wealthy philanthropists , such as Samuel Mor.
103' , M. P. , and rapIdly grew In iimlIortance.
Four years later 110 gave time 001110 of the
Christian Mission to hmi4 work , and branches
were forftte'd in shilteretit hans of the United
IClllgd0In The. growtlm was ralltl , and in
1878 the ntimeyas again changed to the
Salvation urny , and the entire organizatioll
\vnh.l altered , it complete military systemu being
adopttdr
So far thIa work had been purely In En
issid ; tee years later , however , in 1850 , it
became an Internaticilal development witil
work' In France , and the foibowing year , 1881 ,
Commissioner Italiton , with a sniall company
of fentUbo' vangelists , arrived In this coun-
try. Since then the work htwi grown until
there 'ms scarcely a cotlntry iii the woriti
where it. lsj uotrepres'elted. Gsiieral Ilootht
is the iteadot the whole organization , anti is ,
tinder a d'eod pofl enrolled imi the British
high court bf chancery , the trustee of tue
( ltlro : ftlnds and property of the armtiy.
Ills private income , Imowever , is derived frotit
other saures. Ho is represented in tile
( iiUerellt countries by omccra of dIfferent
rank , but Vitll tile power anti OftemI the title
of commis1n r. There are six otller grat1e
of responsibility cud power ; then come field
omccrs in clmarge of local corps , and theml
local ofiheers. Tile corps Is made up of
soldIers \vimo lmavo given sntlsractory evidence
of conversion for at least a 11)011th , imave
signed the atticlea of war anti been swormi in
sa muembors. . The princIpal officers are Wii-
11am Booth. tlm general ; \V. Jiramwcll Booth ,
tile chief of staff , in London ; Conunissictiers
I3ooth-Ciibbcrn , ! Lt France ; Iiooth-'Fucker ,
Bombay ; Itailton , Germany ; I1nward , Len-
clan ; C amnbs , Australia ; Estill , Sautlm Africa ;
Herbert Booth , ia Canada. and others. thai-
lington Ilooth , late commisrioner of 'oe
United States , imas just been replaced by
Commissioner i300til-Tucker , front India.
Tite fleporai object of the army , as stated
by COmutnandoi .Balllngton' Booth , is to set
forth betoretho.e'cs of all the fact that sin
is tlierootoUmjsery and wretchedness ; that
tue salvation Of God dealing effectually with
sin destroys the fruit and ltllnilillates time
effect , and that Gcd can save front time
power as well as front time guilt of sin. Time
significant element , however , Is the means
imlted to set tlmese facts before the people , time
first essential being In their vIew to gain attention -
tention , to attract those who never go to any
place of worshllp and regard religion at any
kInd with indifference. Hence every means
Is used to attract these people. The 'ex-
travagances , " "eccemmtricilies" or "excres-
cences" for whIch they have been criticised
Imave been Invariably adopted for a good
reason and with a definIt object in view ,
Among tbe more distinctive methods of
work may ho mentioned open-air parades ,
processions by tha soldiers , marching to
stirring music , ' sorrylng tIle army flag and
frequently time r.ational colors ; bands of
music , used not merely in connection with
the processions but in tIlO meeting , , : distinctive -
tinctive titles and phraseology directed empe-
daily to attracting time attention of those
who have como to look upon religious work
as a perfunctory affair ; demonstrations of
varous kinds , usually arranged by combining -
ing different corps , partly for tile purpoac of
making an impressipn upon the public mInd ,
partly to increase the esprit de corps of time
soldiers , partly to promote the advance of
the local work by givimg apecial pmomnlnence
to some particular feature , or thesa partleim-
iar features the imtot noted ore , slum work ,
carried on chiefly by female efilcera , who
take rooms in the mnost degraded nogilbor-
hoods , hive among the people , nurse the
sIck and perform any available kind omces
for those vito need , visit tile saloons and
dives and deal with the people they find
there ; rescue work , applied especially to
fallen womnen , and priaon gate work , dealing
with criminals aa they are released and in
tomne cases WillIe prisoners.
There are also certain general features
a'lllCll may be calied distinctive ; promnimlehico
ivon to women , who form about one-half of
ho total nunther o1 officers ; preasure upcn
ach individt'ai member to be an active
yorker soon as conversion Is professed :
idaptatlon of system and methods to peculiar
ircunistanccs ; activity and energy mani-
ested in the daily nteetumgs ; time principle of
elf-support applied to each corps , division
nd territory ; self-denial timrougimout the F
trmy ; dietinctive tnlform ; implicit , unques-
letting obedience ; prominence given to time
eaciming of entire sanctification or comilete
( ehiverance from tile power as from time guilt
t sin ; the democratic olemnwt allowing any
ndividual to rlso to any vositlon ; mutual , i
erCClLtl love and affection of tito rnenbcrs : ;
he development of native soldiers am ! ofllcers
a every country where the work is car-
led on.
No statement of the Salvation army is C.
ompieto witilout a reference to Mrs. General Cfl
tooth , who died in 18110 , anti to wimoro wis-
0i0 hIS well as niergy and oloqtmence has
eon duo to a great degree tIle sUccc.s3 of time
rganization. Site manifested imirily different
haracterlstica from those of bert husband.
Vltibo imo was aggressive nmu.l apt to bo lmarsll ,
ml dogmatic In Itla action , rime was 0111(1 u :
nmi considerate , but not less persevering and 1)
etermlnech , It is notireable that tlte two
Imaracteristics run tlmrouglt time family. fr
ramweil vmd Herbert Booth arc like time
tther , Thmllington Booth and Emma IlOOtllv :
'ucke * are like tile mother , and these dlsEl
: nctlons explain to a degree sonme of the
tots mmde ntanitest ( luring the past monthls ,
Anotlmer mbvenient that slmould have more
pace than can. be given Is that which noes-
loned erssrai Ilootil's book "In Iarkest
nglanti and the Way. Out , " a scheme for
10 relief of the ioer classes. called time Al
submergemi tenth. " by time establishminent of 0.
city colony , a farm colony antI an over0
b-sea .cobony ; a labor bureau an4 factory
ui various other measures whose principal
lea is not pauperimn tltrough cllarity , but E
ile development .01 individual cimaracter.
ito latest form developed Is that proposed
I' time general in India. 'this Is sinliliy a
llony 011 an enormous scale. but it lmas net
I yet emmet witim tue entiorseltlent of those
Ost thoroughly acquainted with tlmat cm-
? ; following statement sitows the number lit
r corps anti officers in 1)ecenmber , 1895. Tile Iii
et af ofliccrs includes social , trade and in-
roaticoal staff empioyes
Corps. Officers.
ritislt Isles , . , . , , , , , . , . , . . , . . . . , 1,3W 4GO2
nited States . , , , , . , . . . . , . . . . , & 85 ,8jl
ustrabasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1r3l
mdta and Ceylon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 CCI
ritiiit North 4lflerICa , . , . . . , 260 4,0 0
weden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rgcntina and Uruguay. . . . . . 12 .11
alnaictl. , . . . . . , . . . - . . . . . . , , 1.i 83
ititit Africa jind St , Helena , , IAI 2i
rntlCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 228
a'itzerland , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , id 21.8
cimmark , , , , , . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 2CC
oiiand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ci ttdi
erinany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' 21
elgiutu , , 14 42
I niand . , . . . . . . , . . . , . . , . , . , . . , , , 20 it
8y . . . . . . a 2. .
) aitl , . . . , , . . . , , -t p' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' I 3
Ibraltar . , , , , . . , . , ; . . . , , . , . , . , 0 1 2
I Va . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ritisil Guiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1 3
elanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . , , , ,
LUfl , . , , . , . , . , , , .t , , . , , , , , . , , . 1 15
Total 3,673 21SCI
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
. ! . ! . : : _ : :
airs , Burke-Roche is sxtid to ride a silver-
ounted wheel , while the queen of Italy's
cycle Is a gorgeous affair with gold trim-
legs ,
DOCTOR
car1es &
. Searle
8PEOIALISTS l.
llrvous , Chroulo
attd
. Privaic DIscas ,
wEArEN
HKXUALIj.
-
, ' . . AU l'miviito ilet4I $
at atami
nitItSortIcrL
. .t Trct ttlL'nt by tn 11
. ' \ 4 COtltlitttIOIt free'
SYPHILIS
Cure,1 for life inS the aotst , tteruuhli
eiansed from the 113'Ltem. i'Il..rot FISTUI.A
an fli'TAb ULCBItR , 1IYD1COCLi.i35 AND
VARiCOCI31,1i permanently no.1 iucciSstuiil
tutt1. Mthot new anti unfalltns.
STAIOTUflE ! tND OLEET at ltotito
fly new method without pain or uttin.
Call on or athireso lUt itsnip
DL &aI1S & SeirL ' , iLt 8. 5 5th l
( L ( :
.
, . .r
, _ _
. .c-
I
,
I
' -It
-
- -
,
.
( My mamma used Wool Soap ) ( I wish mine had )
WOOLENS WILL NOT SI1NI (
IC Heap is need In the iaundr' . In
tlio cloanshmmgof winur ldankotsftanncfs and
alt uool fabrics berorostortag lorthoseatorl.
The value of
WOOL SOAP
is inestimable. Waslmc ! silks , laces and all
Summer fabrlc without tnlury. 3qtmaiIv
vaIutt'tt. : ( or bath , ? ] OtmSOhod and geucrat
laundry urpomtes. Sold by all dcaicrs.
Raworth , Scbode & Co. , Makers , Chicago ,
0wYork OmcetnLconard St. IIostou 3 Chatlmam8t ,
TR,4
LI'
_ _ _
Dey&
: : Stoiie
Fttriiittiie
Co.1 ,
1115-1117
Fiti'itaiit Strm t.
\Vo ertfl speeltil attention to
0111 Itimo of
Diniiig Room
Fui'iiitui'e.
07 lattet'tis ltm cxcltialvo ci 50
Tables trout. . . . . . . . . . . . 4)
'I.
r . , ' " : . /.t'
.
. Designs
1 , , ( .
; Oak
: :
from
D % [
: ! H
Many now atyles Ito
. Sideboards and
China Closets.
'ILCO % . CO3II'OJI'5U
7AbVSYPL.L5 :
Safoand SUitE. Always reliable. Ta'o
! lONUbtitUt. Forth , , byatklrtilsts. 52.00. Fetid '
. , . , . , . ,
, , . .
4c. for lrornat' ' '
.S'ijegi.irt.Vl m.COX eti' KCI1IQ
CO. . Cal 1i0UT11 L'lUltTit r , . all1I.AlA. , t' . . .
1'HEI
Palace Office Bilhldiug Ii
OF OMAHA.- '
.
.
' 101 A DARK WCANDESCN '
'
ELECTRIC L1GTS
ovxc :
PEd'ECI '
. VETILT1O
IN AY IAR I
IIIGHTJ3LLVATOLI
BWLDNG. !
The Bee Building. SERVLG
DIRECTORY OF OCCUPANTS1 .
.
'
DASEMJ4j'r FLOOR. '
EE BUILDING BARBER 51101' , Fad JOHN KELKINNEY , Time Lobby.
I3uelov. proprietor , H. Id. CAILI'l.IELL. CourS Rotunda , . , igarg
IDELITY TIWS'I' COMPANY , Mortgage
TH LOAN AND BUILDING "
: , SEAIIIANS & BENEDICT , ASSOCIATION , 0. M. Nattinger , l3cere.
Hemintrton Tvnt.'writers and Supplies. tary.
OitES'1 L&WN CIdMETEI1.Y ithOC1A- MUTUAL LOAN AND BUILDING ASSO.
T1ON. CIATION.
I1OIIERT I'RITCIIAIID , Loans. .
FIRST FLOOR.
EB BUSINESS OFFICE. WESTIII1.N UNION TELEGRAPH OF. f
MEItICAN WATERWORKE3 COMPANY , FICLI.
UPEIUNTENDENT BEE IJUILDING. ' - W. CIIRISrIAN ASSOCIATiON ,
SECOND 1'LOOR. .
' INFRANK III MOORES ,
ASSAC'IIUSETTS MUTUAL LLFJI IN-
SUIIANCId COMPANY. DR. KINSLEI ( . Not and Throat.
13 Fl ( 'UTTFJt Law Office DR CiiA1tii iU'Jb.WATJdIC
FIIISi.LtsN 5flfl rndAD1NLI ROOMS.E9UITAJILE LIF13 iNSURANCE S0
EohiE . REAl ) & ) 4\tOrnOyS. , '
: Id. FUflICINGTON . , Attorney-at. )3EC1T ,
Law. Dli. A. K. 1)131 V , Li.,1t.
.f _ I , THIRD F'LOOIt. ; '
- . A , WEIISTER , fl"a1 Estate. ji .
V PATRICK rawomIce : ' W1KEFIILD , Lumber ,
H ZNSJItANCE CO.
01mie' , Ai.Otlt.
. R. T1tAUEltM4NAttorney.
UUITY COURT Itnomnos. II and 7.flOVIiThr'I LtFI ANt ) TRUST COhf.
\V. SIAIERAL , wi. h1.i1dItAL , , Law ? . 1 Imliudelpilla , A. Lun8in , General
. ' icons. ,
Dlhlcles.
IAVI COMPANY. . I . j-IREM : , Broker , - I
UlTY COUIt'l' , itoom No , 0. ,
FOUILTU rLOOR.
ASON & NASONt Dentists.
B. ALLEN , Alpha Council No. 1 , Wood. ' ASlfINLTON ' LIFE lNSUft.tNE COZ.
nen of ( lIe \vorid. A Y1New 'm.omk. r , , Tyrn , Ucti , AgI.
EIJSTEI1. . HOWARD & CO. , Fire InCll4ttLm.S . . L. T1IOAIAS , Iteal Estate ,
turanco l\ ii.HIi.SON COAL CO
Jf)1ti.V ROSE\'ATEIt. Clvii EngIneer.EMMA J DAVIES. hIomopath ,
\v. SUES & CO. , Solicitors of Patents , l FINN aiLtTtJAI. 1.IFE INSUICANCE C
dAIIA COAL EtCilANGE , DIC..fIt.it I. . ' 1'IlOiIts , Itcal Estate.
Its. J. SMITH. Lessons in Embroidery.IIANCII11.T , ,
1135 IDA. V. MASON , Lessonti In Dress. MiSS LILLIAN 'I'EUTtY Vocal Studio.
nnklng. A. It. CUt LEn. Deiitlstj' ' Supplle.
1' . itOGGEN. SiMON ao1'i'z , Life Insurarmee. '
.
, ' . FIFTH FLOOR.
tMY IIErQUARTER21 DEI'Ait'i'MHNT
: iLt' Tifid l'L.AT'rid.
SIXTh iroon.
tTES-HMPi'Ii INVESTMENT CO. , MortS1'rE MIJ'I'UAL , iivn INSt'1z.NIjl co.
; uges Llld Loans. Worcester , Mobs. ; Fratm1 i. Ilartiga : ,
It ED1TOItIAL ROOMS. Uemterul Agent.
H1 COMPOSING ROOM. MANUFAC'L'IJItEES & CONf317MEfl
F' . IiEiNlOltirF' Architect , AHI5OCIA'FION.
13. GOVEIINIIIEII'i' PRINTING OFFICE. PACIFIC MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO. ;
S1YENTI1 FLOOR.
ItOAL AItCANUM 1.000111 ROOMS.
Elegant office rocrns with all modern convenieuccs , Apply
R , W , Baker , Suptroorn 105 BQj Building ,
Depends y'- .
FntIre1y ' ,
OntheDog-
'i cau vita t atrln $ are uccessry ad. You havo1 piqo stoCk-jtst whaknepp1s
3uhoI.-.bu toonurea rattlinggoocitiine want-bJgoods ga'sso11 uale jb
Push the Dog Push the Busftt s
TRY ADVERTISii IN Trn BEE.
- .
