Nebraska Newspapers

    THE OMAIIA DAILY B33E : SUNDAY , , fUNE 10 , 1895. 11
GREAT CABINETS OF HISTORY
Review of the Records of the Counsellors of
Presidents ,
ABILITY AND STANDING OF THE MEMBERS
Nine Cabinet ) Noted for the Importance of
Their Work MlRhlr Ilcpre entatl c
of 1'nlltlcrtl Hcl.ooU . Ueeili of
Noted .Men.
The cabinets which take a high rank In
the ability and standing of their members ,
the importance of the work which they did ,
or In both characteristic ! , were , according to
writer In the ( llobc-Dcinocrat , those ot
'VVathlngton , Jefferson , Monroe , Harrison ,
I'olk , Flllmore , Pierce , Lincoln and Hayes.
In Washington's cabinet there were only two
men Jefferson , secretary of state , and Ham
ilton , secretary of the treasury of pre
eminent ability , but that number was Just
half of the whole cabinet , the post of secre
tary of War and of the Navy ( both dcpart-
menta until near the middle of the first
Adanu pretldency being under the same
head ) , and that of the attorney general being
the only other members of the president's
ofllclal family nt that time. A postmaster
general existed from 1789 , but he was not a
cabinet officer until 1829 , In the beginning of
Jackson's presidential service. The cabinet
post of secretary of the Interior came Into
being In 1819 , when Taylor was president ,
and that of secretary of agriculture In 18S9 ,
near the clo'o of Cleveland's first term.
Henry Knox , the first secretary of war ,
vras a brave officer In the revolution , and a
moderately capable and thoroughly conscien
tious official In the cabinet , but he made no
especial murk In the latter. Edmund Ran
dolph , the attorney general , who went to the
head of the State department for n short
time after the retirement of Jefferson , was
the same Randolph who Introduced what was
called the "Virginia plan" of government In
the convention which framed the constitu
tion , who refused to sign the completed char
ter , although It followed the general lines
proposed In his scheme , but who turned over
In favor of It In the Virginia convention
' which ratified It. Ills vacillation and timidity
prevented him from taking advantage of hie
ability and opportunity , and he left the State
department under a cloud , caused by some
thing \\lilcli looked like a political Intrigue
between him and the French minister to the
United States. Within the past few yc-ars
however , documents have been' made public
which exonerate him from the charge ol
corruption.
JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON.
As the founders of the two schools o
political thought Into which the people o
the country have been divided from the be
ginning these two men are euro of a place
among the Immortals. Hamilton's , the Treas
ury , was and Is the more Importan
post , although European usage am
tradition assign superior rank to tin
other office , the head of the Stall
department. As It requires greater ablllt ;
to create than to cave or to extend , Ilainll
ton's pre-eminence among the nation's flnanc
ministers Is conceded. Webster's tribute ti
Hamilton exhausts eulogy , but It Is not ex
oggcratcd : "He smote the rock of the na
tlonal resources and abundant streams o
revenue gushed forth ; he touched the deai
corpse of the public credit , and It sprani
upon Its feet. "
Adams' cabinet , which consisted of th
small men composing Washington's councl
at the time of his retirement , was Inherent !
weak , and was rendered particularly In
efficient by the circumstances that most o
Its members thought they owed alleglanc
to Hamilton , Adams' enemy , rather than t
Adams , and because Adams seldom con
suited them , leaving them to their own de
vices and to their Intrigues against hlmsell
Jefferson's cabinet , howqver , had two stron
men Madison , ( secretary of state , an
flaliattn , secretary of the treasury at th
outset , and these were reinforced by a ma
of the first order ot ability In Caesar /
Hodney of Delaware , who was made attorne
general early In 1S07 , two years befor
Jefferson's retirement. As part of the 11 n
administration under the new political dli
pensatlon , Jefferson's cabinet hnd a dellcat
BIH ! dlfllcult task. It had to assist In layln
Sown new political canons , which were to t
the working principles of a great party eve
iftcrwnrd , and to take part I
establishing the practices and prt
cedents which were to bo guides I
governing the country during the greati
part of the time between their date an
1861. Its share ot this work the cablni
did Intelligently and successfully. Dot
Jefferson and Madison as presidents wei
distinctively weaker In their foreign polk
than their federalist predecessors , Washlni
> ton and Adams , had been , but until the wi
of 1812-15 the democratic regime conduct !
the government economically and In 1
purely domestic affairs efficiently and satl
factorlly. Qallutln held the treasury per
folio for a few years In Madison's cabin
also , but lie scarcely won the uamo measu
of success that no gained In Jefferson'
Monroe , the secretary of slate for six , yea
under Madison , was not the equal .of h
great predecessors In that office. William 1
Crawford , the secretary of war for a she
tlmo under Madron , won his laurels In tl
next cabinet.
cabinet.MONHOE'S
MONHOE'S CABINET.
With John Qulncy Adams , secretary
itate , W. H. Crawford , secretary ot t !
treasury , John C. Calhoun , secretary
war , and William Wlrt , attorney general ,
will bo seen that Monroe had a cabin
which reached as high a level In gener !
ability ns any which the country has know
The only other cabinet office In that ap
; '
1E 1 * that of secretary of the navy , was very a
ceptably filled by W. H. Crownlnshlel
Smith Thompson and Samuel L. Southar
successively. Monroe , In order to glvo t :
west recognition , selected Governor Iso
Bhelby of Kentucky for the war office
Qrst and he was confirmed , but Shelby 0
cllned on account of old age. He offered
to Clay , who refused It , nmt also had Jac !
ion In mind , but discovered that the vlct
of New Orleans did not want It. It w
then that Monroe turned to South Carollr
which had two distinguished a
popular sons , William Lowndea a
Calhoun , In public life at tli
lime , and after Lowndcs declined the off ]
It was given to Calhoun. One of these fo
cabinet officers succeeded Monroe In t
presidency , another. Crawford , was a cam
flato In the same election and secured ma
electoral votes , while Cftllioun and W
were often conspicuously mrntloned In ce
necllon with the presidency. Wlrt got t
nomination at ono time , but It was from
"third" party , the anti-Masonic organ ! !
Adams * own cabinet did not stand as hi
In general ability as the one In which
lerved , although Wlrt was retained In t
post he held under Monroe and Clay was si
retary of state. Adams asked Crawford
hold on to the treasury portfolio , which
had In the Monroe cabinet , but ho was
physical wreck at the tlmo and decllni
riio war office Adams Intended to give
Jackson , but desisted on an Intimation fn
) ne of Jackson's friends that the offer mlf
rlvo offense. Hut Jackson's cabinet stc )
lower than Adams. The "demos krateo , "
imploy IJenton's Jargon , mn the couni
luring Jackson's reign , and In harmony w
this condition second-class men wcro I
lort of officials whom Jackson In most cai
appointed. A divergence from this prtncl
was madetn the case ot Van Hurenv
was secretary of state for two years. Lai
Cats , not yet known to fame. However , v
secretary of war under Jackson for abi
tli years , and Van Huron's friend , D.
Hutler , a first-class lawyer and an ncco
pllshed man , but not a national figure
that time , was attorney general for a tli
Levl Wocxlbury. who held two posts In I
cabinet end who served In congrebs bet
Hid after and on the supreme bench In i
ind. was a fairly capable official , \\oodbi
mid Butler are the biggest names In \ ,
Duron's cabinet.
TIPPECANOE'S COUNSELLORS.
W. H. Harrison , a third class man hlms <
had four first class men Webster , Then
Kwlng. Hell end John J. Crlttenden In
cabinet , and the "Silver Gray" of a la
flate , Francis Granger , the postmaster g
eral , whose office had been a cabinet p
since 1829. wai a personage ot consldera
Hblllty and celebrity. This waa one ot
distinctively strong cabinets Intellectua
and It deserved a better fate than the wn
which quickly overtook It In tha feud on
Wink question with Tyler , who went to
presidency on Harrison's death. The cabinet
which Tyler got after thli one left him was
of a distinctively lower order , although It
had Legate and Calhoun for a short time tn
the State department. I'olk's cabinet , with
Buchanan , Walker ( the father ot the cele
brated "free" trade" tariff of 18 < 6 , and subse
quently oae of the territorial governors of
Kansas ) , Marcy and Uancrolt ( the historian ) ,
compares favorably with all except the very
greatest before or since Its day.
Some great names were on the cabinet
rolls In the twelve years from the beginning
of Taylor's service to the end ot Buchanan's ,
but not many simultaneously. Taylor had
two Clayton and Rwlng ; Flllmoro had
three Webster , Corwln and Crlttenden : and
I'lcrco had the same number Marcy , Jeffer
son Davis and Caleb Gushing. Tierce's has
the distinction of being the only cabinet
which remained unbroken to the end ot the
presidential term. Uuchanan had In Cass ,
the secretary of state , the most prominent
and Influential democrat of that day except
Douglas , and In Jeremiah S. Black , attorney
general , ho had one of the most learned law
yers In the country. Howcll t'obb , too , the
secretary of the treasury , an ex-speaker and
an ex-governor , was a man of some standing
and power In his party. These wore the big
gest members of Buchanan's original cabinet.
Dlx , Stanton and Holt , unfortunately for
Buchanan , canio Into his council near the
end , Instead of at the beginning. Had they
been with him two or three years earlier
probably ho would have resisted the secession
Influence , which Caes was unable to brace
htm up against , and his administration might
have found a way to crush the disunion
spirit , as Jackson did thirty years earlier.
LINCOLN'S CABINET ,
which holds a high place among presldentla
ministerial councils on account of the ability
political experience and distinction of severa
of Its memberswas also representative of the
different localities of the loyal half of the
country. Welles , the secretary of the navy ,
represented New England ; Seward and Cam
eron ( who preceded Stanton. the country's
greatest war minister ) , the middle states ;
Chase and Caleb B. Smith the west , and
Montgomery Blair the eastern end and Ed
ward Bates the western end of the border
slave region. It Is well known that Lin
coln's early Intention was to have the south
and the party which opposed him In the elec
tion represented In the cabinet , but It Is a
mistake to suppose , as nearly all writers do.
that In going outside of his party he wouU
bo following Washington's example. The
rase of Jefferson and Hamilton In this re
spect Is misunderstood by most persons.
Those men , at the time of their appointment
to Washington's cabinet , did not belong In
opposite partlcan camps. The federalists of
1789 , the year when Washington's cabinet
was formed , were the men who got the con
stitution ratified , and the anti-federalists were
those who tried to have It rejected. FederalIsm -
Ism and anti-federalism meant something
different from this two or three years after
ward , when , the constitution Itself ceasing
to be an Issue , the powers of the govern
ment under It became the burning question ,
In 1789 Jefferson and Randolph were federal
ists equally with Hamilton and Knox , the
other members ot the cabinet. That Is ,
though opposed to the constitution when H
first left the federal convention In 1787 , Jeffer
son and Randolph turned around and worked
In favor of It In 1788 , and were glad In 178t
and afterward that they did this. The parti'
san divergence between Jefferson and Hamil
ton did not really begin until Hamilton' !
National bank scheme was brought up earlj
In 1791.
Herndon , Lincoln's friend and biographer
mentions that soon after the election Lin
coin said "ho wanted to glvo the south , b ;
way of placatlon , a place In the cabinet. '
and nnmed "three persons who would b
acceptable to him. They were Bolts o
Virginia , Stephens of Georgia nnd Maynan
of Tennessee. " ( Herndon's "Abraham Lin
coin , " vol. 3 , page 473. ) From nnothe
source , which will here be quoted , this pur
pose will bo more fully revealed. "Th
question of taking part of bin constitution
advisers from among his political opponent
and from the hostile or complaining souther ;
states had been thoroughly debated In hi
own mind. The conclusion arrived at 1
I- plainly evinced by the following , written b
him and Inserted as a short leading edltorla
In the Springfield ( III. ) Journal on th
morning of December 12 ( or 13) ) , 1SGO : 'W
hear such frequent allus'on to a suppose
purpose on the part of Mr. Lincoln to ca'
Into his cabinet two or three southern gentle
men from the parties opposed to him polltl
cally that we are prompted to ask. a fe' '
questions. (1) ( ) Is It known that any sue
gentleman of character would accept a plac
In the cabinet ? (2) ( ) If yea. on what term
does ho surrender to Mr. Lincoln or Mi
Lincoln to him on the political difference
bstween them , or do they enter upon th
administration In open opposition to eac
other. ' " ( Nlcolay and Hay's "Abraham Llr
coin , " vol. 3 , page 348) ) .
Seward , who soon after the election wo
offered and accepted the State portfolio , er
listed In the eearch for a southern man ft
the cabinet , and ho suggested Randall Hut
of Louisiana , John A. Gllmer or Kennet
Rayner of North Carolina. Robert E. Scoc
ot Virginia and Meredith P. Gentry of TCI
nesscc. Lincoln's preference , as ' ho says I
a note on January 12 , 1861'to Sowari
printed ( p. 361) ) In the Nlcolay and Ha
volume Just mentioned , was for Gllmer ovi
Hunt or Gentry , because , as ho remarks , " 1
ct has n living position In the soutl while the
have not , " and ho adds that "I fear If w
could get we could not safely take more the
ono such man , that is not morb than ot
who opposed us In the election , the dai
.gor being to lose the confidence of our ov >
friends. " All of these men , however , wl
were asked to enter the cabinet decline
A contest between the partisans of Mon
gotnery Blair , a former democrat , and Hem
of \Vlnter \ Davis , a former whig , for the plai
lie In the cabinet which was to bo given '
of either ono ot them , bothered Lincoln ft
Itet awhile , and on determining to appoint Bla
et ho was reminded that this would put foi
ex-democrats and three ex-whlgs In the cat
, „ „ ' net. To this ho replied that ho was hlmse
' ' an old-lino whig , nnd ho should be there
Id , make the parties oven. This was the Je
d , fereonlan Idea of equality between preside
he and cabinet members , Indeed ; but of cour
ac neither Jefferson nor Lincoln did or cou
at. carry It out very far.
leIt The cabinets slnco the war , with the e
Itk ceptlon of that of Hayes , have been of
k.or lower level than many 'of the earlier om
.or Fish , ' Boutwell and Brlstow of Grant
as Blalne of Garfleld's and Harrison's , McCi
ia , loch of Arthur's , Bayard of Cleveland's ai
nd Wlndom of Harrison's comprise about all t
nd
members of the presidential councils ot t
mt
past quarter of a century , except Haye
who will be remembered. Hayes'- cabin
ho had three first class men Evarts , Sherm ,
dt- and Schurz. In Sherman It had the greate :
dtny finance minister since Chase nnd oneot t
Irt four greatest Hamilton and Gallatln bel
the other two whom the country has know
he
a TUB SOAO / KiSI'Ktt S1.\'U.
ta-
Jnmes Whltcomb nilcy.
Kh AS when In dreams we sometimes hear
he A melody BO faint nnd flnd ,
.ho Aml musically sweet nnd clear ,
ec- It ( Invent all the atmosphere
ecto With harmony divine ;
So often In waking dreams
he , my ,
hea r hear a melody thnt seems
a To mo the song I never sing. _
ed.
ed.to
teem Sometimes ? when brooding o'er the years
om My lavish youth lias thrown away ,
; ht When all the glowing past appears
od Dut ad n mirage that my tears
Have crumbled to decay ,
to I thrill to llnd the ncho nnd pain
try Of my remorse U stilled again.
Ith AP , forward bent nnd listening- ,
Ihe 1 hear the gong 1 never sing.
ses
pie A murmuring of rhythmic words ,
Adrift on tunes who. e currents flow
ho
Melodious with the thrill of birds ,
iv I s And furoff lowing1 of the herds
ras In lands of long ngo ;
out And every found the truant loves
outF. Comes to me like the coo of doves.
im- When first In bloomingIlelda of sprlni
imat I heard the song I never sing.
Tie. The echoes of old voices , wound
the In limpid Ft reams of laughter where
ore The river Time runs bubble-crowned '
the And giddy eddies ripple round
ury The lilies growing there ;
'an Wlmre roses , bending o'er the brink.
Druln their own kisses as they drink ,
And Ivies climb nnd twine and cling
About the eong I never elng.
elf. An ocean surge of sound that falla , .
lias As though a tldo of heavenly art
his Had tempexted the gleaming halls
ter And crested o'er the golden walls
en- In showers upon my heart-
Thus , thus , with open arms and eye *
est Uplifted toward the alien tkles ,
ble Forgetting every earthly thing ,
the I hear the Bong I never sing.
liy.
eck For an appetizer Cook's Extra Dry 1 [
the perlal Champagne leads all. Per 40 yean
the baa taken the load for Us purity.
INJURIOUS SCHOOL BOOKS
Children's ' Eyes Seriously Affected by Small
Tjpe and Poor Print.
RESULT OF RECENT INVESTIGATIONS
Reform Urm.tntlcd In Kztittnc Sjitemi at
Urncllntr-Orowtli of College Ornlory
unit Ornton In tha West School
nud College Noloi.
The result of the Investigations conducted
by a protestor In Ynle college regarding the
effect of small print text books on the eye
sight of pupils awakened Interest In a matter
of grave concern to parents. It was tliuwn
that In a large majority of Individual tests
the text books In common use were Injurious
to the eyes of the young , while some of the
books were printed from type that would
unduly strain the eyesight of grown persons.
As a clincher to his argument the professor
proved by statistics that the use of glasses
by school children Is markedly on the In
crease.
The subject Is one that should arouse
among parents a strong , persistent demand
for reform as will obviate the dangers so
clearly shown. Defective eyesight Is" an
affliction not only of a lifetime , but extends
through generations. This has been proven
by tests recently conducted In the public
schools of Toronto. Over COO children be
tween the ages-of 7 and 17 were subjected to
rapid Individual sight tests. The examination
revealed some Interesting facts concerning
the prevalence of defective vision among
Juveniles.
Out of the BOO children examined fifty , or
10 per cent of the whole , were found to pos
sess marked defective sight. Of these fifty ,
thirty-flve were girls and fifteen were young
boys. The doctor said that the percentage
would have been higher had the children
been those of professional men or students
rather than of business people.
"There Is nothing more hereditary than
tendency to short sight , " he remarked.
"People who misuse their eyes must remem
ber that they are Injuring them for two
generations. "
A fact worth remembering , the doctor says ,
Is that no child Is born short sighted. In
Germany much Investigation has been re
cently made concerning this particular , and
Infants' eyes have been subjected to every
possible test. A predisposition to short sight
may exist , but the actual evil docs not exist
at the time of birth. And. although If the
hereditary tendency be marked , It will de
velop Itself , parents may do much to ward it
oft during chlnldhood.
In many Instances children's eyesight Is per
manently Injured by straining the muscles
of the eye. The doctor says that no child
should bo allowed to get too close to tilt
work , while printed matter and writing
should always be from fourteen to eighteen
Inches from the eye of the child. Pale yel
low and pearl gray are the colors least trying
to the eye , and should be used as much at
possible in the materials with which children
work.
Only ten of the COO children examined wer <
entirely color blind , but In nearly 25 pel
cent the sense was proved markedly de
detent. The color test was a very stmpli
one. From a light wooden rod hung a frlngi
of small skeins of wool , the colors belli ;
arranged In a certain order greens mlnglei
with fawn shades , pinks with blues , and red :
with yellows. A knot of green was placei
In the child's hand and he was told to throw
e
.1 over the rod any similar color he discovers
among the fringe of skeins. Where the sen ?
of color was acute the greens were instant ! ;
selected ; whcro It was feeble much best
tancy and searching were displayed.
In cases where the sense was marked ! ;
deficient fawns and greens were mingled
blues were pronounced Identical with plnkc
and no attempt was made to distinguish be
tween yellows and reds. The child In whor
the color sense was wanting chose ever ;
color In turn.
In no Instance was the child aware of hi
defect , the deficiency apparently not havln
come under the notice of Its parents.
In view of these facts , It becomes the dut
of parents and school managers to Insist o
such changes as will check and ultimate !
prevent Injury to the eyes of children In th
schools.
IMPROVED SYSTEMS.
Whatever may bo the merits of the present
ont system of grading In the public school !
says the Chicago Poet , its demerits ore s
glaring as to be the subject of attack b
educators of all ranks and classes. Some <
those have been bold enough to advocate *
return to the old system of ungraded school !
tt while others , more conservative In their Idea :
think that the two systems might be m
vantageously blended by dropping the wea
points and adhering to tho' strong points c
both. Among Uio latest advocates of
change of some sort Is W. J. Shearer , superli
tendent of the Newcastle , Pa. , schools. H
has evolved a plan ol Ms own which ho ha
named "the Newcastle plan , " and for whlc
he claims tdiat It approaches more nearly a
Ideal plan than anything that baa yet bee
suggested.
One of the chlet objections , according 1
this authority , to the graded school as
exists today Is Its failure to respect the Ind
d. vidual differences of the pupils. The brig !
ones are held back , discouraged and rulnc
by havffig to wait on the slow pupils. Eve
the brightest cannot gain tlmo , by prompt !
receiving the promotion which their mer
deserves. The system demands so muc
uniformity at every step that many ai
forced to leave school before graduating ar
those who do graduate come out too late '
get a fair start In life. The Ideal syste :
of grading would demand an accurate cla&sll
tent cation of all pupils , according to ability , In
small classes , .with but a short Interval b
nt twecn tine classes. This will make it pass
ble for any pupil at any time to pass fro
ild ono class to the next higher when his woi
and ability put him ahead of his own claa
Thosa who lose tlmo can drop back Into
division where they can work to advantage.
The proposed new plan abandons examln
tlons as a test for promotion. The reco
Jl- made from day to day Is the sole gauge
Jlnd merit on which promotions are made. I >
he certain amount of work Is required , of ai
section In a given time. Each division
he
expected to go just as fast as It can and I
faster. An accurate grading of pupils a
tet cording to ability Into classes of from ten
twenty , Instead of herding them In class
st of fifty or over , furnlb'nes ai practical
ho method ot reaching Individuals , secures fro
ng each his best work and closeattentlc
ngm.
m. Every child under the system Is touch
with hope and Inspired with enthusiasi
The consequence of the whole is that t
average pupil Is able to get through the c
tire course In eborter time and to inucSi belt
advantage.
COLLEGE ORATORY IN THE WEST.
For twenty-five years the ruling passl
of the western college student has been t
passion for oratory. So far as we are awai
says the Review of Reviews , no one b
ever attempted a general estimate of t
cadses or the results of this unexampl
devotion on tbo part of at least a hundr
student communities through the entl
period since the war to the c
of public address. But to deny t
fact Itself would be to confe
total Ignorance of all the springs and IT
lives ot the life that has long domlnat :
the undergraduate groups from Ohio to C
orado. To some extent this ardent stude
passion for proficiency In public speakl
has been encouraged by the college autho
ties. But for the most part it has be >
neither encouraged nor recognized by t :
faculties of Instruction. Like college al
1-tlcJ In the east , the cause , ot college 01
tory In the west has been promoted by t :
unofficial co-operation of the students the
selves , with the tolerance rather than t
full approbation ot teachers who have be >
jealous of anything that threatened to weak ;
the allegiance of students to class room di
or laboratory work.
Yet In spite ot the cold shoulder or I [
active opposition of president or profesio
the students of every western college hi
penlited In attaching1 an enormous Imp
tance to their celt-directed , self-taught , <
opsratlve cchcols of debating and orate
The so-called literary societies ot the we t (
colleges are In fact for the most part tra
Ing schools In the art of public tpeakli
The extemporaneous debate , carried on uni
the strictest possible parliamentary dli
pllne , has always been the favorite exerc
of the literary societies. Most colleges hi
m- several of these anoclatloni , which comp
i ! ( with each other for the acquisition of I
brighten ot the/ new lads at the opening
the year The stud , nt who does not join
one or another of the noddles Is a very
exceptional fellow ; and the older members
consider It their lorU and brotherly duty
to help every new member , no matter how
timid and tongue-tied he may be at first , to
acquire the Art of exrfo&lng himself In the
prerence of an audleHcVwIth some degree
of freedom and confidence" . '
U does not follow. tnai'Hll ' western students
become orators ; but K tfert'alnly does come to
pass that practically atl ' < jf them acquire the
ability to stand upon'Urtlr feet In a public
place and say itnythlnK/that they may have
occasion to tay with directness and without
undue embarrassment'tif ' confusion of manner.
If ono should compart ' 100 eastern graduates
of the present montho'f 'June with 100 west
ern graduates , It would'tfrobably appear that
the former would someWmlt excel In a certain
air of aso , pcllt-h and vrnaturlty In private
conversation while the" 'young ' westerners
would unquestionably 'prove themselves Im
mensely superior on Hie 'average , If a sudden
emergency required confer nubile expression of
views. Of course the lllfff rences either way
would not be nearly so marked at the end of
ten years after leaving college. In the long
run the chlet factor of successful public
ppcech consists In having something to say.
It Is not often thnt a man who possesses In
his knowledge of a theme or In his zealous
convictions the subject matter of a speech , Is
unable after n llttlo practice to speak with a
reasonable degree of success. Nevertheltss.
seme oratorical training ut the very period
when the mind of a man Is forming , and his
stock of facts and Ideas Is growing most
rapidly , must have Ita great advantages.
School uiitl Culloci'Note" .
The bill providing for the study of the
nature and effects of alcoholic drinks In the
public schools of New York state was vetoed
by the governor.
The growth of public libraries In the United
States Is ono of the remarkable features ot
our system of progress. There arc now
nearly 5,000 of them.
It Is likely that Mayor Swift of Chicago
will follow the , example of New York's
mayor and appoint two or three women as
members ot the Board of Education.
About twenty years ago William Henry
Rlnchart , the American tculptor , left a leg
acy to the Peabody Institute ot Baltimore
that now amounts to about $100,000. The
trustees ot the Institute have determined to
use this fund for the establishment of a
school of sculpture In connection with the
Institute.
The University of Wisconsin Is the latest
Institution of 'iilgher education .to announce
a course of journalism , which will begin next
year. Students will study the forms of
composition used In newspaper work , and
the preparation of copy for the printer and
will be given practice In writing news and
editorial articles.
The recently Issued senior class book ot
Yale gives the average expense of the stu
dents at $912 for the freshman year , $943
for the sophomore , $942 for the Junior and
$1,032 for the senior. This Is an average
of $18 or $20 per week for the calendar year ,
and tome $27 per week for the college year
of about thlrty-flvo weeks.
The universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh
report decreased attendance In recent years.
Only a few years ago Glasgow had more
than 2,000 students , but now has only 1,671.
Edinburgh , heretofore , never had fewer than
3,000 , but now has only 2,049. On the other
hand , the number of women students has
steadily Increased , Edinburgh In the last
term reporting 140 and Glasgow 205.
Only a few days ago It was announced that
a gift of over $500,000 had been made to the
University of Pennsylvania by the late E.
A. W. Hunter , to become available upon the
death of his widow and daughter. Now It
Is said that the provost of the university
has given $500,000 In'h6tior of his father ,
This Is Indeed a day of generous benefac
tions to educational Mnttltutlons.
Am'nerst college gives' away almost ex
actly $14,000 a year , ' almost all to under
graduates. Of this'amount ' the greater portion
tion Is In the form 'of 'small ' scholarships
The Income of $83,500'Is ' Intended particularly
for men studying for 'tlio ministry ; a fund
of $25,000 Is given preferably to ministers
zons ; the rest is without restrictions. The
amount of the scholarships varies from $4 (
to $140 , three scholarships In the under
graduate department .yielding the lattci
amount. i -i
Dr. D. K. Pearson's ofnChlcago has oltere <
to glvo Mount Hoiyoko .college $50,000 If I
will ralso an additional , $150,000 In a yea
and a half. The glfl.il.of Dr. Pearsons ti
western Institutions r aggregate about $2,000.
000 , eight colleges bqlntj tie ) .beneficiaries. 0
those Belolt lias recqlvetli $200,000. Kn'ox $50 ,
000 , Chicago Theologlcalljschool $50,000. whll
lie has recently made Whitman college o
Walla Walla , Wash. , a similar' offer to tha
now made .to Mount' Holyoke , and Drur ;
college has also been aided by him.
Roanoke college In Virginia seems llkel ;
to become the educational headquarters o
Coreans In this country. Surh Beung Kl' '
of Seoul has been n successful student a
Roanoke since January of last year , an' '
now Whang Hyen Mo has arrived at th
college to study English , preparatory t
matriculating as a student next autumr
This college has had Choctaw students fo
some twenty-five years and a few years ag
enrolled among its students three youn
Japanese , sons of membsrs of the Impcrio
privy council.
OF AKTllOl.OGV.
Slcnlllcnnro of the Vnrluus Plnnets nn
Their Inlluonro on Humanity.
IV.
The different houses havfi names as we
as being numbered. The first house I
called the house of life , or ascendant , an
has reference to life and whatever supporl
life. Persons with feeble constitutions ger
orally surfer .In health during a transit <
Saturn on the aEcendant , which continui
two years and n half , and Is repeated In
little less than thirty years. Death sorm
times occurs , but the transit does not proi
erly signify death. It Is a. dull , draggln
period when ono Is affected , the mind i
harassed , friends proved negligent or trcacl
erous , and one feels anxious to rove , sell 01
or change business , it U not well to maV
changes under this transit of Saturn , f <
whatever Is begun under evil aspects wl
not prove very fortunate.
Tha transit of Mars 'In the first house
repeated about every two years. It Indlcati
ard evil , but not of the same kind as Satur ;
rdof Mars denotes even severer evils than Satur
of but they are of short duration , the trans
fo continuing from four to eight weeks ,
uy retrograde movement may prolong it
Is eight months.
no Uranus transiting In the first house co :
icto tlnues for seven years. It Is evil , but n
toed all the time. But as this only occurs once
eighty-four years , It Is not likely to be e
perlenced but once.
Jupiter Is In the first house twelve year
and Indicates a bright. Joyous period , wh <
ed one Is In good health and spirits , fee
in.he younger nnd more active. Then Is the tin
hem to push business and make changes.
m- These are the principal planets that a
claimed to Influence us ; the others also ha
some Influence for good , but space forbl
referring to them.
The second house. Is , Uje house of mono
he and has reference to one's possessions , pro
re , erty as well as monqy.Tlie ' transits of Mai
ias Uranus and Saturn denote misfortunes
he financial affairs. Jupiter , In second horn
led denotes that money ? Is" easy and easily o
ed talned. J " *
Ire The third house Is'thehouse of klndrc
irt and has reference to brothers and slstei
he but no confidence can be placed In transl
SB In this house. EaOh relative mutt have
IO- separate horoscope cast In order to proper
IOed read their lives. aq
ol- The fourth house IB tqe house of the fathi
olnt If the father Is living , and indicates good
ng evil , fortunate or unfortunate , according
rl- the peculiarity of the.'planet.
rlen The fifth house Is tha house of chlldre
he It Is alto claimed tot be the house of epecul
th- tlons , and that one 'will be fortunate
ra- gambling , making hazardous Invc-stmen
rahe etc. , It Jupiter Is transiting therein , but c
ra perjence teaches that'-Jupiter In the fli
the house Is better as a guide to go by wh
en we expect to be successful.
en The sixth house Is the house of slckne
rill but no reason can be given why It shot
be so called , as it does not Influence slckm
he at all.
re , The seventh house Is the house of marrla
ive and Is next In Importance to the ascenda
or- ( first houte ) . H is the house of thet hi
co- band for the wife , and the house of the w
ry. for the husband. Jupiter transiting here
frn fortunate. Uranus , Mars and Saturn , e\
In- H has been observed that the man woi
ng. loose his wife when Saturn wts In tl
ier house , but that should not be based alone
id- this fact.
lite The eighth houss Is the house of dea
iva but as you cannot predict death from tli
ete It Is a mUnomer.
the The ninth house IB called the house
ot science and religion , but trantltt la ti
house have no more Indication for the good
or evil ot science or religion than a rainbow
has for a bow and arrow.
The tenth or house of honor and busi
ness Is the most Important ot nny of the
twelve. A trans.t ot Saturn here Is
often coincident with bankruptcy and ruin.
Only a very strong nativity can resist the
potent Indications ot this transit. There
fore every business man ought to bo ad
vised of Its approach and prepare for It as
the mariner docs for an approaching storm.
The transit of Jupiter through the tenth
Is most fortunate , provided there are no
evil transits or directions operating at
the time. Mars In this house Indicates
misfortune for a brief period. Uranus also
Is evil by spells. This Is the house ot the
mldhcavcn.
The eleventh or house of friends , gives
but weak Indications. Jupiter hero makes
friends more kind than usual.
The twelfth , or house of sorrow. Is n
strong Indication at the planets transiting
therein nt birth , but transit during life
time do not seem to have much Influence.
This house also has reference to secret
enemies.
The sign that Is existing nt the moment
a child Is born Indicates In a general way
the stature , complexion , disposition , etc. ,
of the child when grown to maturity. Hut
there Is such n complication of other
causes , Indications and testimonies to
modify these general dcFcrlptlons that It
Is not uncommon to find ono whoso pe
cullarltlcs arc exactly opposite to the general
oral Indications. Among the modifying
causes may bo mentioned the race or na
tionality. A Chinese baby would , perhaps ,
grow up to bo a pagan , wear n pigtail ,
etc. , while his American twin might go to
school , study law and prosecute htm for
stealing. Yet. notwithstanding these
differences both might have heart disease ;
bo near sighted , hard of hearing , dyspep
tics , etc. 'Aries , the ram , rules the head
and face and Is ruled by Mars. When
ascending at birth , denotes a spare , strong ,
talllsh person , sharp sight , oval face , red
dish hair , swarthy complexion , dark eye
brows , long neck , large shoulders ; In
clined to rule Instead of being ruled ; can
not bear contradictions and of rash or
violent disposition.
Taurus , the bull , rules the neck nnd
throat and Is ruled1 by Venus. Denotes a
short , well set person , full face nnd eyes ,
wtdo nose and mouth , shining face , thick
neck , short , broad hand , dark , wavy or
curly hair , largo shoulders ; fond of good
living ; subject to fits of Badness ; slow to
anger , but furious when enraged , though
usually cheerful and obliging.
Gemini , the twins , rules the arms and
chest and Is ruled by Mercury. Denotes a
tall , well formed person , long arms , short
hands and feet , high Instep , smart , quick
step , dark hair , sanguine complexion , good
wit and Intellect , hazel eyes , having a pe
culiar sparkle and sharp sight.
Cancer , the crab , rules the breast and
lungs nnd Is ruled by the moon. Denotes
a medium stature ; the upper portion of the
body larger than the lower ; soft ekln and
flesh , round face , gray eyes , small features ,
brown hair , palo or tawny complexion ,
suppressed voice , peaceably Inclined nnd
averse to storm and bluster.
Leo , the lion , rules the heart and back
and Is ruled by the sun. Denotes a large ,
wlery body , well proportioned ; broad
shoulders , round head , light or ruddy com
plexion , large , full eyes , bushy or curly
hair , strong , deep voice , grip with hand
strong ; ambitious , noble ; haughty ; generous ;
gentle when unprovoked , but In anger ter
rible.
Virgo , the virgin , rules the stomach and
intestines and is ruled by Mercury. De
notes a middle or tall person ; slender nnd
well formed oval face , high check bones ,
shrill voice , but not loud , Ingenious mind ;
fond of learning ; disposed to waver or
hesitate ; very Industrious ; diffident ; bashful -
' ful , and If a woman very modest.
1 Libra , the balance , rules the reins and
loins and Is ruled by Venus. Denotes a tall ,
graceful figure , fine , soft , auburn
hair ; roundish face ; pink arid Illy com
plexion , which becomes ruddy or pimpled
In old age ; blue , beautiful eyes ; amiable dis
position ; averse to cruelty and bloodshed ; a
lover of Justice ; neat and particular , but not
fond of hard or dirty work.
r Scorpio , the scorpion , rules the lower portion
tion of the body and generative organs , and
Is ruled by Mars. Denotes a medium 'slzo ;
dusky complexion ; dark , curly hair , which
is bushy -and plentiful ; thick "neck ; lower
limbs , 'sometimes not very ' symmetrical
hasty ; stirring and energetic , but subtla and
reserved.
Sugltarlus , the archer , rules Uio hips and
thighs , and la ruled by Jupiter. Denotes
a well formed , tall person ; long limbs and
features ; straight Grecian nose ; expressive
eyes ; chestnut hair , growing thin above the
temples and disposed to baldness ; jovial dis
position ; generous and charitable ; swift runner -
nor and good Jumper ; daring and Intrepid ;
fond of horses and hunting.
Caprlcornus , the water goat , rules the
knees and calves , and Is ruled by Saturn ,
Denotes a short , Blender and very graceful
figure ; Inclined to bend forward , or bow 01
nod the head ; long or pointed chin ; slendei
neck ; narrow breast ; lower limbs not well
formed ; h.is a sklpplsb movement ; firm , sen.
sltlvo and nervous ; capricious ; subject to fltt
of melancholy and to brood over an Injurj
especially when alone.
Aquarius , the waterman ; rules the legs am
ankles , 'and Is ruled by Uranus and Saturn
Denotes a tall , stout person ; robust , healths
appearance ; long and rather fleshy face ; cleai
complexion , Inclining to sanguine ; Bandy 01
darkish hair not so light as beard , hazel eyes
gentle , benevolent disposition ; grave aspec
and dignified In speech ; a firm friend , bu
determined enemy ; cheerful , yet subject ti
gloomy forebodings.
Pisces , the fishes ; rules Che feet , and 1 :
ruled by' Jupiter. Denotes middle or short
Ish stature ; full face , with pale or tangulm
complexion ; round shoulders ; short fin-Ilk :
limbs ; placid , sleepy eyes ; sometimes webbn
between fingers for a short distance ; thlrs
for fluids ; a good swimmer ; generous am
good natured ; not very Industrious , but some
nt how always provided for ; laughs at mis
fortune and takes the world easy.
ThCBo descriptions seldom prove exact , bu
generally approximate In most particulars
The discrepancies arise from a conflict of th
Indications and the planetary configurations
( To be Continued. )
HOOKS
The Century company has Issued a nei
poster by Eugene Grassct for the Jun
to numb'er of The Century Magazine. H i :
lustratcs Prof. Sloane's life of Napoleoi
and Is no less striking In its way tha
Grasset's famous "Sun of Austerlltz , " whlc
has already become so well known in thl
country. The subject Is Napoleon In Egyp
Just preceding the Battle of the Pyramid !
Napoleon is seated upon bis white charge
which has" rich barbaric trappings of re
and gold. The arm of the conqueror IB e :
tended , pointing to the pyramids , as
uttering his ringing address , "Soldlen
ve forty centuries look down upon you froi
ds the summit of the Pyramids. " Past hli
march the troops. The yellow glare of tli
desert , the dun-colored sky and the brl
llant uniform of Napoleon make an unusui
harmony of color. During the present eras
for poster-collecting , examples by Grassi
are the most highly prized of all. Tl
Century company will Issue a special ed
tlon of this poster for collectors , each co [
re , signed by the artist.
Its Vacation time IB near at hand and tt
Itsa
a children will find pleasant suggestions i
ly the woods and fields In the June number i
St. Nicholas. One ot the llttlo verses , thi
will awaken sympathy In the mind of evei
or reader. Is ' 'When ' Vacation's Nearlng , " I
to A. S. Webber. Mr. Steam's "Chris and tl
Wonderful Lamp" IB brought to an et
Si with a most unexpected complication , sho\
In Ing bow Alladln's genii escaped from tt
ts , slavery of the lamp. In Mr. Pyle'a stor
x- Jack Balllster wins lull recognition for h
rst pluck In rescuing the heroine from tl
pirates. "Teddy and Carrots , " the two 11
tie boys that James Otis U describing , a :
ES , planning Teddy's release ( from the fa' '
ild where he was so unfeelingly put by tl
policeman. In "The Boy of the First Er
ptre , " the main event Is the turning of tl
ige Parts populace against Napoleon , but tl
mt developments throw light upon the paren
118- age ut Philip , the page. Hon. Theodo
Ite Roosevelt writes of "George Rogers Cla ;
Is and the Conquest of the Northwest" tn h
rll. series of Hero Talcs from American HI
uld
his tory. Prof. W. T. Hornaday has ono of tl
most Interesting ot bis natural hlsto >
en
papers , hU subject this month being "T
Buffalo , Musk-Ox , Mountain Sheep ai
Mountain Goat. " Mr , Hornaday writes r
gretfully ot the extinction of the' bison , b
ot eays that the musk-ox will fortunately e
hi * cape this late. A bright ( tory for t
boys Ii "Our Tiny Flctt , " tolling the ad
ventures of a party of five boys who were
cast away for a few divrs on an Island In
ono ot the great lnVes. There are the
usual number of clever verses and Jingles.
The Century company , New York.
The charm of listening to a famous man as
ha tells ot the greatest Influence upon his
life conies very strong upon one In reading
the article which Rev. Robert Collyer , U.D. ,
contributes to the Juno. Isiuo of The Ladles'
Home Journal. It Is In the magazine's scries
of "Tha Woman Who Most Influenced Me , "
and Is at once the daintiest nnd ctrongest
contribution to tt. The American end of the
Ronap.irto family , the Baltimore girl , Miss
Patterson , who married Jerome Bonaparte ,
Is well written of and pictured , and furnishes
a hnppy addition to current Napoleonic In
terest. Dr. Parkhurst. for the first time ,
writes of woman curtrdRo In an article ,
"Woman Without the Ballot , " which will
probably call forth n storm ot dissent. Kil-
wnrd Bok writes of "Girls Who Pose AS
'Trilby , ' " and of the "New Woman , " whom
ho says docs not exist. A new serial , "The
% uck of the Pcndennlngs , " by Elizabeth W.
lellamy , the southern novelist , begins In-
erestlngly , and gives promise ot a strong
ilece of work. Alice Barber Stephens Illus-
rates It. "Tho Fashionable White Gown"
pictured and described , and some very
practical suggestions for "Cotton and Woolen
JJowns" arc given. One of Alice Barbci
Stephens' pretty girls adorns the cover. The
"urtls Publishing Company , Philadelphia.
When Dr. Samuel F. Mather , who died at
Kansas City June 1 , realized that his end
was near , he caused a contract to be made
giving property to the amount of $25,000 for
the erection of the Kansas City Methodist
Protestant University.
DOCT
Searles&Searlas
SPECIALIST ; .
All forms of Blood aul
Sltiu Il : i--c8. Sores , SpoUs.
l'lmpU'8 , Scrofula , Tumor * .
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C ATARUH. T h r o n t
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( VITALITY WEAK ) limrto
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train or crlef. H13XUAL UXOKSSKS In middle
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thlchflter' * Knullih Diamond Tirana.
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Like reductions will be noticed
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Trousers to order'for $4 that
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