THE OMAHA DAILY JJEE : sl&DAY , MAY 5 , 1895. rt
ORIRAITS OF NAPOLEON
Which in the Endless List of Them Is Host
Life Like ?
t
CONFUSION OF THE CORSICAN FADDISTS
A Noted French Autliurlty Set * Torlh their
History Tlio ( Iciiiilno 1'ow , the
Many Judgment of
Al.
( Copyright , 1S&3. )
PARIS , April 20 , 1&95. Which arc the best
portraits of Napoleon ? This question Is one
that has often been put to me , and quite re
cently by the editor of this paper , to whom
I have been bold enough to promise a reply.
And Indeed this reply Is not ono of the eas
iest to make If one considers that It Is by
thousands one has to reckon the portraits of
the great emperor paintings , wculpturc , en
gravings and medals. Tor my own part , I
do not estimate at ICES than 15,000 or 20,000
the number of Napoleon Images I have
had occasion to examine In the
course of compiling my book "Napoleon
raconto par 1 * Image , " and while collecting
pictures for Miss Tarbell's complete Illus
trated Life of Napoleon , teen to be published
In America , and yet today I am forced to
recognize , on completing the volume , that
many Iconographlc documents , some of them
of great value , have escaped my laborious
research.
Moreover , the subject Is vast In extent
almost Infinite. For It was not only French
English and German and Italian artists that
were Inspired by the Imperial epic and
dreams of Immortalizing In marble or on
canvass the features of the Napoleon of
Arcola or Austerlltz , or the vanquished hereof
of Waterloo ; the painters of the extreme
Orient also were Influenced by the spell of
the great emperor. Across the ocean the
nolso of his exploits came to their ears , and
many of them , cither Inspired by pictures
Keen In the hands of Europeans or allowing
- * %
Imagination to guldo tholr penc.I. attempted
to reproduce the Napoleonic features.
MANY HAVE NO HISTORIC VALUE.
Let us hastsn to say that those Icono-
graphic documents have no historic value
we may even add no artistic value. They
nro Interesting only as showing the wide
nrca penetrated by the rays of Napoleon's
glory.
The same might perhaps be said of the
greater part of the Napoleonic paintings ,
engravings and sculpture executed by Euror
lipan artists , for the poss sslon of which
collectors dispute dally with ever-Increasing
ardor. The greatest number of these portraits
traits were works of Imagination , by artists
Intoxicated , as It were , by the glory of
BonaparteT Without having ever seen him
they scatter broadcast thousands of pictures
of tholr hero painted according to their en
thusiastic fancy , lu which we may search
In vain for any of the characteristic traits
of the Illustrious model
Others are dlractly taken from typical
portraits made by great artists who had
obtained the special honor of a few moments ,
sitting from Napoleon. They are vulgar Imi
tations , the sole object of which at the tli.ie
of their execution was to popularize the
hero's likeness and which today ought to be
banished without mercy by the historian
anxious to cvoko with the greatest amount
of truth the Imago ot Bonaparte and the
cmpsror.
Let us examine then which of the per
traits. Impressed public opinion of the time
by their aspect of reality and produced those
floods of Imitations which have come down
to us In all forms as objects ot Industrial
urt.
urt.This we b'llcve to bo the best criterion
Jf by which to make an Interesting selection
In the perplexing crowd of Napoleonic
images.
EARLIEST PORTRAITS OF NAPOLEON.
Born far from the throne , Napoleon could
not claim from youth the perpetuation of his
features by official ralnterc. It was not really
until after Arcola , when Gros painted his
famous portrait , that the Image of Bonaparte
began to Irradiate the world. However , there
was placed In the Louvre a short time ago ,
otter having formed ( art of the collection ot
M. Braudlcourt , a pencil sketch of the school
boy of Brlcnne , done In the school by one of
his companions and signed with thcsu lines ,
showing the name of the author and the date
9f the execution : "My dear friend Bonaparte ,
1785. Tournone. "
Does this childish sketch really represent
the physiognomy of the joung schoolboy , the
future Caeear ? We dare not claim so much
for It with certainty , an ] vet It presents for
the Napoleonic collector an Incontestable In
terest ; for , until the contrary \ proveJ , It
may be considered as the first portrait of
Bonaparte taken from life.
Of course , other representations of Napol
eon In boyhood wcro made after his name had
begun to be celebrated. Wo still see every
day new compositions showing him by turns
"meditating In the grotto of Mllleli. In Cor-
llca ; " "reciting his le > on to Madam Lletltla , "
"organizing snowball lights In the courtyard
of the college at Brlenno , " etc. But these are
only fanciful works of an Interest purely pic
turesque , and wo wish to review hero only
Ihe portraits from life.
BONAPARTE AT THE BRIDGE OF ARCOL
They are certainly rare enough , and those
for which Bonaparte cat are easily counted.
The most celebrated Is the one painted by
Gros at Milan , the day after Arcola , In the
month of November , 1796 , and for which he
tvas able to obtain , thanks to Josephlne'i
Intervention , n sitting tor a few bourn. This
portrait , entitled "Bonaparte at the Bridge
of Arcola , " and uow In a place of honor In
the Louvre , Is not only a real masterpiece In
design , movement and color It Is also a
unique document. It Is , as we have remared
tUtwbere , a sort of matrix portrait from
J nhlch have sprung the greater part of the
IF Images of Bonaparte ; from the medals of
1 Manfrcdlnl and Vnssalo ( which have , how-
ar-M iver , a certain amount of Independent char-
kcter ) , to the admirable medallions of David
d'Angera. and from the satiric portraits of
Glllray , Howlandson and Qeorgo Crutkshank
to the hereto lithographs of Itaffet and the
kuptrb paintings ot Melisonler.
It ii without doubt the meat Important
portrait of Bonaparte the general. During
bla residence at Milan other palntcrc , less
favored than Groa , attempted to catch from
glimpses the likeness ot the hero ,
nit only luccftJed In producing feeble portraits
traits , destitute of character or grandeur.
It Is probable , however , that two Italian
artists , Cossla and Applnnl , obtained sittings
'rom the general Applanl's painting IB
< nown to us from the colored print by Al *
llx , that of Cossla from an Inferior engrav
ing by ScMavonettl. Both chow an angular ,
constrained and lifeless Bonaparte ; their
tiard and iintympathctlc execution forms a
striking contrast to the warm , glowing pic
ture by Groa.
After hl triumphal return to Paris Bona
parte found himself even more than al Milan
the center of attraction for all the pulntcrs ,
sculptors and engravers ,
A rivalry arose as to who should first rcp-
tcftnt the features of the young hero , whoso
ollve-hucd face , worn by fatigue , but Illu
mined by sparkling , triumphant eyes , con
stituted a powerful source of Inspiration
One regrets that photography had not been
Invented at that time , for then no uncer
tainty would exist for us in searching
among thousands of documents for the true
portrait of Bonaparte.
TWO IMPORTANT EARLY PORTRAITS.
During this triumphal period two portraits
were made of the general that especially
merit our attention , although they ore of
unequal value from the point of view of faith
ful likenesses. Here , aa In all cases where
wo have to Judge a portrait of Napoleon ,
whose face underwent such profound modifi
cations from Arcola to St. Helena , we must
be guided In our estimate rather by the writ
ten opinion ot his contemporaries than by
the Infallibility of any Iconographlc document
whatsoever Thu portraits wo refer to are
the unfinished ono by David and the terra
cotta medallion by Bolrot.
Ot the first mentioned little can be said.
Quite recently we examined ig 11 th's bcautifu :
work , now In the collection of the Due de
Bassano , and , notwithstanding the prest go of
tliu author , we vveru obliged to confess Ii
presence of this heavy. Inexpressive mask of
Bonaparte , that David this time had not been
equal to his model , and this In splto of the
fact that the latter had honored him will
comparatively l ° ngthy sittings. The greal
painter maJo up for this soon after whei :
chosen by the emperor In all the pomp ol
his assured triumph to transmit to posterity
Ma august Image draped in the purple of the
Caesars.
There Is no written testimony to prove tha
the sculptor Bolzot obtained a sluing from
Bonaparte. But a series of pencil sketches
wo hav a had occasion to examine In a r.ithe
1. MEDALLION BY I10IXOT. 2. EARLY SKETCH BY TOURNONLI.
I S. HONAPARTE AT ARCOLA , DY GROS , 4. THE PROFILE UY DUTERTRE.
1796.
exclusive Napoleonic collection shows us that
ho must have followed the footsteps of the
general with extraordinary patience , and
whenever he could see and study the features
of his model , at church , theater , or review , ho
bketched them with rapid but accurate pen
cil on the leaves of his notebook.
The result of this multitude of drawings
was a beautiful medallion , a superb
profile , the work ot a patient and
s-lncero synthesis , In which the proud ,
energetic expression of the young
general Is vividly represented. In our opin
ion this Is , with the picture by Gros. the
truest presentation of the Donaparte of the
Italian campaign. In a short time this val
uable document served as Inspiration to all
makers of medallions to Gayrnrd , Vassalo ,
Galle , Andrlcux and Houdon himself.
DURING THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN.
When we examine the portraits of Bona
parte sketched from life during the Egyptian
campaign wo find only the profile by Du-
tctre , official painter of the expedition.
In order to give more weight to
the authenticity of this document , Dutertrc
has given for legend the follow Ing words
"I , Dutcrtro , drew the general-ln-chlef from
life , on board the vessel. The Orient , durlnf
the passage to Egypt , In the year 7 ( sic ) o !
the republic "
Yet , in spite of this Indisputable testi
mony , and although wo know too well the
work ot Dutcrtro to bo Ignorant of the skll
he had In seizins rapidly and accurately the
character of a face , wa cannot bring our
selves to recognize In this feeble , mechanical
blurred-looking portrait the nervous , cner
gcttc features of the future conqueror o
Mourad Hey. Undoubtedly the time ho hat
Just spent In Parts , after his wild rldo
across the Lombard plains , when he drove
before him like sheep the armies of Alvlnzl
Davldowltch and Wurmser , had somewha
alleviated his terrible fatigue and calmet
the agitation of his expression , yet not so
much as to give him the Impossible aspec
of a smooth and plump young priest.
Such Is our opinion of this portrait , t
which we think far too much Importance I
attached on the solo ground of Its having
been taken from life.
Coming to the consular period we flm
Iconographlc documents In abundance , som
of them of the highest Importance ; for ex
ample. , the llttlo portrait by Bollly , whlc !
appears to us to be the most Independent
the most studied and thtnnost suggestive.
PORTRAITS UNDER THE EMPIRE.
And now the empire. Ave , Caesar ! T
the artists , as to everybody else , the mastc
gives orders , and the portrait cf Napoleon
whether by the painters of the coronation
olllclal sculptors or the humble Illustrate
of Eplnal , must now be painted , carved o
engraved , regardless of absolute truth , afte
conventional formulae calculated to rous
pcpular admiration and to dazzle the eye
of posterity.
This Is not to ray that from 1S04 to 181
there exist of Napoleon only false represent
atlons , only lying Images. Certainly th
great olllclul painters of the period , David
Itaby , Gerard and Robert Lcfevre , troublci
at times by the prestige of the sovcrolg
grandeur , whoso Imperial personification the
had to transfer to canvas , yielded to the al
most Irresistible need to Idealize their mode
But Imperial Iconography does not ccnsls
only of the Napoleon of Isabey the to
hamUomo boy , smiling from the Ivory back
ground of a pearl and diamond trainee
snuffbox , the pompous nmnnlkln of Gerard
tha Olympian Caesar of David , and the em
pcroru , bourgoeous Adonises , ot Robert Le
fevre There are also portraits ot Bonapart
executed by conscientious artists desirous o
truth , and with the cole aim of transmltlln
to posterity the faithful effigy ot the grea
emperor. Such portraits are rare , but the
exist , and It Is before them that the his
torlan , who wishes to divine under the 1m
passive features the workings of the sou
must meditate.
GREAT PORTRAIT BY DAVID IN 1812.
Chief amone those precloui documents I
the admiral portrait of the emperor , palntet
by David In 1S12. Here we hav
no CMenar draped In the rcbcs o
Charlemagne , crew nine the kneeling em
preu with a gesture of superhuman grandeu
no emperor standing erect beside hi
throne and extending bli hands over tb
standards lowered before him DO genera
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m H
mm Omaha Furniture and Carpet Co. , in f $
fc & $ % S 1211 & 1213 KAFLNAM STREET , wa
crossing the Alps , sitting eerene on a fiery
steed , his cloak floating behind him like the
wings of an eagle , but a Nauoleon In every
day attire , standing among his books In an
attitude of profound meditation
This portrait , the property of Prince Loula
Napoleon and figuring In the chateau of
Pranglers , is strikingly true and forcible In
xpresslon.
It Is late. The candles are nearly burnt
ut. Innumerable leaflets covered witha
lumsy handwriting llo scattered on the
esk and testify to the arduous occupation
hat engrosses the emperor In the watches
f the night after a day's fatigues. His
omcwhat hard expression of profound reverie
eems to follow the flight of the Ideas en
gendered In his brain. The contraction of
ho powerful Jaws , the slightly tightened ex
pression of the lips , the carriage of the head ,
11 Indicate a will unshaken In resolution.
to wears the uniform of a colonel of the
Miasseurs de la Garde , white waistcoat and
ireeches and buckled shoes.
In this decisive work we feel that David ,
anxious for his own glory , has abandoned
all exaggeration and become sincerity Itself.
"David " says the great historian , Mlche-
ct , "took two jears to finish this portrait ,
n which he shows himself conscientious and
ourageous , free from a desire to please and
aiming only at the truth.
"Ho painted the emperor such as ho al-
vays was , without eyebrows or eyelashes , and
vith a scanty crop of hair of a doubtful chest
nut color , which in youth appeared black from
he effect of pomaJe. The eyes arc gray , like
a pane of glass In which ono sees nothing.
n short , a complete Impersonality , obscure
and In appearance phantasmagoric.
"Ho Is stout , and yet one can distinguish
ho peculiarity he showed from birth and
which he took from his mother the very
prominent cheekbones , characteristic of all
: orslcans and Sardinians. He says himself
hat ho resembled his mother and took after
icr In everything. In his boyhood ho was
ler small , shrunken Image , " etc.
In this pensive mask. In all the details of
iho face , In the form of the powerfully drawn
icad , In the attitude Itself , appears the char
acteristic features of the most typical mem
bers of his family , such a ? the Xing of West
phalia and Prince Naro'eon. Ono cannot help
nelng reminded of them In contemplating the
mperlal portrait by David , ani that Involun
tary comparison Is one of the most decisive
proofs of Us truth to life.
ARMAND DAYOT.
Inspector dcs Deaux Arts.
Corcmakcrs are taking steps to form an In
ternatlonal union.
Mayor Plngreo's "potato plan" Is to bo
tried In Cincinnati.
Streetcar men In Washington , D. C. , won
a strike for higher wages.
Weavers at Manton , H. I. , after being on
a month , won their strike.
Indianapolis bsk rs have raised nearly $1,000
for their co-operative bakery.
The various branches of Plttsburg Barmen
workers are organized again.
The boot and shoo workers have amalga
mated. John F. Tobln Is president.
A firm of cloth makers In Philadelphia ha
Increased Its employes' wages 15 per cent.
The striking weavers of Chester , Pa. , hav
organized and will join the national body.
A bill has passed the Nevada legislator
requiring that all printing bear the union
label.
The Iron moulder. ? complain that their trad
shows llttlo Indications of general Improve
ment.
Cincinnati clothing workers practically won
their strike , securing an Increase of 25 pe
cent.
Colonies are forming In New York , Bos
ton and Chicago to locate on land In Utah
Montana and Washington.
Preparations ore already being made fo
the holding of the International labor congress
gross In London next year.
There are twenty-seven dye houses I
Patereon , N. J , all of which are very busy
with the bast prospects ahead.
Seattle , Wash. , will try the Detroit pla
of aiding the unemployed by placing them
on unoccupied land near the city.
Twelve of the Brooklyn street car striker
have received sentences ranging from six
teen dajs to a year and six months.
Baltimore bakers won their strike for te
hours , payment for overtime , no card n
work and recognition cf union label.
President Fox of the Iron Molders * union
has succeeded In adjusting a satisfactory
scale of wagea with the Illinois manufac
turers.
A resolution authorizing a conference with
the coal pool , with a view to preventing
strikes , was adopted by tbo Ohio miners at
Columbus.
Cincinnati unloni and the Saloonkeepers'
association are arranging an agreement
whereby members of the latter organization
will handle no non-union good * .
> o | ' | | i on Him ,
Cincinnati Tribune' Mr. Donnervetter
Hlcr Is somedlngs I get specially for mine
Irlsch trade. I know you vlll like him. It
\as a fly paper mlt der picture of St. Hat-
rick on him
Grogan There are no flies on St. Patrick ,
me chuckle-headed frlnd , an' If It wasn't for
iollln' the hands av rne It Is your face 01
would break this minute. Yez kin sell thlm
to the Apey A , an' much good may it do
yer.
* *
i i i p.PIT A i\r\T\Tf * AP Tin i T fpfi
SAHiGUARDINC OF IIEAL1II
A. Sanitary View of House Interiors and
Furnishings , t
$
- \
WHERE LURK THE BACILLI OF DISEASE
Light , Air and .Scrupulous Cleanliness from
Cellar to Unrrot 1'imilslitiigs to llo
Avoided The Kitchen and the
bleeping Itoom ,
Modern scientific research- has clearly
emonstrated that a largo number of corf-
aglous , epidemic and Infectious diseases ,
uch aa diphtheria , scarlet fever , typhoid
over , smallpox , whooping cough , phthisis ,
ualarla , and probably a heist of others that
now balllc medical skill , ha\e their origin in
Ivlng germs or organisms , more commonly
called germs or microbes. It Is not , how
ever , my purpose to either discuss the im
mediate origin and causes for all , or any
one such disease ; much less their cure. Ferny
ny purpose It will bo sufficient to accept as
a fact that a wide range of diseases which
arc the scourge of mankind have their Im
mediate origin In living germs , although
there are e\cn now many skeptics among
medical and other scientists , while the average -
ago layman has not at the present time ar
rived at the faintest conception of the mar
velous advances that have been made within
the past few years , much less of the proba
bilities of dUco\erly In this direction that are
probable in the near future.
To Pasteur , more than to any , although
lie was not a medical graduate , Is the world
Indebted. "Ho showed that germs are not
spontaneously produced that they people the
atmosphere and the bodies that surround
us. If by boiling or dry heating a solid or
liquid body Is rid of the germs It contains ,
It becomes sterilized and remains sterile
and unaltered as long as It Is kept from
the air ; but as soon as air Is brought In
contact with It germs arc developed and
destroy Its sterility. These germs come
from the surrounding atmosphere. Pasteur
proved the Identity of the germs found In
the air with the germs found in the bodies
experimented upon. Ho proved that these
germs existed In the ah by sterilizing the
air and then bringing It In contact with
sterilized bodies , with the result that the
bodies regained the same. It Is said that
for moro than twenty years there have been
preserved at the Pasteur Institute borne o ;
the flasks used In this wonderful experiment
The liquid they contain remains pure nut
limpid. " Glessner. "Man Is constantly pois
oning himself. Sick or well , every person
Is giving off waste matter which poisons
the air , the clothing , the bed , and all other
surroundings , unless there are provisions
made for these waste products to be steril
ized and removed. The rooms of the dwell
ing house must bo ventilated and the fou
air carried off or disease will result. The
clothing worn during the day should be re
moved and aired at night , and the night
clothing and bedding must be spread out to
air during the day. Cleanliness and health
demand that this care be taken In order to
get rid of the foul exhalations wh.ch cllnt
to the bedding and clothing worn , even In
health , when the bed Is used but one-third
of the time ! " ( Good Health/ / )
OHIGIN OF flPJDdMICS.
In the years past the reasjms for diseases
were attributed to such a variety of causes
as to not permit a dlscuWoh of them In a
short paper. "In the SutAmn of 1843 , In
Menchenhampton , a graveyard was dlsturbei
which had existed for GWyoSlra. In leveling
the ground preparatory fo"bulldlng a new
church about 1,000 loadi''of ' dirt were- taken
from the surface of the1 old churchyard am
scattered on the adjacent ground , the rec
tor's yard receiving a 'tf&n < of it. Shortly
after the rector's wlfe' antl 'daughter were
attacked by a vlrulenf'/eter which teen
put an end to their existence. The gardner
was attacked In like manner and died , as
did also his patron afteri'a Hew days Illness.
Many of the children who attended the
parish school sickened ahdi died and there
were upwards of 200 oJber children living
near by who had measles nnd scarlet fevei
and various p cullar eruptions. " And yel
at this time nor for many years after was
the real cause , the presence of IMng germs
ever suspected. "It Is also noticed thai
epidemics always rage with greater violence
In populous districts adjacent to burla
grounds , and that meats and vegetable ? ex
posed for sale taint much more quickly thar
elsewhere. " ( Glessner ) , "in a recent com
munlcatlon to the Hamburg Me.lical soclet ]
M. Ruete details the results ft hU bacterlo
logical examination of the air of a schoo
room. He made use of Hueppo's methoi
and made his Investigation ! at 2-20 In the
afternoon. While these were aluay * undei
the came conditions , the results were verj
variable. He found a minimum of 1.500 bac
teria to the cubic meter , a maximum of 3,000-
000 and a mean of 208.000. "
These citations are gt\en you to show the
possibility of contamination of earth , air ,
water , food and clothing , bedding and house
hold furnishings and brlngi us to a consid
eration cf the real object of this article , 1. e. ,
'A Sanitary View of House Interiors and
"urnlBhlngs. "
Granted that the modern house is well
constructed ; that the drainage and bewer-
igo arc up to modern requirements and that
Ight and air arc sulllclent and heat and
ventilation go hand In hand ; that there are
10 dark rooms , decaying matter , cesspools ,
\ells , etc. , etc , and that ample means per-
nlt pure , wholesome and well cooked food ,
also pure milk and water , the question may
hen arise. What further can be done , not
only to preserve the health , but to prevent
or limit the virulence of such diseases as
seemingly conio from Infection outside of
he home and are commonly associated with
kissing , public schools and Intimate a-Eocla-
lon with friends.
WHAT THC KITCHEN SHOULD UB.
Let us start with the kitchen. It should
) e of good size , well lighted , well ventilated
at the base and also al or near the ccil-
ng. The floors should be smooth , of hard
wood or covered with oilcloth , ' that germs
may not find lodgment , The walls and cell-
ng should be of adamant or some other
wa'hable plaster , or painted. The woodwork ,
of course , to be washable and so smooth as
: o be easily and thoroughly cleansed. The
kitchen walls , ceiling , floor , etc. , should be
washed at least once a month with soap
suds or , better yet , tome antiseptic might be
used. Nothing In the way of a rug or wool
carpet should be permitted on the kitchen
Hoer and the fumes of cooking , If health
and cleanliness are to be considered , must
bo kept out of the living rooms. I ha\e
noticed In Omaha n common practice of
papering kitchen walls with common wall
paper. While this may commend Itself to
the selfish landlord , no prudent housekeeper
ought to accept anything Inferior to washa
ble paper. That the fumes and moisture of
cooking will develop germs I will Illustrate
by a story told me by a chemist. He was
employed In a factory where desslcated milk
was used as a constituent of an Infants' food
preparation. The proprietor , In order to ob
viate thr > sifting of the milk powder through
thin partitions to other parts , of the factory ,
covered the partitions with muslin Not long
after his product was often returned alive
with maggots. He investigated his methods
and they were louna to bo scientific and
antiseptic the milk was properly desslcated
and seemingly there was no fault. It was
not until It was discovered that the muslin
on the walls was the home of millions of
germs that the methods by which the fin
ished product was contaminated were brought
to light. That the smoke , the dust , the
fats and the vapors of cooking find lodgment
on the walls and ceilings of unsanitary
kitchens and there breed germs cannot be
controverted. May we then hope to have
perfect health whllo our food may be , yea ,
must be , contaminated In the kitchen ,
pantry or closets.
LIGHT , AIR , CLEANLINESS.
In our parlors and reception rooms , less
used , If properly aired , swept and du ted
the air and dust permitted to go out the
open doors and windows and the furniture
and draperies brushed with a stiff broom am
exposed to the air and sunlight we have
little to fear. Even then , however , the or
dinary servant cannot be trusted to do Ibis
work , but It should have- the careful atten
tion of the matron who has more than
"board wages" as an Incentive.
As to the halls , similar rules may apply
although all sanitary Instincts forbid tha
there should be a carpet on the hall floor
If not possible to afford tile , or hard.floors
use rugs ; and don't forgst that the dirt and
filth from the street demand that the rugs
should be swept and shaken In the open al
every week , and , when possible , exposed to
air and sun.
In the * rooms where wo sleep , or sit , so
called living rooms , we ned first of all smoott
washable floors ; rugs , but never carpets. I
Is llttlo less than a crime to nail a carpet t
the floor of a sleeping or sitting room , allow
Ing It to thus become Infected , by the Innumcr
able means of contamination. No paper shoulc
be put on the wglls or celling unless It Ii
washable. No chairs , couches , etc. , coverei
with woolen stuffs should be tolerated , a
germs easily find lodgment therein. Hette
not use portieres or other hang
Ing draperies , but If used at all they nhoul
be frequently aired and brushed. It wcr
better , however , If all curtains were of ma
terlal that could be easily cleaned , and wi
not readily catch dirt , dust or poisonous mat
ter. As to beds , every portion should be frequently
que-ntly alretl ; cvsry now and then a dam
cloth , saturated slightly with some anil
teptlc solution , should be used on beds and
furniture. The walls , celling , woodwork and
floors should be frequently washed \\lth hot
suds ; bedclothlng and mattresses thoroughly
aired and sunned. I know that the so-cilled
"co-nfortable" Is cheap and handy , but It Is
an abomination , a breeder of disease , and
must tooner or later bec'me c'ntamlnated
with exhalations and sputa. No hlng ought
to be Ufed on a bed that cannot be washed ,
and that Is not frequ ntly washed. That
there Ehould be plenty or air and ventilation
In our living rooms gees without saying.
The air must be replcnlihed dally , and where
possible the sunllgh'j freely [ admitted. A
draft should b cauted through doors and
windows , driving out the foul air and admit
ting the pure air fully charged with oxygen.
TUB CKLLAR.
Now OB to the cellar. It should be sotic.
thing more than a bole large enough to con
tain a furnace , an abomination , and a breeder
ot dlseni ? , which Is typical of this city , and
which th Board ot cllalth should condemn
as unsanitary. Imagine the foul character
of air supplied from a furnace eet In such a
hole , replete with ash dust , dirt , etc. , that
Is commonly found about furnaces where the
typical servant attends to them. The cellar ,
per contra , should be light , well ventilated
and well drained , the floor of brick or cement
never earth , which soon becomes saturated
with filth or covered with foul dust and dirt ,
while boards qulcl.ly decay. The walls and
ceilings , originally whitewashed , should now
and then be brushed and the coating re
plenished , the cellar windows often opened seas
as to permit of thorough ventilation , the
egress of dirt and ashes , and be protected
by screens , as must all the house , If It Is to
be sanitary , for all files must be excluded.
Prof. Kuch ( Medical Age ) writes as follows
concerning the results of his observations of
the relation of flics to the propagation of the
Egyptian Opthalmla , and his conclusions are
equally true as regards other diseases : "Aside
from the communication of the disease
through the fingers , washing and the like , it
Is probable that flies also ntd In Its spread.
The Jly pest In Egypt Is great. Although
well prepared beforehand by books of travel ,
I was astounded when called upon to confirm
the accounts with my own eyes. A few-
small children were pla > lng before tlio huts
or In the field. Approaching the youngsters ,
one fancies nnd often believes they have
black rings painted around their eyes ; but
upon coming closer he sees that the black
rings are dense circles of flies heated along
the edges or the. lids and the
Inner angl ? of the eye. They seek
for food In the secretion without encoun
tering any disturbance , for the children do
net disperse the pests , knotting that others
with unsatlated appetite would at once take
their places. In summer the situation Is of
course much worse nnd the faces of the
children are said to be quite covered. As
the Hies pass from one eye to another It Is
natural to assume that they are capable of
carrying the secretion. Luclan Howe caused
files to pahs over a gelatine plate , when , from
every footprint , a culture of germs was ob
tained. " Flics are necpssarlly germ carriers
and disease breeders. This Is beyond ques
tion
I have thus In a measure described the
tanltary features as relates to the subject.
Lat me now devote a few lines to the duly
of the health olllcinls , and what will un-
loubtedly be required of them In the near
'uture , and which public health even now
demands. In the not far distant future no
: iouse will be salable or rentable until It
shall have been thoroughly cleansed nnd
rendered asceptlc and sanitary. Who can
conceive of a greater pcsslble wrong. If not
crime , than that rebultlng from the renting
or selling to Innocent people of a house
where there may bo lodgments of germs of
scarlet fever , diphtheria , etc , etc. ' While
the disease may have apparently been stamped
out and the late occupants possibly
Immunized , yet such Immunity does not ap
ply to the newcomer. The occupancy of n
house Is thus , through modern conditions ,
where frequent movlngs are necessary , made
a bource of danger scarcely to be realized ,
and It Is a slur on our knowledge of disease
and Its causes that It Is possible for the
Ignorant or selfish landlord or agent to renter
or sell a house that la not In thorough
cleanly asceptlc and sanitary condition.
Dr. Cyrus EdSon of the New York Hoard
of Health says that modern nudlcal practice
Is largely preventatlve. Certainly medical
science demands that our habitations wherein
wo pass the greater part of our life , ableep
or nvvakp , should not be the cause of or the
carrier of disease In any form
A. n DlCKlNSON. M. D.
M.ir IT PLKAUK Till' COVKT.
Ounlnt lilts of Life lluforo and ISehlml tlio
Hurt.
"Justice was administered In pretty crude
shape In California in the year of cur Lord
1819 , " said Colonel T. L Lochrane of that
state , to the Washington Post. "I shall never
forget one scene at Stockton. Wo had then
what were btyled 'Courts of Flrbt Instance. '
A Judge named Reynolds presided. lie wore
a high bilk hat , about the only one , I think.
In the whole state at that time. Ho wan
utterly destitute of moral principle. One
Williams was prosecuting attorney , nnd u
bigger thief never lived. The sheriff was
Dick Wlnn , equal In knavery to the other
two. They held court In ono corner of a big
tent , the rest of which was devoted to
gambling , monte being the prevailing sport.
The play was often for pretty high stakes ,
and the swell gamesters "tapped the bank"
regularly.
"On the occasion I have In mind a Mexi
can droppid In and began to play with'
phenomenal success. He won J2.000 In less
than an hour , and was preparing to leave
with his gains when the sheriff arrested
him on a charge of horse theft. Ho was
taken to the other end of the tent , where
Reynolds cat behind a big dry goods box ,
looking very solemn and dignified.
"Williams , aa prosecutor , made a very
brief speech , In which he proved to the sat
isfaction of the court that the poor greaser
had committed the crime of horse stealing
His money had been previously taken away
from him. U consisted mainly of coin ami
was heaped up on the judge's desk. The
verdict of the court was confiscation of the
money and two hours to leave the town. Tin
Mexican cast a wistful eye on his wealth
but clunk off as If glad to escape with hli
life Meanwhile Williams and Wlnn had ad
vanced to the desk and were filling theli
pockets with specie.
"Well , I guess the court will have to tool
out for Us own Interests , " remarked Key
nolds , and hastily coming forward ho nwei/
ho remainder ut the gold and silver coin ( nu
lls lofty plug hat and declared the court ad (
ourncd. .
A dialogue about heaven took place a few
ays ago between u member of the lliiltlmora
county bar and a lady 82 jcarsold , who was
mdcr examination In on equity case. The
awycr , to test the lady's faith in the here
after , relates the Baltimore Sun , asked her\ \
f she thought they would know each other ,
n heaven. She replied by asking him an-i
other question as to where heaven was. Ilia
reply wns not satisfactory to the old lady ,
and she told the lawjcr that If ho wanted ta
[ iicstlon her about any place ho must locatn
t. Then she added : "Of course , wo wlU
tnovv each other In heaven , for our bodied
vlll bo the same there , except that wo will
not have any blood In us. " The law > er >
icxt asked her If Rho thought pcoplo would
lave teeth In heaven. She said nho could ,
lot answer that definitely , but she thought
they would. "Ono thing was certain , " slui
added , "people would have troth In the placet
allotted to the wicked , and she could provo
t by scripture. " "How can you provo It ? "
said the lawyer. "Why , she replied , "tho
scripture Bays the wicked shall bo turnei\
nto utter darkness , where there shall bo
seeping , walling and gnnbhlng of teeth , anuT
low could they gnash their teeth If they ,
lid not have any ? " The attorney did not
> roceed any further on that line of exam-
nation ,
The unmarried woman of uncertain ago
vas on the witness stand , and the prose
cuting attorney , for some reason , was dls .
iosed to nag her , says the Detroit Frcai
'ress.
"I believe , " he said , "that yau gave youfl ,
iame as Mary How Illy , umiarrled ? "
"I did , " she replied stubbornly.
"And what Is your age ? " r
"I decline to answer. " .
"Hut the court wishes to know. "
"It's none of the court's business , " snapped
the wltncbs.
The Judg ? became Intent on the Instant.
"What's that , madam ? " he asked sharply.
"I said , your honor , that It was none of
the court's busliiTs what my ago Is. "
"Tho witness will answer the question,1 *
frowned the Judge.
"Tho witness will do nothing of the kind,1'
replied the lady. j
"The court insists , " said the Judge. '
"And why ? ' 'asked the wltn ss. "Will I
tell the truth with any less Impartiality )
whether I am 20 or 702"
Tha Judge was thinking of a fitting an
swer when the prosecuting attorney put In :
"May It please the court , " he said , se
verely , "this Is contempt , and should bo
punished accordingly. " .
The witness willed most exasperatlngly.
"May It please the court , " she said In closcj
Imitation of the prosecutor , "you may flno
mo for contempt If you wish , but It will not
make mo answer. Your honor and the gen-
tlemiin who asks mo the question are elected
to the ofllccs which you nil by the people ,
and you are both willing to be elected again.
Imprison mo If you wish , I shall not an
swer ; but I will say to both of you , now , that
when the public know you have punished a
woman for refusing to tell her age , you will
never be elected to oftlce again In n thou
sand years. Women have some rights that
are bound to be respected , and public sentiment
accorded this So there. "
ment lias us one i
The Judge looked down at the proHCCutol
and the prosecutor looked up ut the Judge4
and the question was passed.
A good story Is told of a Judge who lately )
had the hjpnotic plea raised before him by ,
n burglar. The prisoner claimed that he did
not know that he was "burgling ; " that ho
did It automatically and unconsciously under
the direction of a hypnotist. The Judge said ]
he would give him the full benefit of tha
law , and also of his hypnotic mUfortune.
He thereupon sentenced the man to ttn years
In state prison , but told him ho could , If ho
chose , bend for the hypnotist , and have hlm-
bclf made unconscious ot the cntlrt * term oC
his Imprisonment.
"The same power , " said the Judge , "which1
enabled you to commit burglary anil not
know It , ought also to enable you to suffcp
Imprisonment with hard labor , and not b
a\sure of It. At any rate , this Is the best \
can do for you. "
Last winter Mr Justice Ilnrlnn delivered al
lecture on the Herlng eea arbitration before a
largo audience of law students In a western ,
city. His honor , after taking up the legal
side of the question , described graphically ,
the habits migrations , and peculiarities of
the seal , with elaborate reference to othen
anlmalH which seemed to offer Instructive )
analogies.
A few days ago a student who had read
law a few months was asked how he llkeij
the lecture. "Oh , very much , " replied he ,
"very much Indeed very Instructive , lit
fact , I think I learned more natural history )
from JusticeHarlan than from all of lllack.
atone. "
The court had assesed a One of $10 on the ,
attorney for contempt , and the amount wan
very nearly the size of his pile , Ho put up thai
money In such a hesitating way that thef
court was moved to compassion ,
"If you have any regret , " cald the judge
"for what you liavo done , I might posalblyj
remit the fine , "
"Your honor IB very kind , " replied thetf
attorney with mock humility , handing tba
money to the clerk , "and I have some re-J
i-ri-t that I haven't thousand
a more flQ )
' * -
bill. . " ,