THR OMAHA DAILY BEE : SUM DAT , SEPTEMBER 2 , 1891.
f ST. JOSEPH'S FAIR AND RACES
SEPTEMBER roth to Kth ,
. ,
* /
E
The Diav , For Thirteen Purses nnd as usual the St. Joseph Fair will have by far the Best Races to be
Seen in the West :
display in the Agricultural and Me Trotting and pacing races will be disposed of by Friday night , and Saturday is set aside a
chanical department will be first class : f f' a gala day for running and bicycle races.
and the list of general attractions is the best / LIJBRRA.L PURSEie OFFEXREID-
ever secured for the St. Joseph Fair , The 4th BURN uzz
Regiment N. G. M. , will be encamped at the
ist Mounted .Division of the K. P. , Society will
fair ground Fair Week , and a grand military
' Give a Grand Parade and Exhibition
review , competitive drills'and a sham battle at
night , are among the attractions.
m il ! . rid I it
REDUCED RATRS ON AL.RAILROADS. ] .
ST JOSEPH , MISSOURI.
The Pncumatio Dynamite Gun and Its Yaat
Possibilities.
REVIEW OF THE SANDY HOOK TESTS
Ukcly to llecoiue nn i : ientlal Pnrc of Our
Gouit Uefeniet.-Melh.oa of Applylug
tlio Comproucil Air CompujI-
tlon of the 1'rojcctllcu.
The great cuns that throw Into the air
in acre of the Atlantlo ocean last -week ,
lays the Now York Sun. are perhaps helpIng -
Ing another cause than that of war. and
nolng their Involuntary share in moving the
world along toward that stale of friendly
aulet In which the Peace congresses believe.
wo should dwell. The knowledge of the
bower for dreadful destructlvenesa that each
bow Improvement gives causes even kings
to hesitate while the name of war grows
more hateful to the people. Improvements
In explosives and in small and big arms
have done this much for the peace of the
world , and now a quarter of a ton of dyna
mite thrown a mlle and a half out to sea.
end placed with an accuracy that has va
ried only slightly throughout the tests , has
como to aid In the work of abolishing war.
There comes out of thesp tests the con
clusion for New Yorkers that n hostile ship
la not Jlkely to enter the harbor. If the
fjuns at Sandy Hook were not equal to keep
ing out a foreign vessel then n battery of
the guns stationed on Coney Island and
Hockawny could odd strength that should
prove Invincible , The owners and promoters
of I ho new guns maintain that one of the
projectiles Is capable of destroying three
hien-cf-war. Seven years ago n experi
ment In the lower bay gave a measured In
dication of the destructtvcness of one of
these projectiles when It was discharged at B
vessel. An old wooden schooner which
had been used in the coast survey was an
chored about 1,804 yards from Fort Lafay
ette. An right-Inch pneumatic gun was
mounted and loaded with n projectile con
taining fifty-five pounds of nitre-gelatine ,
tthlch Is somewhat more than one-tenth of
the strength of the projectiles used In the
tests las week. The gun. moreover , had
not been brought to Its present state of
completion , altaough these experiments at
tracted public attention to the use ol dyna
mite.
Th $ schooner was ninety feet Ions and
was anchored bows on. The first shot
from the gun at Fort Lafayette fell short ,
and the second exploded about ten yards
from the vessel , broke off the malnmait
nd blew up a part of the deck. The third
hrejectlle exploded under the Ech-oner and
lifted her out of the water. She seemed
| p rise- slowly Into the air and then broke In
| wo parts directly amidships. Two moro
projectiles completed her demolition and left
bnly a rnas of floating wreckage. This
Jras the result of ttoe experiment ? ma-J when
the gut ) was Incomplete and the explosive
In the projectile only & small proportion of
thq amount used now. But It Indicated
jomelhltiK of what might be expected when
ine of these projectiles and a vessel should
tame Into close quarters.
AS COAST DEFENDERS.
The news comes from Washington that
| ho results obtained by tbcse latest test , and ,
more especially , the great accuracy wltji
which projectiles have been placed , have at
tracted , the admiration of the ordnance ex
perts In both cervices , They believe the suc-
CCM ot tbo gun will lead lo Its adoption for
purposci ot coast defence , and for the
protection of thpso coastwise cities lor which
the Fortification Hoard baa recommended a
general policy ot defense against attacks
from foreign fleets. The , army ordnance offi
cers believe that these tvits have proved
beyond Uoubt that the dynamite gun will be
a most significant factor In the harbor defense
of our cities , and that , however strong fortifi
cations may be they will not prove completely
adequate without ono of these guns.
There was lor several years In Washing
ton a prejudice against the gun.by naval
experts , and the failure of the gun on the
dynamite cruiser Vesuvius towork satisfac
torily In the exhaustive tests which have
been given since the cruiser hfisJ been com
pleted , has Increased the lack ot Confidence in
them. The army has always contended that
one of these guns , scientifically manipulated ,
was capable of greater destructive power
than three of the heaviest pieces of ordnance
manufactured for coast defense. General
Flnglor. chief of ordnance of the army , has
maintained that while thcro was great devel
opment yet to be secured In perfecting the
dynamite gun , sufficient progress had already
been made to guarantee its adoption -with
other ordnance In the protection of great
cities. Captain. Sampson , chief of the ordnance -
nanco bureau of the nay , has always been
in some doubt as to the expediency of adopt
ing the gun for UBS in the navy , but be be
lieves that the disadvantages which have
been encountered , mounting one of the guns
on a war ship , can bo readily removed with
a stationary platform on shore , and that all
the difficulties which prevent its effective
use can easily be reduced to a minimum.
The recent results obtained at Sandy Hook
ore regarded by ordnance officers here as in-
SIDD VICW OF'TUB BIQ PNEUMATIC GUN.
dlcatlng that the- use of dynamite In modern
warfare has become practically indispensable
to the proper protection of harbors , and they
now admit that whatever doubt was formerly
held as to the impossibility ot securing range
and accuracy has been removed by the appar
ent facility with which the projectiles were
discharged by the fifteen-Inch gun last week ,
The present congress authorized the secre
tary ot the navy to convert the dynamite
cruiser Vesuvius Into a torpedo cruiser in
the discretion ot the department. The Sandy
Hook test , however , will probably lead to'
the postponement of any such action until
the guns on the vessel have been tried again ,
EARLY EXPERIMENTS.
The navy was the firul to take up the
question cf using dynamlto expelled from
tubes by compressed air for the destruction
ot a ship. Early in 18SG the department
ordered the construction of a veisel which
was to be fitted with three dynamlto tubes
mounted forward stationary and aimed by
the ship's rudder. The vessel was to have
great speed , and It was believed she would
"revolutionize warfare , " A favorable re
port on the system had been made by the
pneutnatio gun board , ind the vessel was
build by the Cramps at a cost of nearly
100,000. The first trial with the guns
occurred In 1889. Three shoti wer fired
for range and fifteen for endurance. The
report of th board Bays that no attempt
was made to secure accuracy of practice ,
the trial being simply to meet the contract
requirements RS to the rapidity ot fire and
the capacity ot the system to maintain \hat
rapidity for a given time. After consider
ing the report the depXrtroent ordered
second trlaj , the projectile ted \ used be
ing a fiiu-callber containing a 201-pound
charge ot gun , cotton And filled with me
chanical fucca. The result showed that a
shell containing 200 pounds ot gun cottcn
or other high explosive could be thrown
at least one mile by each ot the dynamite
guus constituting the YetBel'a armament.
After considering maturely all the tests on
the Vesuvius the chief ct ordnance reported
on the value of dynamite on war ships as j
follows :
"Each time the conclusion has been more
or less favorable. Each report , however ,
has stated that the accuracy at the guns
leaves much to be desired. It is manifest
that the accuracy of a gun Is its most im
portant quality , and without a satisfactory
degree ot accuracy all other advantages are
of minor Importance. The difficulty in the
pneumatic guns appears to center ( n fho
main valve which admits the air to the gun.
At ill ranges except the maximum the suc
cessful working of the gun demands that
this valve should open and close In an ex
ceedingly short time , probably a small frac
tion of ta second. Thu difficulties en
countered In accomplishing this have not
been overcome. The department has already
expended J30.000 upon experiments with
these guns without any decided Improvement.
Without entering" further at this time into
the merits of the system the
bureau recommends that further ex
periments be deferred until after the In
stallation at Sandy Hook of the flftecn-lnch
guns now In course of construction for the
War department. In these guns the com
pany promise to overcome the difficulties
which exist in those of the Vesuvius. "
EFFECTIVENESS OF .DYNAMITE.
Next to the interest that attaches to the
establishment of the effectiveness of dyna
mlto as an ammunition , probably as in
teresting a lesson of the recent tests Is to
be drawn from the use cf compressed air
In the guns. The officers say that for many
reasons It would be Impossible to use pow
der. Perhaps the most Important is that
It would detonate so sensitive an explosive
as dynamite. The 30,000 pounds pressure
to the superficial Inch , which Is about the
overaga force of powder , would cause the
projectile to explode before it left the gun ,
Another necessity which renders the use
ot powder Impossible is the Importance of
keeping the gun cool. Powder would heat
It to such an extent that the dynamite would
explode. As It Is. the pneumatic gun is
made cooler by every Inlroductlon of com
pressed air. If powder were used the shell
of the projectile would have to be very much
heavier that it Is now. and there would be
less space for the explosive. The largest
projectile , now weighs 1,120 pounds , and
about 45 per cent of this weight Is in the
explosive , which la these large projectiles
weighs COD pounds.
The projectile must , moreover , bo expcllftl
nt a uniform rate. The first shock ot the
explosion of powder , diminishing until its
force ceases , would causa the projectile to
explode , while an explosion Is prevented
by the unvarying pressure ot compressed
air. which maintains the same rate about
1,000 to the Inch throughout the gun. An
other reason given by the company for the
USB of compressed air Is that the forca ot
powder it likely lo be variable. It Is cot
always uniform , and for that reason greater
accuracy la obtained by ilia ue of com-
pr&ted air , wiiKh. they say they can bo cer
tain will always produ.ce &n exact result.
In addition to these advantages , as * the com
pany regards thiin , there Is. ot course , no
dirt or smoke or necessity for scrubbing out
the gun after It has been used.
The'Idea of using compressed Kir as a
substitute for powder la said to have origi
nated with a Toledo mechanic named Met-
fort , who had made a study ot explosives ,
The pneumatic gun ot today Is laid to hive
i developed Iron ; an. Idea guese > t 4. to Meflorl
by arrangement of a pieca of pas pipe and a
roughly made dynamite torpedo , He suc
ceeded in throning his projectile by means
of an improvised mortar , but could not make
It explode more than 01103 or twice in a half
dozen efforts. This was due to the fact that
his fuses were not adequate. Since that
time Meffort's idea has been Improved upon
from time to time until the present jgun
\vas devised , and .members . of the company
say that the latest tests have suggested
possible improvements In the details ot the
gun.
gun.Tho
The gun and carriage weigh in the nggre-
gat ; fifty-two tons , but the gun can btf
moved by the turn of a wheel or turned in
any direction. A telescope htands by the
gun , and through this the gunner places his.
aim , The gun Is moved by electricity. The
compressed air Is conveyed from the engine
rooms by means of pipes to wrought Iron
and steel reservoirs , which are In chambers
under the gun platform. From these reser
voirs the air Is conducted by means of large
plpss up through the carriage to the trun
nions , and from the trunnions through a
large casing surrounding the barrel to the
breach. Rotary Joints are provided in this
pipe at the pintle and at the trunnions ,
which allow the gun to bo moved with free
dom without breaking ths contlnuallty of the
pipes and Allowing any escape of air. A
largo valve near the breech controls the ad
mission of air Into the barrel. The opening
and closing ot this valve Is automatic and
completaly under tha control of the gunner.
THE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM.
A feature of the pneumatic system Is the
ability of the nunner to change the range
without changing the elevation of the gun
by controlling the amount of compressed air
that escapes at each discharge. When the
discharging lever is pulled the large valve
at the breach opens and remains opin a suffi
cient time to allow a certain quantity of air
to escape Into the barrel ; then 'the valve
closes , before the projsctilo leaves the muz
zle , cutting off the escape of the air and
retaining In the reservoir all that was not
needed In propelling the prnjectllc. The
length of time the valve remains open Is
under control of the gunner , and by regulat
ing the amount of air that enters the barrel
he regulates the energy Imparted to the pro
jectile , und so can change his range without
changing the elevation of ths gun.
The system of keeping the reservoir always
stocked with compressed air Is a simple
one. At each discharge of the gun the air
pressure In the reservoir fills according to
the adjustment of the valve. If the stand
ard pressure In the reservoir is 1,000 pounds to
the square inch , one shot may reduce this
pressure to 900 or S50 pounds , or any pres
sure , not usually less than 00 pounds. Dy
drawing from a storage reservoir beside
the engine rooms , which contains air at a
pressure of more than 1,000 pounds to the
square Inch , the pressure In the gun reser
voir may bo speedily restored. This Is , In
brief , the compressed air system which the
company uses.
The system of loading the gun has been
arranged so that there Is no danger from tlie
rapid handling of tha projectiles. The
projectiles are brought from the magazines
In trays , which are run onto a loading car
riage. This carriage runs on a circular
track around the gun and brings the pro
jectile Into position for loading. A wind
lass Is used for forcing the projectile Into
the bore of the gun. It requires four men
to load the gun with a sub-caliber projectile ,
while the full caliber' projectiles , which
which weigh OB much as 1,120 pounds , re
quire six men. The company's managers
say they have never had an accident.
Captain Rapteff , the designer of the gun
tested last week , says that the projectiles
can be easily thrown upon the deck of a
TUB FULL CALIBRE PROJECTILE.
vessel. There are two kinds ot projectiles
used In the gun one- , termed a full caliber ,
fits the bore closely ; the other , a sub-call-
ter. Is considerably smaller than the bor $
and Is made lo fit tnpgly at the ends by a
system of circular blocks , which are loosfc
and which fall into the water a few hunr
dred yards from t q eun after the discharge
All ol the projebttloa have oglval heads
and long bodied. JTho gun being a smooth
bore , rotation Is stiren to the torpedoes at
they inovo through the air by means ol
spiral vanes , something on the plan of a
ship's propeller , tVhlCb are attached to the
rear. The full tallbtr projectile- eleven
feet In length auUl U s a capacity ( or COO
pounds of high explosive. The point is
rnado of bronze and the bcdy of steel three-
sixteenths of an inch in thickness. The ex
plosive charge Is divided Into two parts by
a diaphragm across the Interior of the pro
jectile , about at Its middle , the object belnp
to distribute equally the strati caused by the
setting back of the charge at the Instant ot
the discharge , thus causing less shock to
the explosive. The fuse which causes the
explosion is situated In the point cf the
projectile , where it is Inserted just before the
loading. The range of this projectile is
2,600 yards.
THE PROJECTILES ,
Two sizes of sub-caliber projectiles are
used : One ten inches In diameter , which
carries n-charge of 200 pounds of high ex
plosive and has n range of more than 4,000
yards , and the other eight Inches In diame
ter , carrying 100 pounds of dynamite find
having a range ot 6,200 yards. The fuse
used In this projectile Is somewhat more
than twelve inches long and three and one-
halt Inches In diameter , and weighs twenty
pounds , To the end ol It Is attached a
brass case containing a priming charge ol
two and cue-half pounds of dry gun cot
ton. About thirty-seven grains ot fulminate
cf mercury are used to explode the gun cot
ton. All of the mcro important parts of the
fuses are In duplicate. In order to secure cer
tainty of action. The hammers are locked
until the projectiles are well out of the muz
zle ot the gun , when they are automatically
unlocked.
The fuses may be set to explode the In
stant the projectile strikes the water , or two
or three seconds later. The projectile flies
through the air always in view until It
striker the water. Tons of water burst
Into the air anil then settle down Into great
fctretches of white foam. The force of the
shots Is felt at Sandy Hook , and one on
Friday was distinctly noticeable on Atlantic
Highlands , 'tour miles from the spot where ,
the projectile exploded.
Tha board of ordnance officers will report
on the results ol the test , and until that
time It Is not likely that army or navy
officers will give their opinions. It Is pre
sumed that It will be accepted by the govern
ment , as the conditions have been mo-re
than compiled with , On Friday , for In-
.stance , trig five shells fired fell in a straight
line within n space of thirty-nine ami one-
half yards long at a distance of 2,000 yards
from the gun. The government would
have been satisfied if 74 per cent of tlio
shells had fallen In a space three limes as
long. The accuracy of the projectiles eoem
to be stabllshed , as well at ) the certainty of
explosion at a given time.
The entire plant , as it will be turned
over to the government by the Pneumatic
Torpedo and Construction company , includes
the three guns with their carriages and all
of the electrical appliances , the engines and
machinery which compresses and stores the
air that forms the motive power , the dyna
mlto magazine and all of the storage reser
voirs , outhouses , projectile carriages and gun
attachments. The total cost to thp gov
ernment for the plant will be (162,000 ( , and
It will represent almost the first large
amount of money the company has received
since they began to perfect the gun some
twelve years ago.
ago.Kntl
Kntl of n Frud.
For repeating to General Cutler , then in
command of the Army of the James , a dispar
aging remark made , by a subordinate con
cerning the general's military efficiency , an
officer in a Pennsylvania regiment , says ; the
Philadelphia Record , was promised a sound
thrashing by the officer whom lie had reported ,
and who. In consequence , had suffered a bad
quarter of an hour In the general's society ,
The Crashing was to be bestowed after the
rtar was over , at their very first meeting , no
matter under what circumstances it might
occur. The two officers became prominent
civilians In adjoining states. For many
years one ot them went around armed with
a revolver , the other with a blsnk ball bond.
Though often In this city ( whore one ot them
resided ) at the tame time , they never met
until recently , and then they encountered
each other face to face In the surf at Atlantic
City. Each had grown so stout as to weigh
over 250 pounds , yet they Instantly recog
nized each other. Something ludicrous In
the thought ol such vast spheres ol flesh
engaged in a rough-and-tumble fight may
have entered their minds ojt the same mo
ment , for they called each other by name ,
smiled and shook hands. The feud was thus
terminated.
7//.S
Tom JIasson In New York Sun ,
"I'm ' golnp liack to town , " he said.
Spake the muldon , "Say no more. "
While the waves from the sea curled rest
lessly
Over the whitened shore.
v
"you're , cruel nnd heartless and all things
else , *
You're' a mean old horrid tiling !
For j > 6ti jsnUl you'd stay till I went a.way ,
There ! 'I'll give you back your ring. "
"I'm goins back to town. " "Cnoughl"
She spiike with a look of scoin.
"I'll make you Buffer you poor old duffer ,
Ami sorry that > -ou were born. >
"You nre going back to town , then go ,
There nre other men ns sweet ! "
And she quickly rose from her former pose ,
And moved nwny ten feet.
"I'm going back to town , " lie said ;
"Nny , dearest , hear me speak.
And don't bu rush to get the cash
To carry me through next week. "
PUN CH WITH CARE.
Various ll.-nioiis Why the Conductor Slioulil
Obey TlilH Injunction.
Tha ticket punching system Is the- ma
sonry of railroading. It almost ranks as an
occult science. The ticket auditing depart
ment is the custcdlan ot these mysterious
symbols the punch marks , which are as
Important in the disposition of tickets as
are slgnnatures in the acceptance ol bank
checks. In any case of dispute between
passenger and conductor , or conductor nnd
company , the punch marks arc final and In
controvertible evidence , except where an
original punch mark has been punched out
by a larger punch In criminal hands , which
seldom happens.
Every passenger conductor In America ,
says the St. Paul I'loneer Press , has n
punch of his own , though not of his own se
lection , and when he applies It to a passen
ger's ticket ho has committed himself to It
as irrevocably as though ho affixed his sig
nature oh the back cf the contract. Every
conductor must- punch every ticket on his
train , or hold himself liable for personal
payment ot the fare for hla division or part
thereof over which the unpunched portion
reads. In nothing arc railroad companies
more strict than In the use of 'ticket punches ,
the conductor's Insignia of office and the
company's material guarantee of square dealIng -
Ing by all Interested.
The punch mark la the passenger's protec
tion. Dy It or Its absence any mUtakc or
oversight on the conductor's part involving
subsequent confusion or loss to the passen
ger can easily bo traced , proved and rectified.
For Illustration , a passenger recently pur
chased a round-trip ticket from Portland to
San Francisco. On the going trip a con
ductor , by mistake , tore off the section read
ing "to San Francisco. " The next conductor ,
having no evidence of the passenger's right
to travel over his division , demanded cash
faro , wlilch was paid anil receipted. On ar
riving at San Francisco the passenger called
upon the general passenger agent , and , show-
nig his return portion of the ticket and re
ceipt for part cash payment on going trip ,
asked that his loss be made good , The gen
eral passenger agent hesitated a moment.
"Look here , " said ( he passenger , "I know
something aboutl rallroid tickets myself ,
even if I'm not a deadhead. You look up
the going portion of my ticket , and if you
don't find punch mark 'V on It I'll ' give
you ? 50 casb and go home. "
The ticket was looked up and the Identical
punch mark discovered , whereupon the pas
senger department refunded the cash pay
ment made on the- train , ,
The first mark punched In the ticket Is
the letter "L , " meaning originally "limit , "
by the city ticket agent or local agent who
Issues It. This letter Is used by all agents
who Kcll tickets In this country , and desig
nates the class and limit of the ticket. The
Etar punch Is used about as freely as the
"L , " and has about the same significance ,
It is generally applied to ironclad , or non-
stop-oier. one-way tickets , and also de
scriptive , tickets. It U even used on coupon
tickets , known to auditors as "ex
cursion"tickets. . which read over
come foreign line , and book tickets ,
which read to a far point on home
line , to designate class and limit. Like the
"L , " It ik used on the body ot contracts. In
the auditor' * cfflce It U used for cancellation.
Ordinary card tickets ' Wlilcli'
, " us mi ,
trnsportation one way between
never punched by the
S * t. BwMw the "L" nnd star all
offices have the mark "H " wh ch Is
to
"
W"'Cl1 ' " "vents a isscng
150 pounds of bacgaEO checkp. !
am' ' ailot"cr 15 °
Ules Ule
respective classes. Conductors have dN
v dual punches . .
,
already explained
, no two
sand u.n.T , , . bj ° " 10 Balllq marh' Tc" tllou-
a moderate estimate
of all
the '
conductors' punch marks In this ciuntry.
The system of punching tickets held by
passengers Is simple enough. if a ticket
reads to a point on | , | s d vision tha
conductor punches It ami places t In
pocket. Jf lt rcads b { J irpincjw , ? t
to , o end of his division , and If a so parata
section represents his division ho tears it
off and Maces It In his pocket. Bachpuc-
ceed ng conductor
follows the same rule.
If the passenger asks for
Stop-over at any
ntcrmcdlato point his ticket Is punched to
the end of tjlo run Just the same , and a stop.
o\er check Is Issued. Tha return portion of
a round-trlp ticket IB never touched by
conductors on golns passage. If
a ticket
reads
over two or
moro roads the conductors' pf each
are responsible only for their own p-rtons !
and must under no circumstances meddle
with any foreign portion. In this way all
confusion Is avoided by the rqspectlve ticket
auditing departments In making the mqnthly
sottluinciit of proportions with each other
In t ho case of ordinary tickets It Is Imma-
terlal whether conductors punch high or low ,
to the right or left , but Involuntarily they
select certain pet portions. Of course , there
ere portions cf every ticket where no con
ductor is supposed to apply Ms Instrument.
Every conductor knows a few other con
ductors' punches , but the ticket auclltlnc dc-
parjment knows them all. iWore the gen
eral passenger agent gives out a punch to a
conductor the ticket auditor writes I ho name
of the recipient In a large book , and opposite
it his mark Is punched out , nnd for every
ticket with that mark which Is subsequently
received that conductor Is personally respon
sible , His mark means that within a given
time on a certain train , running over a cer
tain division , fas accepted from a passenger.
named or unnamed , the material evidence ot
his right to travel , nnd endorsed the com
pany's specification of privileges to said pas
senger.
The punch mark means all thin and more.
It means that the conductor holds himself
ptreonally responsible for any oversight. In
discretion , or Irregularity In Ills Immlllnff
of the ticket. If ho loses his punch be must
report Immediately to headquarters , where
upon his geircra ] passenger agent will fur-
n'sh him with a new one , ncccHsarlly not
ot the same denomination. The oM punch
mark Is bulletined AS lost. Or. at care Is
exercised In this regard because of the op
portunity afforded a scalper securing th
old punch and manipulating tickets , A fa-
vorlto trick of some scalpers used to bo to
punch out a small mark by Inserting about
it n largvr mark , thereby changing the de
nomination of the ticket.
Such marks as "K" or "F" or other let
ters , excepting " 0 , " "L" and " 11. C. . " liave
no significance whatever , any more than has
on angle or bar. Some people suppose they
represent conductors' names. Kvery mark
has untold significance to the ticket auditor ,
but noner to any one else. .
Having exclusive Jurisdiction over con
ductors , the division superintendent ! , can
change them around to different ( rains
without notifying tlio ticket auditing depart *
emnt , which cares little , ] t | fact , since tlio
same conductors always carry the iam
punches , and the In'tilllile rcon ] Is not dis
turbed ,
_
Rev. R. P. Ilod ! > "U pt Ore uwlch. Mass. .
the oldest put.li r in | > 'nt i < ( sfrvlu with
one exception. In tlic L'u'tid State * , closed
his official ciin ctKn w.th liU QujiKregatlon
with n parting tcrmon Jt Sunday after
noon aflnr nirvlcc of flf/-oilo ( yearn.