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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (June 24, 1894)
LEAGUED BEGGARS OF CHINA Wonderful Economics Practiced by the Thrifty Celestials , FAMILIES SUPPORTED ON S3 A MONTH Hotr ISrccarn MatlhUe Tlirniii-lrri to t'D * tilt 1'lly Tlie 1'unprr tlnloni-llow Q I , ' ) > cr Illnckmnll the Dead A rfme of ( ' jvrlslitwl Iw4 for Prank O. Carpenter. ) \NKINO , China , June t. ( Special Correspondent - respondent of The Be * . ) I understand .that many Americans are patting themselves on the bail : at their success In economizing during tha prestnt hard time * . They don't knaw wha c"jnomy Is. They should take a tnp ij China and learn something ot the B Icn" " of saving. The expense of living la lirrr rt'lu < - < > d to a minimum , and these Chi- re- iiiilli < ns would crow fat on what the thrifty French and Germans waste. The fjod fur a i > oor man In Nanking costs him ni n. in. than two cents a day. and at $4 a nwn'h a ir.an will support a family and lay up money 1 met a fat. Jolly looking China man till * rcarrlng , wno told me he had a wife and five children , and his Income was sufficient f"r all his wants. He earned about twa K' Id dollars n month as 11 carpenter , and his wif J makes fl more by going out to work. It fusts five cent * a day to feed a patient In th" Methodist hospital here , and a fanner may b. . hired for from $10 to J12 a year , pro- vlJ"l ! he lias his rice , his head shaving and his tobarro , It costs abou $3 a year to buy the wardrobe of a common laborer , and a Chinaman wll put on flesh on $1 a month. The majority of the people of this part of China arc well fed and well dressed. They have good faces , and they arc , 1 believe , far happier than the average American labor ers. They seem to enjoy their lives and tbtlr families , and they are far above the average of the wofld In their manners and culture I have mlxnl 'Indiscriminately among them , and find them polite and kindly. They crowd about me wherever I B ° - They finger my clothes , and when I take a pho tograph or stop to write a note , they al ways block the street In their anxiety to nee what the foreign barbarian Is doing. Their curiosity , however , Is free from malice , and they are not the fierce foreign devll- liatcrs whom I mn with futher up the river. 1 find much In them to admire , and I wonder every day at their wonderful economies. Let me mention a few of them. In the first place In the way of fuel. Nearly all of the fires In Nanking are made of straw and reeds. Every wisp of dry crass Is cut and saved. There are thou sands of people who do nothing else but reap the reeds which grow along the banks of the Yangste Klang and bring them Into the cities to sell. These reeds are as thick as the base of a walking stick , and are often fifteen feel long. They are cut and stacked up along the banks and from thence are river In flat-bot carried up and down the tomed boats. Such wood as 18 used Is tied up In little bunches and Is sold by weight. Charcoal Is sometimes found , and I see here and there little balls of coal dust of about the size of a base ball. The powdered coal IB mixed with mud and dried In this shape. No one In China , however , either rich or poor , thinks of keeping warm by means of fuel There are no furnaces nor baseburn- ers , and -wadded clothing -among the poor , the rich keep out and fur garments among the cold , A fire Is never built by a poor man except when It Is absolutely- necessary , and the hot water used for the tea and rice In the early morning Is sold by hot water Mores. You can get a bucket of boiling water for one-tenth of a cent , arid there Is one such store In Shanchal to every twenty famtlleji. A large amount of rice la cooked nt one time , and the breakfast rice Is warmed by the pouring of hot water or hot tea over It. pETTy ECONOMY. Speaking of tea. there are tea shops or restaurants all over China , and you get very fair meals In these for small prices. The cooking ovens are at the entrance of the tea house , and you hare often to pass to meal. The tea the cooks in going your Is put Into cups and hot water poured over It After you have swallowed half of the contents the cup Is filled with hot water and one drawing of ten Is supposed to last cujtomer for a meal. After he leaves uno the tea grounds are gathered up and dried. They are sold later on to poorer restaurants or to families , and nothing about the cook shop goes to waste. Even the water In which the potatoes are boiled and the other vegetables cooked Is saved and sold for the reeding of bogs , and the bones of the meat are bought by the makers of chop sticks. Mr. Ferguson , the president of the Nanking university , told me that he had for a long time trouble In getting any meat brought to his house with the nones tn It , and he found that butchers always cut out the bones and sold them separately from the meat Itself. You see no empty cans or bottles lying about the houses ct the foreigners of Nan king. The Chinese take them. They sell the bottles , and the tin of the cans Is used by the tinners. A large part of the tin used In China comes from the petroleum cans of the Standard Oil company , and every bit of Iron Is worked up by the black smiths Into knives and farming Implements. A large part of the razors of China are made of old hone shoes , and these are brought here by the shipload from Europe and are carr.od to all parts of the empire. After the Franco-I'ruBslan war they were torn from the feet of the horses killed In battle and were brought here by the thousands ot bar- The old clothes man of China does a big ger business than his brothers of other parts of the world. There are streets of second hand clothiers In every Chinese city , and clothes are sold over and over again , until they get down to the beggars. By this time they are shreds of rags , but their end is not yet. After the beggars find them too poor tor even their use they are sold as old rags , and are bought by the makers of fchoei. The shoes of the men and boys of China have eoles nearly an Inch thick , and thcso soles are made of rags , which have been washed and dried and then pasted layer upon layer , until they reach the thlck- Siess required. They are cut then Into shape and are to polished along the edges that you would think them made of leather or wood. The uppers are made of different qualities of silk or fine cloth , and the China man's shoe. If manufactured In America , would cost more than the kind we use our selves. In the making of the rain boots f ir muddy weather and hart traveling , soles of Iron arc often added , and the Itinerant shoemaker who BUB In nearly Overy block ot a Chinese town has big-headed Iron fhoe tacks to drive Into the soles to save wear and tear , and there are places where you can have your Chinese p renovated and made equal to new. Even the rich , who have thousands ot dollars Invested In their fur garments , do not throw them away when they got dirty. They will wear a coat of htlk lined with lamb's wool till the lining It an black as your hat. Uut tome day the coit will disappear. It will be ripped apart and a prrparnt on of 'lime anil other ma terial will be uned which will make It as white and as pure as when It was first 'bought. The clothing of the poor Is patched and repatched , and there are women by the score In every Chinese city who co about doIng - Ing mending. 1 see them Kitting tn the narrow streets outside the houies working awiy under the hot sun , and they go from liouie to houie to di > the patching of the families for a few cash per patch. It Is the same with the menders ot crockery and Woken rhlna. Thee * are no skilled that they will take a cup or teapot ot the finest and tbtnneet ot porcelain after It has been broken Into pieces and by meini ot wire rivets , which are fastened only to the out- tde of the cup or'pot , put It together to that you could not tell If you saw ouly the Ibtlde that It hud ever brcn broken. They will mend half a dozen pieces In this way tor from 3 to 3 cents. The work Is marvel ous. It could not be done br the watch makers of America , but It U one of the rpeoliltles ot the Chinese Itinerant tinker. I might EO on for A column describing others ot the wonderful economies I tee all about me. I could tell you how these people will take a buffalo' * horn of about the size of a cow's horn and by bolllue It ana press ing U out make It BO thin that It bvrames a lan'rrn and forma a transparent globe ai big as a ino-sallon crock I eofltd show you them sitting In their shops handling eld cotton wadding which has been worn by tveral different owners till It has almost dropped to piece * . They will pull It apart , Uk out thf cotton , half clean It and mix It with frwh cotton for sale. Take a look at the barbers who stand on every street nhavlng the heads of all male * from eld men to babies. They receive from less than 1 cent to & cnu a shave , according to the rank and wealth of their customer , but you note that they aave the scrapings of the head , and th e bits of hair are sold by them to furniture dealers for the making of cushions. It If the fcame with eatables. All ftorts of greeiu are eaten , cooked and rrw , and a large number of the beggars are sup ported every winter by the government of the towns and villages , but as soon as spring eonies this appropriation is dropped and they are literally turned out to grass. IMPUDENT DEODARS. As to beggan , there Is no country In the world that has more Impudeuit beggars than China , but I doubt whether In pro portion to Its population It Jias more than many parts of Europe. The Chinese beg gars , are , however , organized Into bands. They have a trades union of their ov.-n and they go Into the business as a profecclen. They .have their kings and the cities are divided up Into beats and woe to the man who attempts to Jump his brother beggar's claim. There Is sure to bo a fight and he will be run Into prison or out of town. These beggars expect to get a certain amount say one-tenth of 1 cent a day from each store keeper on their beat , and you can sometimes pay them to keep other beggars away. At Wuhu a missionary owned a house facing on two streets. He cad beggars on both sides of him , but he finally arranged with the beggar In front to keep his rear cleared by the payment of a small sum per month. As soon as the bargain was made the beggars at the back of the house wont away and he has had no trouble since then. Here In Nanking there Is a royal guild of beggars , established. It Is said , by the Em peror Hung Wo , who began life as a beggar , and became one of the greatest emperors China has over had. The head of this guild can prevent a shop or a family being an noyed by the beggars , and there Is a system of buying off the assaults of beggars , which prevails throughout China and which ex empts the man who pays from their visits. As It Is , every one gives to the beggar. The sum Is generally not more than one-tenth of 1 cent , and sometimes only half that. This Is In silver and It means only half the some amount on a gold basis. Think of giving a man the twentieth or fortieth of 1 cent to satisfy his hunger ! That Is what some of these beggars get. There Is a kind of copper cash , about half the size of an ordinary cash , or as big us a nickel , which Is worth about this , and this coin Is called beggar cash. If a storekeeper refuses to give the beggar will set up a howl and he will continue his lamentations until the man Is glad to pay him to move on. Sometimes the beggar threatens to kill himself In the store then and there If his demands are not satisfied , and , what Is more , he sometimes docs It. This Is a terrible thing for the storekeeper. He has , by the laws of China , to pay the man's funeral expenses , and he may have to support his family for the rest ot their lives. MODES OF SELF-TOHTURE. The tricks and schemes which these beg gars get up to screw money out of the people are legion. They mutilate themselves In all sorts of ways to excite pity. 1 watched one getting ready for business yesterday. He had a festering sore on his right foot which extended from the little toe to the ankle , and he was scraping at this with a piece of rusty hoop Iron to make It bleed and to make the flesh raw and angry. He stopped as I approached preached him. pointed to his bleeding foot and whined out a request for alms. Another beggar I noticed In one of the main streets of Nanking two days ago. He was standing In the center of the road , with no clothing on above the waist , and was apparently blind. He had what looked like a great brick In his two hands , and he was throwing this over his shoulders and striking himself on the small of the back. He was howling for alms as he did so , and had a basket fastened to a string , which he passed around between the blows. After his posing I gave him about CO cash. His face lighted up and his eyes opened , and be ran oft on the trot , the happiest beggar in Nanking. Other beg gars cut themselves with knives to excite pity , and I saw one yesterday on what may be called the Vanity Fair of this city who had cut off his toes , and was lying on the stones with the bare stumps sticking out. One at the feet was still bloody , and the sight almost made me sick. Many of these beggars go about In boats , and there Is a creek near Shanghai which Is filled with boats of beggars , who go out over the country to prey upon the people. There Is a Jolly beg gar along the Yangtse who has but one leg , but who sculls himself about from place to place In a little canoeand gathers up the cash from the thousands who come near him on the water. I saw here yesterday on the steps of the Temple of Confucius a boy. who was pounding his head up and down upon his knees to excite pity. He had no arms , and he looked at me In a dazed way when I pointed my camera at him. Many of these beggars go about tn gangs of from three to a score , and this is especially the case with the blind beggars. They have their leader , who goes ahead with a stick , and the others , women and men , follow , holding onto each other by the shoulder , and carrying baskets for cash or rice. THEY LEVY TRIBUTE. The worst beggars of the world , however , are the diseased beggars of China. Men and women sometimes take babies with the smallpox about In their arms and enter ths stores to beg. The shopkeepers are glad to throw them some coppers to get them to move on. The lepers are another set of bad citizens. They are found all over China , and they are desperate in their applications for help. They have their unions , and they leVy blackmail upon every funeral. If they do not receive It they sometimes make It lively for the mourners. At Canton they wait at the cemetery and approach the funeral pro cessions as they come In. They will take promises In case the head of the occasion has no money at hand , but If nu money Is sent they will dig up the bodies and bold them until they are ransomed. The Chinese are , however , far more char itable than Is generally supposed. They take better care of their families than any other people In the world , and a man Is sup posed to aid his | K > oror relatives and to help them on In the world. With all the beg gars there are , I venture , fewer unem ployed people here In China today In pro portion to Its population than there are In America. The government has charitable Institutions and Its officials are always giv ing out of their own pockets. Some ex tracts from the great government Journal ot China He before me. From them I see that $50,000 was lately sent to aome of the In habitants of Mongolia who had suffered through a late rebellion there , and that a lady In Peking had Just sent $1,000 to re lieve some poor people In her nutlve province ot Annul. In most of the cities there are government granaries where rice U stored up for the poor against famine , and there are blind asy lums leper asylums , and In some places , 1 am told , public hospitals. There are no lunatic asylums , and families have to take care of their own Insane. There are no work houses , but there are eoup kitchens and clothing clubs , and rice and clothing tickets are often given to the needy In times of famine and In the winter. The huts In which the beggars live here are mere sheds of the thinnest bamboo material plastered on the Inside with mud. These usually line the walls outside of a Chinese city. They are BO Biiwll that It U hardly possible to stand upright within them , and Ihe average size Is not larger than the area of a hall bed room. The floor U the ground and thlf , often forms the bed of the family. There 1s usually a partition which divides the hut In half , and the cooking IB done over a fire ot straw which la built upon the ground or In one of the olay stoves which are used every where throughout this part of China. There li , it muBt be remembered , no law against begging In China , and the beggarx here have aa nmtiy rights an any other citizens. Our Ideas of the Chinese are crude In the extreme. This ls a country ot the rich as well aa ot the poor , and I see every hour the evidence of li social. Intellectual and In dustrial life , which are different from any descriptions of China I have ever read and which are Interesting in the extreme. THE WAY THE WAR HAPPENED A Chapter of Thrilling Reminiscences by a Veteran War Correspondent. MURAT HALSTEAD WRITES SOME HISTORY Slave Law Ilorder IlufTlanUiiM John llrown llalil Candidacy of Stephen A. Douclu * Chnrli'nton Con vention lUrctlnn ot Lincoln. IBM. ) One of the surprises of advanced years.Is the number ot persons who appear and are Intelligent , alert In affairs , and yet have only the dimmest Idea of the history of the supreme struggles , political and military , that were so vivid to the spectators and are not far away. Especially Is there obicurlty as to underlying forces that developed the events that all men know , though few under stand. I shall speak of the beginnings of the war , what they meant and how It all hap pened. It Is simpler and not less modest to use the first person singular. I have a certain authorization to write on this theme , for experiences warrant me In assuming that I had exceptional opportuni ties to be thoroughly Informed and a tem perament and associations that permitted the possibility of Impartiality. Born In the first administration of Andrew Jackson , who w-as the hero firm of all In the world of my father and grandfather , natives of the'same state as he waBr _ North Carolina , my earliest and abiding political predilection was to be lieve in Daniel Webster because he taught the doctrine of the nation. Once I asked my grandfather. "What of slavery ? Is It so great a curse ? " He said. "It Is a curse to the white men. " The enforcement of the fugitive slave law was attended with distressing and exasperating Incidents. It did not seem worth while to extend slavery to territories and make more slave states. Salmon P. Chase of Ohio made war upon slavery under the constitution and used states rights as R fortification against the slavery propaganda. I was young and he was great and I was with him. I did not have as much sympathy as I should have had with the early abolitionists , They had faults and I was Impressed by them rather than with their virtues. THE FUGITIVE SLAVE TRIALS. Some of the fugitive slave trials at Cincin nati were exceedingly dramatic and touch- Ing. A marshal of the United States who sent back fugitive slaves was commended In a public meeting for doing "more than his duty. " a compliment that seemed to have Its doubtful side. A slave woman who had es caped with her children cut the throat of her little girl when captured rather than see her go back to slavery. The prevalent Idea was that we should put up with slavery be cause our fathers had to agree to it to form the union , but we did not mean to go Into the slave states to fight slavery , though It should not come out of the slave states to fight us , and regarded with apprehension and indignation the activities for the exten sion of slavery. The proceedings of congress were Increasingly absorbed by slave ques tions and the press was occupied by them. The hostilities between the "border ruf fians" In Kansas and the free state settlers were hardly understood to be civil war , but were that precisely. I had friends killed there , knew men on both sides. THE JOHN BROWN RAID. John Brown was Involved In the disorders ot Kansas , and his raid on Virginia was .ex actly what we would call In these days the enterprise of a crank , and he did not produce the effects usually attributed to him save In directly and remotely. The most important thing he did was to excite southern men Into political Imprudence. As a witness to the hanging of Brown , and willing to sympathize with him as a brave man , I was shocked by the surroundings , and his personal appear ance was that of a crank. The conduct of the Virginians amazed me. They had all their volunteer military companies present at the execution , and thought there were military organizations In the north to at tempt his rescue. The feeling In favor of" Brown was not strong , but the south In sisted that he was a representative and logi cal republican and that the teachings of the republican party were responsible for the blood he shed and caused to be shed , his own Included. Virginia seemed to feel that she was already at war with Ohio. The south was more responsible for magnifying the John Brown raid than the north was , and the north held largely the opinion that Brown as a crusader had been of greater Im portance than was presumed , and it was a common saying that twenty raiders hadt frightened old Virginia Into flts. The im mense military capacity of her people was later discovered. The sectional excitement broke out In congress right after the execu tion of Brown. SCENE OF THE GALLOWS. On my way from thS scene of the gallows to the national capital I met Charles Sum- ner. Henry Wilson and N. P. Banks In the cars at Baltimore , and Was convinced they did not clearly comprehend what haa oc curred. They had the view of the heroic character of Brown that has been generally accepted , but the Brown of Beecher , Emer son , Sumner and Victor Hugo was not the man I saw , whose only correct portraits were drawn by Porte Crayon at the time tor Harper's Weekly. NARROW ESCAPES FROM BLOODSHED. Several southern men were looking upon those from the north as crusaders , raiders , sympathizers with robbery , arson and mur der , as they put It , pronouncing the most explicit and vengeful threats , and declaring the union already dissolved. The northern men were angered by the Implacable tem per displayed , but called U bluster , alike childish and contemptible. The absolute seriousness on both sides was not appre ciated by cither. That sectional animosities were becoming deadly was but faintly real ized , and the north was far behind In the discovery. The manhood , the personal pluck , the fighting ability of each setlon was underrated by the other. It dawned upon me one day , listening In the press gallery of the house and looking upon the sharply defined sectional combat going on below , that this was dangerous to the country at large , that as mankind made history this must mean war It It could not be checked or diverted , and the floods of passion were evidently rising and rolling without Impediment. THE CANDIDACY OF DOUGLAS. Stephen A. Drsugla * was the favorite of the democratic masses for the next presi dency , and certain of nomination and elec tion in case that the south did not take such an extreme view that to concede It would ruin the democracy in the north. Douglas was the formidable opponent of Buchanan In the convention of 1S5C in Cin cinnati , and haa defeated Lincoln for the senate In Illinois , but had incurred the hos tility ot the Buchanan namlnlstratlon and the ultra southern men His peculiar doc trine was that of "squatter sovereignty , " the meaning of which was that the people who tettled In a territory the squatters on territorial soil should determine for them selves when they organized the etate whether It should be free or slave. An ex traordinarily early d te and southern place was fixed for the national democratic con vention cf ISfiO the month of April and the city ot Charleston. Douglas had many friends and admirers In the south , but the slave power was against him. Jefferron Davis had the strongest will , John Slide ! ) the most subtle and keen Intellect , Judah 1' . Ilenjamln the most silvery tongue , and Robert Toombs the most striking militant personality of the real southern leaden. From December to April the southern members of congress of the extreme per suasion hid been hostile to Dcuglas , and labored to consolidate the south against him. They were ferocious and Implacable In as- tault , claiming that the John Brown raid was the logical result Of the squatter sov ereignty ot Douglas , whs bad abandoned everything dear to the aouth and made of himself an unprincipled demagogue and trim mer. Under what law , they asked , was ilave law property to be protected In the ter ritories before state laws could be framed , and how were the equal citizens of oo-equ&l states to have their property right * when they moved Into the national domain that they bad under ttate sovereignty unteet the constitutional obligation * were asserted , tor- mutated and executed * Now waa the lime for Ihe noutb fo d m nd-Ttl K rights In term * thai penrlttsd no evastolkdw The friends of Douglas pointed out the Im mense republican vote of 6. and that the adoption of th * extreme" HAthern platform and candidates pledged ttniJt meant over whelming defeat In every , northern stale. Th y is Id they had fought the btttlM of the men ef the couth , anu' oe states w re thplr frlendi , but they muxvlnot be aiked to take a step that wouM , < ( throw them naked before their anemic * , and .commit them U a battle that was tot lKfdr > itva fought. They claimed that the iftnnaratlr party d- serv d better treatment-anti * entltlwl to the gratitude of the irauth. They held that the attitude of the soilth "toward Douglas was personal and pettr.j anft that If he Was pursued and cut down th Democratic party was hopelessly wreelfbi. The southlrn reply was that the election of a repub lican president was th 'Ultfcoltitlon of the union , and that the event flould not be the act of the south , but that of Implacable abolitionists. The eoulhern leaders ot opinion contemptuously declined to concede that there was any dlfforpnce between the restriction and the abolishment of olavery. The great body of northern delegates to the Charleston convention passed through Wash ington and thronged about Douglas , who animated them to face the south with un conquerable resolution , us they had to pre vent at once tlie destruction of the demq- cralic party and the dissolution of the union. , THE FAMOUS CHARLESTON CONVEN TION. They were fully Imbued with the spirit of their leader and the Importance of their nilsiilon.Whether Douglas estimated the southern sentiment agalnut him and his dtctrlne at Its full strength U not clear , but It Is certain his followers , with the exception of a few congressmen , did not. My Journey to Charleston uas by the way of Atlanta , and there delegations from Mississippi and Indiana collided , and both were surprised. The debates In the hotels and cars on to Charleston were constantly revealing unex pected differences of the most radical sort , and such things were said by the repre sentatives from Mississippi , and some from Louisiana and Arkansas , to the devoted friends of Douglas from the northwest as would have been Incredible If seen In the newspapers , and very very hard to endure. The astonishment of a Douglas democrat when told by a Mississippi fire-eater that the opinions he held were1as Incendiary as those of "Old Irrepressible Seward , " and that Douglas was a more dangerous enemy of the south than Seward , and the south would beat him If nominated and preferred Seward , was so great as to Interfere with the expression of wholesale Indignation. FIERCE AND BITTER TO AGONY AND DESPAIR. On the lines Indicated occurred the con tests of the Charleston convention , which were fierce and bitter to agony and despair. The extreme southern men would yield nothing would not , even In the last moments of possible compromise , agree to take the decision of the supreme court on the constitutional obligation to protect property In man wherever it was not ex cluded by the sovereignty of a state. They seceded from the convention when the platform failed to satisfy them , and they were gay with triumph when the northern democracy was despondent. The conven tion adjourned to meet In Baltimore In June and the scceders adjourned to Rlcb.- mond. The final formalities of the actual disruption took place In Baltimore , where the Douglas and Buchanan nominations were made. In the meantime were held the convention in Baltlm&r * ' that nominated Bell and that In Chicago. ] that nominated Abraham Lincoln. I attended these con tentions , saw the slave trade In the auction rooms of Richmond and noted the sinister calmness of the southern men and their disquieting pleasure that ajl was well with them , and the procession qf events moving as they directed. The Bell' convention was held by men who appeared'elated with their own self-consciousness , bu $ to be in the air , remote from the facts , My education In the John Brown experience as a corre spondent , and at the Charleston convention , caused me to study clostly the develop ments ut Chicago , and 1 was convinced there were but few there whp had- measured with an approach to accuracy the' events that had transpired. I had beem struck with the deep reseutment toward the south of the friends of Douglas on the way north from Charles ton , the Intensity of wrath with which they discussed their grievances and denounced the Ingratitude of the southern men after all the sacrifices made for them In the north ; the frequent expression of the wish that if Dcuglas could not be Seward should bo elected president and give the south the full benefit ot the Irrepressible conflict. A favorite phrase was that It would do thpm good to have administered to them the "Higher Law. " They had been most deeply offended by the disparagement of Douglas as an abolitionist of a typs more deplorable than Seward himself. The democratic opinion at Charleston , Including all factions , held that the nomination of Seward as the republican canQIdate was certain. Occasionally there was the shrewd observetloii "Seward or an accident. " Lin coln could not , however , bp called an acci dent. He was ralher a. calculation based upon the Judgment of practical politicians that Seward could not carry Pennsylvania o- Indlana. It was not possible to convey to the Chicago convention of 1SCO , or to the great mass of the people In the north during the campaign , an adequate Impression of that which had come to pass at Charleston. The actual division of the democracy at Balti more meant to the republicans that between the two democratic candidates the election of Lincoln was sure. The supporters of Bell and Everett were so far out of the dust of the trampling combatants that they had a better appreciation than others ot the condition of the country , but they had not the force of the equipment to take advan tage of their Intelligent apprehension. THE SOUTHERN THREAT OF DISUNION NOT BELIEVED. The remarkable declaration of Goulden of Georgia in the Baltimore Douglas conven tion that he had Imported elavei direct from Africa , and the Virginia slave trade was worse than thai with Africa , hardly made a sensation , save as a bit of Impudent humor , though It was the statement of fact. The listener who was shocked and became de nunciatory was Benjamin F. Butler of Massa chusetts. The people of the north did not believe there was anything In the southern threat of disunion. It seemed Imposntble that fellow countrymen could go mad by millions and strive to tear down the house of their fathers , and certainly If the north ern people had known that the election of Lincoln would cause war they could not have submitted to threats. That was Im possible. The south wa * equally In the dark. The southern people did not know that dU- unlon was war. They expected peaceable dl- vlslon. Half of the states that seceded were pulled out by the prevalent opinion thai If the south presented a united front it would demonstrate coercion to be Impossible , and Insure peaceable dissolution , . Thus both sec tions persisted In self-deception , and drifted swiftly Into war. ' * ' The extreme conductor'the ' leading south ern men In opposing jWfclas had been BO Irritating , It aided niatyblly to prevent any diversion In the north sustaining the south ern attitude against the presidency of Lin coln , and Douglas appeared at the inaugura tion of hl rival a * president , held his hat and applauded bis utteraVcW ; and the strong est lieutenant of Douglas , 'Logan , when he found that there was u8 inventive of disso lution save by force otgatms , took up arms and became the forempst-uf the volunteer generals of the war. t 1-1 The preservation jot peccand union now as always depends upofi 'ihp ' comprehensive understanding In all | oHtqns ot current events , and keeping VlUl uiid universal the sense of justice , the equa.rights ) and oppor tunities of citizenship , thetgrand old saving quality ot manllnefes 'that sanctifies fair play. One invaluable acqi Atlon due to the war 1s the teaching of the whole people that there are brave men In all sections , whose sincerity U is dangerous to question. U seemed that the country was so vast , the people BO largely absorbed In local af fair * , and touched with provincialism tn sentiment , that they committed themselves unconsciously to currents that .carried them to war , and that their better acquaintance formed on battle fields Is an enlightenment that safeguards the future , but It we would avoid the wars thai are paid for In the blood of nations vfe must avoid the beginning * ot evil. HDRAT HALSTEAD. Brooklyn , N , Y. Cook's Imperial. World' * Pair "highest award , excellent champagne : good efferves cence , agreeable boquet , delicious flavor. " Summary of the Above Sale : Regular retail price $98.53 Amount paid for same by customer at our retiring prices 53.24 Shows a grand saving to customer of. k 45.29 Make money faster than that if you can. We present the above sale check as a sample sale , showing the large amount of money saved on a bill of merchandise bought at our retiring from business sale , This is only one cf thousands that make just as much of a saving to our patrons. Business Retiring from THE MORSE DRY GOODS COMPANY Business Retiring from