t I
10 THE OMAITA DAILY BKK ; Sl'NIUy. MAllOir 5. 1803-81 XT KEN PAGES.
PLACCES AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Tlio Questions of Cholera , Quarantine ami
Immigration Analyzed
THEORIES CONTROVERTED BY EXPERIENCE
Xntlnnnl r.iclnxloii nn Annoy In gnml V o\f
Kxpcillrnt l.nonl C'uiiilltloiU Putter
l ililrmlm , Air Cnrrrnl * Spread
Thorn Iiiiiiirtitit | ! lntn <
The Snnltarinn for Fobnmry contains
an importnnt pnnor by Dr. C. "W. Chun-
cellar , pcurotitry of the Maryland Board
of Health , on tlio kindred mibjccts of
cholera , quarantine and Immigration.
The origin and spread of the dread diy-
OIIBO , the value of i-lgiil quarantine , and
the givator value of thorough local
Hanitatlon and individual care as
preventives are coriHldcred in detail ,
from tlio Htandpoint of an observant and
experieiiei'd pliyslclan. As these sulr
jeotH are of vital and timely intore.st. the
major portion of tlu paper Is appended :
In the whole range of politics , nay ,
cvon that of Hi'ionco itself , there is no
subject on which mich vague notions
have prevailed ; none respecting which
miMi'H inindu have been HO completely
and HO generally mystified as that of tlio
etiology and .spread of Asiatic cholera ,
and the possibility of excluding it by
quarantine regulations. The subject
certainly opposes to HH Investigation no
peculiar dllllculty ; but by the aid of
one enormous assumption , and by fall
ing to distinguish between ono or two
well ascertained facts , which it is essen
tial to discriminate , the extent to which
both medical and unprofessional men of
the greatest Intelligence hauo allowed
theh understanding to bo abused is per
fectly astonishing. *
For many years the subject of exclud
ing cholera and other diseases from
communities anil countries by non-
Intercourt-o measures , more or less
restrictive , lias seemingly had the
effect of depriving the physician ,
the sanitarian , and the statesman
of the power of applying to its investi
gation the commonest rules of reason
ing : and men have argued on this topic ,
apparently to their own satisfaction and
to that of others , in a manner which
would nave covered them with shame
and overwhelmed them with confusion
had they so done with reference to any
other subject of human inquiry. And
yet it is a subject on which it is of the
greatest importance that the ideas
should bo clear and the judgment sound.
The incidence and spread of cholera
have heretofore been governed almost
invariably by the proportion of material
found ready made to its taste that is to
say , tlio number of ill-fed people living
in filthy , crowded houses , and breathing
a polluted atmosphere. New York
fought the cholera last summer by every
cllort and artilico that science
could suggc&t or energy execute , but
in spite of the great energy dis
played by national , state and munic
ipal authorities the ready material
was there , and a dozen or more persons
fell victims to the disease. At once it
was proclaimed that the fens ot origo
nialorum was several infected ships nn-
rcd in the lower bay , under qunrnn-
surveillance as rigid as any that
could well bo devised. The disease en
tered the city , but it was not communi
cated from the steerage to the cabin pas
sengers on the infected ships ; and on
this It is that wo are asked to rest our
faith in the tremendous olTlcacy of quar
antines. It would have been reasonable
suppose , a priori , that a disease arising
from spccillo causes inhering in the indi
vidual and his personal effects would ob-
Borvo peculiar laws , and spread from
person to person as readily on board ship
as in the city ; but it was not found to dose
so iu _ the case of the Noriminniu at the
port of Now York recently , and a knowl
edge of this fact is essential to an under
standing of this subject.
It has boon established by a multitude
of evidence perfectly overwhelming that
cholera will not spread by contagion
from person to person , but only through
Infected food or drink , or an Infective
principle in the atmosphere dofendent
upon local conditions. Prof , von Petten-
kofor of Munich , the great modern
authority upon such subjects , In un ad
dress published in the Munchener Medi-
clniHchoWoohonschrift , November , 1802 ,
said that "tho etiology of cholera is an
equation with three unknown quanti
ties , namely , x , a specific germ dissemi
nated by human intercourse ; y , a factor
dependent on place and time , which ho
rails 'local disposition.1 and x ,
the individual predisposition. " While
not denying that x , the specific
germ , has some etiological im
portance , Prof. von Pettonkofor
bays he cannot think that the comma
bacillus , without the assistance of local
disposition , can cause epidemics of chol
era. Practically ho believes that local ,
physical , and sanitary conditions must
bo attended to In order to make a place
cholera'oof. ) .
To show his utter disbelief in the
cholera being transmitted by germs of
the disease , except where the "local dis
position" exists , Prof , von Pettonkofor
obtained some cholera bacilli from Ham
burg , which ho carefully cultivated in
bouillon , and after neutralizing the
small amount of acid in his stomach to
produce a good medium for the develop
ment of the cholera spirilli.ho swallowed
a draught of the fresh bouillon contain
ing numberless comma bacilli , from
which ho experienced no Inconvenience
except colicky pains and a moderate
illu 'lui'ii two days after. The stools
were examined bactoriologically by llrs.
PfellTm- and Kisonhohr during tlio dura
tion of tlio dlarrhci'a , and were found to
bo swarming with comma bcellli , yet
there were no symptoms of Asiatic
cholera. Prof. Emmerich made an ex
actly similar experiment on himself ,
with much the NUUO result.
A specific virus or germ entering the
human system cannot enjoy more than a
temporary interval of calm a period of
incubation- after which it must work its
work of destruction or cease to bo a fac
tor in the causation of the disease.
"Places as well as persons , " says von
Pottenkofor , "often enjoy Immunity , and
places which Hiitl'er 'at ono time
ufton remain free at another , oven
when the 'specific germ' and the
'Individual predispobltion'are present. "
Hut the nature and the degree of the
local conditions , such as narrow , lllthv
I'treotb , bad drainage , impure water , ilf-
ventilated and overcrowded houses ,
polluted poll with a certain degree of
hydration , and the state of the weather
nxorclho an important influence , both in
the causation and dissemination of chol
era , and thus the beat of the disease may
bo considered essentially local.
From the date of the earliest histori
cal records , the opinions of men have
been divided on the bubjeot of the causes
and origin of pestilential diseases ; and
modem physicians and scientists , unable
to account for the spread of pestllencu
on tins principle of extraordinary oca-
M < n , and ulwlaliilns , ' to admit that
* tjcti < IUfcuf can urlso de novo from
) /ut'UHty nl the air or pollution of the
* ' ' ! ) > ar retorted to invisible mil-
/ , * ' ' .u w > rj < ! cal < - < ] In clothing or bales
"f K ' < ; tramj' , ric J from foreign coun
t t n i ' I' " . " certain periods to
, ' * > .x > ti'I't'i \ grtatHydcnlmm
s t ye - ' .t&tiuo ou/ujt qualities of
the air , and explained the peculiar
symptoms of diseases by the influence of
an epidemic constitution of the air. IIh
"occult qualities" have been ridiculed
by later phynlclans ; but BO far as his
theory In this respect has been neg
lected the Hclonco of medicine hiw de
generated , and the cause of humanity
has suffered. Ono of the most import
ant an well as most d 11 He tilt
brunches of medical science is
to ascertain the effect of the
reigning constitution of tlio air on pre
vailing diseases , and to apply that
knowledge to the arrest and cure of those
diseases.
In opposition to the theory that cholera
is never propagated in America , but al
ways imported from abroad , It is very
probable that the disease may , and gen
erally does , originate in the country
whore it exists as an epidemic. Tlio
common opinion of the proimgatlon of
pestilential diseases solely through the
deadly germ diffusing It.solf in the air
has had a most calamitous effect on
medicine and human happiness. It has
prevented the researches of modern sci
entists who might have boon able , by a
diligent and comprehensive view
of the subject , to trace pesti
lence to its real causes , anil
to suggest the true means of avoiding
the terrible scourge of Asiatic cholera ,
without denying to trade and travel any
of UIOMJ facilities which consistently
with every prudential regard for con
siderations of protection and safety It
may bo permitted to enjoy.
The quarantine theory errs in demand
ing the exclusion of the germ of the dis
ease at the expanse of neglecting all
other sanitary precautions. Such re
strictive measures , when carried beyond
the point of mere inspection and disin
fection , are utterly useless and always
injurious , not only to commerce , but to
communities as well , inducing a condi
tion of tiio public mind which readily
results in a disgraceful panic suoh as
was witnessed at Fire Island last fall.
Cholera Is to bo dealt with on the same
general principle as all other diseases ,
and that is , that every sanitary defect
must bo Bought out and , as far as possi
ble , remedied.
Keeping within the definite limit of
established facts , it is to bo noted that
quarantine has , with rare exceptions , if
not invariably , proved un utter failure
in excluding infectious diseases from any
community or country , nor does it follow
that the entrance of an infected ship at
any port will necessarily spread the dis
ease in that port. There are no recorded
Facts to show that restricted measures
liavo ever succeeded in keeping the
cholera out of any country , or even in
staying its progress , whore the local
conditions are favorable to its spread.
Under such circumstances there can bo
no parallel to the folly of attributing
every outbreak of cholera to in
fected persons or infected merchandise ,
and of establishing quarantine restric
tions inessential to their object and de
structive to commerce. The following
recorded facts have been selected from
many of a similar character to show that
cholera does not spread from immigra
tion , nor from the importation of mer
chandise in places whore the "local dis
position" necessary for its propagation is
absent.
Prior to May 1,18H2 , IW.OOO immigrants
had arrived in the St. Lawrence river
from infected ports In Kuropo , and yet
not a single case of cholera developed in
Canada or the United States until the
middle of .lune , 18112 , when the first case
occurred in Montreal , and from this cen
ter of infection it spread throughout the
United States.
On December 2 , 1818 , a steamer In
fected with cholera landed in Now York.
Of the Immigrants by this steamer , fifty
died at the quarantine , which at that
time was merely nominal , and yet not a
case of the disease occurred outside the
la/aretto until the llth day of May ,
184 ! ) , nearly six months after the deaths
at quarantine , when two deaths were re
ported in the city ot Now York.
In November. 18.V1 , no less than twenty
vessels , on which 1,111 persons had died
of cholera , arrived at the port of Now
York , but the disease did not obtain a
foothold in the country until January ,
13. ) 1 , at which time it broke out in the
city of St. Louis. From this center it
passed to Chicago in April , to Detroit in
May , and in Juno it became epidemic in
Now York.
In 18 < ! o three steamers arrived in New
York from Havre on which there had
been deaths from cholera during
the voyage , but no cases occurred
In the city. In the spring of 180(1 (
cholera was carried into Halifax by the
steamer England , of the National line ,
which vessel afterwards proceeded to
New York , where , on April 20 , she
landed 8 ! ) . " ) passengers and 110 officers
and men , having lost Hill by cholera.
There wore eight cases and live deaths
among those who had to do with the
vessel at Halifax , but there was no
further extension of the disease , and not
a cube occurred In Now York from this
importation. Subsequently , however ,
there were 3,000 arrivals in Now York
of individuals who had been directly ex
posed to the infection at Livorpoo'l , on
ship and at quarantine , but so slowly
does the cholera spread from person
to person ( except where there is
an epidemic constitution of the air )
that there wore only twenty-one deaths
from the disease in Now York up to July
8 , 1800 , although there were frequent
arrivals of the cholera-infected ships
during all the time.
The epidemic of cholera which deci
mated Memphis , Tenn. , in 18M , made its
appearance about the middle of July of
that year. The pestilential constitution
of the air which pervaded the whole of
the Mississippi valley at the time was
powerfully aided in Memphis by local
vitiations , and not by an imported con
tagion. The writer of this was at the
time a pratlclng physician in Memphis ,
\
and connected with the health depart
ment of the city , and Is entirely familiar
with the onset of tlio disease. After
minute Inquiry ho was unable to ascer
tain that the first person attacked
by the disease a mechanic who
lived and worked In a part of the city
remote from the rlvor front had had
any intercourse whatever with persons
who had come from any other place ;
nor could direct personal Intercourse bo
traced between any two of the first half
dozen ca os which were developed rap
idly and simultaneously in different
parts of the city , without the sick hav
ing had auy intercourse ono with an
other.
During the month of December , 1872 ,
and January , 18711 , there arrived at Now
Orleans a total of nearly 2,000 immi
grants from cholera-Infected districts in
Kuropo , but it was not until Mayor June ,
JR7II , that the Initial case of the disease
occurred In that city. In l Sl cholera
prevailed epidemically in Franco and
Italy , the feature of the epidemic being
the vigor and deadliness of the attack ,
and , notwithstanding the constant
tiitorcDinmunication between these
two countries and tlio United
States , and the general inefficiency
of our quarantine system at that time ,
not a single case occurred in this coun
try. Fugitives from Marseilles and Tou
lon died at Aix , Grenoblo. Nimes , and
other t iwnn in southern Franco , but tlio
epidemic was not kindled in either of
those places , nor were any persons at
tacked except such as brought the disease
with them. It was estimated , on good
authority , that 100,000 persons from
Marseilles and 50,000 from Toulon , dur
ing the epidemic of 1884 , were distributed
throughout Franco , Austria. Switzer
land , LJolgium , and the Netherlands ,
but no authenticated case of cholera oc
curred among this army of fugitives at
any point north of Grenoblo.
It may bo said thai these are Isolated
facts ; that In this argument individual
cases'however striking , however calcu
lated to impose on the imagination ,
ought to bo reckoned as nothing , and
that no events but such as are on a largo
scale can warrant any general conclusion.
Bo it so. There are proofs of the same
thing on as largo a scale as can bo do-
sired. It can be shown by official docu
ments that the most rigid quarantine
laws , enforced by the whole power and
authority of despotic governments , were
of no avail in 18'tl in warding off cholera
from Astraolmu , Moscow , St. Peters
burg , Berlin , Breslau , Vienna , Ham
burg , Paris , Cairo and Alexandria.
The cholera appeared first in
England in 1.SI12 , in the
town of Sundorhmd. notwithstand
ing the most vigilant quarantine ,
amounting almost to noniutercourso
with the world ; it also sprang up sud
denly in other towns , both in England
and Scotland , when the most vigorous
restrictive measures had boon practiced.
In 1832 Breslau , the capital of Silesia ,
which was considered to hare the most
perfect system of quarantine , both on
the frontiers and on the river Oder , was
suddenly alarmed by cholera appearing
in ono of its suburbs. Tlio first case was
a female who had never quitted the city ,
nor been in communication with any
person suspected of Doing infected , nor
engaged in any traffic of any kind. In
a few days after her death many persons
were attacked with cholera , in parts of
tlio city remote from each other , and
without having had any communication
ono with another. About the tame time
Berlin , despite a sanitary cordon , com
posed of the choice troops of the king
dom , under the eye of the sovereign
himself , became a thoutor for the rav
ages of cholera.
The inhabitants of Hamburg , the same
year , looking with anxiety toward Ber
lin and the country to the eastward , and
enlisting all the means in their power ,
by sanitary cordons and quarantines , to
prevent the disease from approaching
from any quarter , found it suddenly ap
pear in the city , rising as it were from
the ground and attacking all sections of
the city and all classes of the community
simultaneously , without the sick having
had intercoui-ho ono with another. The
disease could not bo traced to importa
tion from anv source , but the sanitary
conditions of the city were notoriously
bad. Similar restrictive measures im
posed by the Austrian government
were attended with the same want of
success , and Vienna became the seat of
the disease , while many places where no
artificial barriers had been interposed
escaped entirely. These facts produced
a great impression upon most of the
governments of Europe , and thereafter
they released vessels from the necessity
of performing a rigorous quarantine ;
that is to say , many of the governments
repealed the most obnoxious features of
their quarantine law.
In the eighteenth annual report of Dr.
Cunningham , the imperial sanitary
commissioner of India , hearing upon this
subject , ho says , page 127 : "Tlio experi
ence of fairs and other gatherings in this
country [ India ] has again and again tcstl-
lied to the truth of the conclusion that
cholera is not carried by persons from
ono locality to another , so as to cause
persons not themselves exposed to the
local influence the "local
necessary [ pe
culiarities" of von Pottenkofor ] to be
come affected by the disease. "
In reporting to the United States gov
ernment the supposed cause and trans
mission of cholera In Europe during the
epidemic of 1881 , Consul Mason of Mar
seilles bays : "It is to bo noted that this
year [ 1884 ] has witnessed the utter fail
ure of the quarantine system. At the
first signal of danger from Toulon and
Muroolllos , Italy established a rigorous
quarantine , both by land and by sea ,
against Franco ; and yet cholera has
bpread to nearly the whole of Italy , from
Turin to Naples. C'jrslca Imposed a
quarantine against all arrivals
from every mainland port of
the Mediterranean , which for bar
barous rigor recallnl , the middle ngc-i ,
but oven Corsica has" nut escaped. "
( lolonol Masoa , farther states ( report
to State dopartuii'tif , Washington , July
III , 1HS | ) ; "ArtH1 which is an old" ,
densely built , and. badly drained and
ventilated city , has been most severely
stricken , and tho' panic there has been
so extreme that three-fourths of the en
tire population have fled. At Nlmcs ,
however , loss thitn Vwonty miles distant ,
a number of refugees from Marseilles
and Toulon Imvixilluil of cholera , but the
city is so clean and.thu sanitary manage
ment BO good that the contagion has not
boon kindled there. "
In this connection it is worthy of note
that England , Belgium , Germany
and Austria , that took no precaution
against cholera during the outbreak In
France , remained almost entirely free
from infection , only a few cases having
occurred among the refugees who had
taken shelter in Switzerland and Austria ,
while Italy , with the most rigorous
coast and frontier quarantine , was not
able to keep off the disease. The action
of the Italian government in imposing
such restrictive mcusuro.3 was severely
criticised by the eminent Italian au
thority Tommaso Crudoll , who had
made a special study of cholera , and de
clared his belief "that suoh precautions
are useless ; that they lull the people
Into a false security , besides entailing a
soriolis and unnecessary injury upon
trade. "
Unquestionably the first law is that of
self-preservation , but the need of a law
stringent as tliat contemplated in the
several bills before congress to protect
the people of this country from an inva
sion of the cholera has yet to bo satis
factorily determined. There Is a dis
position on the part of many to makothe
condition of affairs in this country worse
than it really Is , in order to secure the
doubtful advantage of a national quaran
tine. The most trustworthy and scien
tific authorities of Europe , some of whom
have been quoted above , do not concur
in the opinion , so generally expressed
by the medical men of this country , that
the only , or even the best way to ex
clude cholera is that of hermetically
sealing our ports against ships from all
infected _ places. In fact , such rigorous
exclusion is denounced by the savants of
Europe as an unfit survival of a custom
more commonly observed in the dark
ages.
It has been stated that the closest
intercommunication was maintained all
through the epidemic In Hamburg last
summer between that city and other
European cities. The communication
by sea and by land between Hamburg ,
tlio chief continental scat of cholera , and
Liverpool and London , or Berlin and
Vienna , is said to have been constant ,
voluminous and direct , but there were
not more cases of the pestilence in either
of those four cities than in the city of
Now York , which maintained the
strictest quarantine , supplemented by
action of the United States marine hos
pital service in rigidly enforcing hun
dreds of passengers to remain in in
fected ships , among the dead and
the dying during the time an act of
cruelty which coming generations will
regard with the same horror that wo
now do the persecutions of the witches
in the seventeenth century or the cruel
ties of the black hole of Calcutta. Progressing -
grossing on , this line , our next stop
toward the practices of the barbaric
nges and Institutions of the world will
bo to draw lines of clrcumvallation
around the town or district to bo pro
tected , and to station , beyond these lines ,
cordons of marines , armed with cutlass
and mitrailleuse , as a means of prevent
ing the entrance of pathogenic
germs in the atmospheric currents
which convoy such germs unseen
from place to place or country to coun
try.Our
Our government has gone so far as to
require vessels coming from foreign
ports to perform quarantine for twenty
days , whether any cases of disease have
occurred during the voyage or not. Tlio
reason why twenty days has boon fixed
on as the period necessary and sufficient
to exterminate infection in all its known
and unknown states no ono has over pre
tended to assign. Lot us look at the
system In relation to merchandise. The
argument against a national quarantine ,
as applicable to 'merchandise ' , is short
and unanswerable' . iAs the germ of
cholera is , according to Prof. Koch ,
killed by drying , and as it cannot bo
convoyed by currents of air except when
dry , but little impbrtitiico is attached by
scientists to the influence of the atmos
phere In contaiftfnatlng merchandise.
Tlio only way , therefore , in which goods
can bo contagionij'd isjby being handled ,
or by coming in putoct / , by some means
or other , with those all'ected with the
disease. But pooWU Isiok with cholera
cannot labor In thq , Jlplds to gather the
raw material ; thojt cannot labor in the
various processes by which the raw ma
terial Is manufactured : they cannot
labor in the warehouses , at the docks , oren
on board ship iu0 < frllor to pack and
store these goodsi.iTV is not , then , par
ticularly easy to nt < o how merchandise
can become Impregnated with the in
fectious matter , or germs of the disease.
But granting that merchandise maybe
bo Infected , what immunity is afforded a
community by quarantine from contami
nation by pestilential contagion con
voyed in such goods ? Bills of health are
documents from consuls to ships sailing
from places subject to their con
sular jurisdiction , certifying the
state of health of the = o places
In reference to pestilential dis
eases at the time of'the departure of
the vessel. A foul bill declares the
presence and a clean bill the absence of
contagious or infectious disease in the
seaport from which a vessel departs at
the period of her balling. Now suppose
two ships to load with clean cargoes in a
period of health. Ono sails a day before
the other ; in the meantime a single case
of illxcnio occ urs in port ; this oblige the
detained ship , although she may Imvo
had no communication whatever with
the shore , to mill with a foul bill. On
their arrival at New York , or any other
hoaport In the United States , ono ship Is
immediately released ; the other Is
obliged to perform quarantine , under
the president's proclamation , for twenty
days. Again , two ships load with foul
cargoes during an epidemic. Ono sails
thirty days after the pestilence has
ceased ; under the forty days quarantine
system she must carry a foul bill ; the
other waits ten days more , when she Is
entitled to a clean bill. The ship with a
foul bill will bo obliged to undergo
quarantine for twenty days , that with a
clean bill will discharge her cargo in
three or four days ! but it Is obvious that
the danger In each case is equal , and ,
were the danger real , the ship with a
clean bill must of necessity convoy
contagion to the market In which her
goods are sold. Once more , a ship
loads with a foul cargo during pes
tilence : she waits forty days after
its termination and sails with a
clean bill. Another ship loads
with a clean cargo during these forty
days ; she is detained a few hours and a
case of cholera is reputed to have hap
pened in the port ; she has no communi
cation with the shore , yet she is obliged
to sail with a foul bill. In this cu'-e ,
also , a cnntngioncd cargo is covered
with a clean bill , and a clean cargo is
accompanied with a foul bill. It is cer
tain , therefore , that were contagion
capable of being convoyed by goods the
cargoes of ships with foul lllls would
often bo without the slightest danger ,
while the cargoes of ships with clean
bills would frequently bo extremely per
ilous. From these facts it is clear that
the system of quarantine as practiced in
this country cannot be supported by bills
of health , the last prop on which it
stands.
The experience of every people and
every nation , since all created animal
life was quarantined on Noah's ark for
the regulation period of forty days , at
tests the inutility , nay. more , the folly ,
of attempting to exclude infectious dis
eases by more quarantine regulations.
A theoretically perfect quarantine ,
which it would l > o impossible to break
at any point , and which must , of course ,
include the full period of incubation of
the particular disease quarantined ,
would doubtless , If practicable , afford a
certain higher degree of security
against the introduction of disease
than is to bo attained in any other
way ; but where are the conditions of a
perfect quuVuntino to bo found , and at
what cost woulo the experiment bo car
ried on ? A perfect quarantine can only
exist in imagination , and a quarantine
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SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES ( EXCLUSIVE OF ALASKA ) , COMPARED WITH OTHER COUNTRIES/
which la not perfect is Bimply nn irra
tional derangement of commerce with
out any benefit to public health.
What vo need , and all that
wo need in this respect , is "a
system of medical inspections" as prac
ticed by the English government , which
differs from "quarantine" in the follow
ing essential respects :
1. It affects only such ships as have
been ascertained to bo , or as there is
reasonable ground to suspect of being ,
infected with pestilential dibease. No
shin is deemed infected unless there has
been actual occurrence of the disease on
board in the course of the voyage.
2. It provides for the detention of the
vessel only so long as Is necessary for
the requirements of u medical inspec
tion , for dealing with the sick , if any. in
the manner it prescribes , and for carry
ing out the process of disinfection.
it. It subjects the healthy on board to
detention only for such length of time as
admits of their state of health being de
termined by medical examination.
In regard to the question of immigra
tion , it may bo stated that wo Imvo
about 05.006,000 people in the Tinted
States , while wo liavo unoccupied terri
tory that will comfortably accommodate
at least 1100,000,000 inhabitants and , if
settled as thickly as Belgium and some
other European countries , the surface
area would contain a population not less
than 1,250,000,000 people. If. therefore ,
we can secure a denlrablo elut > * > of immi
grants , the fear of cholera should not
induce our government to turn them
away. They will not only horvo to fill
up 'tho desolate wilds of America and
"make two 'blades of grass grow where
ono now grows , " but they will supply
much needed labor to the plantations of
the south and the farm lands of the west.
Unlike the Dutch Process
No Alkalies
Oil
Other Chemicals
are lined In the
preparation of
IV. BAKER & CO.'S
reakfastCocoa
n-hlfh if
7110-0 it nil
I Ithwinorethrinthreetlmti
I Iliettrenijth of Cocoa mixed
I with Btarcli , Arrowroot or
'Sugar , auJ la fnr more eco
nomical , cottlnij „ lest than one cent a cup.
It Is delicious , nourishing , and EVSILT
DIGESTED. _
Bold by Orofer tterynliert.
W. BAKER & CO. . Dorchester , Mam.
CONSUMPTION
SURELY CURED.
To run KDiTon ricnso inform your rend.
era that I Imvo iKihitivo remedy for the
nbovo named disease. Ily its timely use
thousands of hnpclcsc cases liavo been per-
nmnently cured. I blml ) bo gliul to Bend
two bottles of my remedy free to nnyof your
renders who Imvo consumption if they will
send mo their express and post oflico address.
T.A.SlocimiM.O. , 18arcarlSt.N wYork.
The
Atost
Magnificent
SEED
and
PLANT
BOOK ever
IsiueJ.andtyplcal of
II
the great Columbian
year , A Mirror of E
American Horticulture
to date. BO l'ages larger '
than ever , with 1.V ) accu . WORLD'S
rate new engravings. The
cover detlgn , sketched FAIR YEAR
above , printed In ten colors and
Ffold is of real artUtle beauty. It Wo offer n few BARGAINS to
tells the whole story for the
Garden. Lawn and lfarm. Our Introduce our Plants and Bulbs
ever blooming Cann.u , Silver 4 Or.tiul Tubcroin Ilreonlas In 4 cpir te '
Leaf Cnlla.CallfornlaS\veet Pc.is , rolor for40c.&lil. ; > diol < iinaiirilwhltr.
complete list of Garden , Veec- Yellow , Striped , Scarlet nmll'lnk for 25c.
table and farm Seeds , with Information 6 HplemlUlCnnn.il , cath named , InclntlinR
mation concerning llowirs at the the famous Mnl.nnCrnzy , onlyNV. The c ,
lfalr , einnot be Tiid elsewhere. cannot be hud cliewhcro for Im than fl ,
LUSS THAN cct 1'cas Kckonl's. KV 'JAmanlllslohnwtill , the sc.ulctnml white
Illy , worth Jl 00 , only ( XV. S ( Jrand limes ,
1 1 > klCnrna ionnret lOc ! ClothllJc Soupcrt , Wonder of llio World ,
1 I'kt. Nasturtium Aurora , f < . and ntw running ro < e Wlciiurnlana , MIc.
1 Pkt. Mlgnotuttc Gabriel. 10c An for any of centres
The entire coll.ct.on. . 5 pkt , . . with catalogue. ,4C.
NEW YORK SEED STORE
$20 BARCLAY ST.
AWAY I
The Wonderful Twelve-Row Puzzle.
Wo offer Valuable Prizes for Us Solution !
H nol , then at once call upon the IcaJInp ; Furnlshlnc Goods Dealers
Have you had ono ? fii SgiiS ! ! Free of cost.
What Brand is on your collar
IS IT THE ( g& 25c , BRAND ?
ISITTKE f BRAND ?
It ought to bo ono or the other ; they are the very best values to bo had for the prices.
Reaiy-matjc | Shirl is a surc M antl wi"suil y ° u-
We make it and we know. CLUETT , COON & CO.
LISTEN TO THE REPORT OF
JUNIPER ,
Wo claim CAMOLE .Tt'NII'EK la the moil
womlorful feinnlo cnmiiountl over discovered.
And wo guarantee It to curofiMiinlcs wlio have
ulTored for yonra with fonmlo coiiiiiiilnts. ]
a
r/VMOLiE / JUNIPER Is a success when all
others full.
If you uro Irregular you can rely on 0AM-
OLE JUNlPHR. TIIIIB no otlinr.
* ' . ! .00Dottle. Sold liy nil < lriiRjlsU.
Without money andnlUiout prloi.
To the
Vou iiro not well , and havoio
money or tlmo tosooadootor.
Cutouttlioniiinoprlutod haro.
UIl'ANS CHEMICAL OO. .
NEW YORK
Paitoltoua postal card.
Wrlto your own immoon the
other sltlo of the card ; put It In
the I'ostOIUco , mid by return
mall you will not a letter und
Boiiio modlolaotuat will do you
irood. Try It and Ullycu
friends.
A trial will show Ita GREAT SUPERIORITY In
STRENGTH , FLAVOR & CHEAPNESS.
Omaha Loan and Trust Co
SAVINGS BANK.
SIXTEENTH AND DOUGLAS STREETS.
" "
Capita ! $100,000 ; "Liability of Stockholders , $200.000
f C" MT Interest p.ilil on SIX MONTHS ; 44 nor cent oiiTIHtHH
5DPD l O C. IN I MONTHS' Cortlllo.itos of Doposlt , 4 per oont Interest iiiild
1816 Douglas Street , Omaha , Nob.
Tbo emlnont ippelnllst In nurroni. rhronlo. i > rlrnt | ) . b ikln nJurlnarr . , , , , . . , - , . . , Aronulirmil
rcRlttvred Hrailiiaiu n lumncino. u dlilomii | im.l . ojrtlrtdvtin Ujw li . 111 lrof' " ' * with ' tin vrontett sno-
ce . catarrh , tun niantiuml namlnal noikiioii. nUUt l oi an I Bil ' " " " ' I'1" ' ' mi No mlron
rr imdl Now troatmunt for lost or rltitl pjwur. 1'iirtloi iniiililo tn vlult ma nnr bj tra.i Dl nl lio-ns bf
corresubntlonco MoJIolue or lii.iniiniinn < unl lir ni nl or oiiro | i jjouralir vtaiil.no uitrxs fi In la ate
- oniliir. OnoparionilliUHryiairjf jrr 1 r miiiiutl. i fri. i-orMipinluionlrloiiir print to ,
llookiMjVterleiofMfo ieuifreB OttluatioiiHJa.iii wl i > m ainliyHUu.m to II in 4on < ! > tuup for cir
cular -
' [ ho noaion for IMI'OIITKI )
HAIt'l'/ MOUNTAIN I ANAIUKS
Is commencing Wawlil recutvo
tlio first lot Janimrr 13th. Thuro
will be hundred * of ( annrlei to
olort from bolnif luirtuctlr and
thoroughly trulnud tnej will lia
thH bestnr thaiuiuon Dcoprolln
nlll rlinnuu with nwi'i't bull nntei
and IOIIK twills We itimranteu
mil utliUcttun and iblp lu snr
point by uxpren * with afotj
j'llcu will he I.I MJ pacli nnd ontra
IImi i < l otucl Blntfer < II.HJ. Ku
Geisler'sTJird ' Store ,
100 N. 10th BUOinahii.
Wo uro In position to placna Inrue
nmoiintof innnoy on city uml firm
properties. Hnuolnl nttontlon itlven
tn loans on luulnen propurtlf * .
GEO , J. PAUL. 1605 Farnam ,
( ttr null Count ) ' \Vurruuti iiuroliuied.
ARE YOU DISPONDENT ?
SICK ?
i > !
ffrllt It or Ctai.ll 1'irlo.ill/
G.W.Williamson.M.D . ,
I'ritHliImit of
NEW
IICW DISPENSARY.
( Consultation Free. )
HIIRCQ > > rrnuii , Chronlo unit Hurclrnt
UUat.O DU..IIMIH. I.liur , Hliliu-y , ( Jrl-
imry mill nil hiixuul DUnunnii. A euro | ; uar-
uiili-i'd In all emeu. 1'rlvuto uml hklu DU-
4-Hitnii , 1'llrii , flatulii ami Itmilul t'ln-ri '
Cl Itl'.l ) . No Uniruor ciiimtluiiMinl. Niipulu
or ilntrntliin from lHilnc , hyiilillU | iinl-
thely ciirril. Now renuxlle.i. No Mrrcury.
AtldrcHi , with ntaini > , r. U. box OB 1.
NEW EFfA MEDICAL AND
SuRGicALDISPENSARv
.MAINENTRANCE'aVtf.'V ' vDMAHA.j