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About The Nebraskan. (Lincoln, Neb.) 1892-1899 | View Entire Issue (June 5, 1899)
,.(- ' i. $ , rw iilww , -waiMjh.. , Z THE NEBRASKAN. rX 3 St t fm. ' i iu Vol; VII. No. 30. UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN, JUNE 5, 1899. Piuoe 5 Cents. COMMENCEMENT ORATION "The Education Which Our Country Needs." President Northrop of Minnesota. !M)oro than sixty yew re wverett lit mi address tit ago Ed! wind i aic uoitego Comparatively a munlL area of tin. ' country is inhabited by people among whom can be found tlnree generations of the same blood In the same place. Iteekiessness and change are our pres ent characteristics. What we shall dio next is uncertain. When a family's destiny Is practically settled at birth you can educate them for their -work according to established rules of train ing n is easy to do tuns In itianv ilifcti.4..1 lhkil .! f .11. t i I . i jft t . sr nrrz ' kv.1 . iji!?. ? i. . ku He said: "The great utility of occasions like this, and of tlhc addresses they draw generation after generation from fath er to sot tilt occupations are the same. Hut when as In this coumtry the chil dren of it family arc destined to be may in the dozen differ- i n t irtmwl it jiC j A 1 1 ! 4 t . ... .1. fi . fllllv WiM'tt.f! nnrumt. fU fl,l,. V V V" " "V v" ""'"" '. """' 1"" "--. - ' - r'" ' .. im 4 vr uiiLii i iitvi II ltitii' ltii Hill l n iinifiix ,iiirAu... 1 ,1..t...... .. 1 ...!.. f II. .. . ! I' """""J l'" ". UW.UI1 UlUflVlll. enr uun iivv. i (I, nillllllIIUU Ul WCIl-Jll- tl nillllil u f..r.i.. ,.1,1 i '! -.. jv..v,-u for.ii, l-,mt to lm rt Htoof 1 nto Scd" .SSch "hi ? nation, laboriously collected; not tot31f?UvolnS broach new systems, requiring wire MmEL9mL. .rr uwii ranged fatils for their illustration. We meet n't those literary festivals to pro mote kind feeling; to impart new strength to good purposes; to enkin dle and anlmaite the spirit of i'mprovc monit in ourselves and others. We leave our closets, our offices, and our studies, to meet and salute each' other In these pleasant paths; to prevent (the diverging walks of life from wholly estranging those from each other who were kind friends tit the outset; to pay our homage to the venerated fathers, who honor with their presence the re turn of these academic festivals and those of ns who are no longer young, to make acquaintance with the anient and ingenuous who arc following after us. The preparation for an occasion like th'is is in the heart not in the head; it is in the attachments formed, and the feelings inspired, in the bright morning of life. Our preparation is in the classic atmosphere of the place, In the tranquility of the academic grove in the unoffending pence; of the occasion, in the open countenance of long-parted associates, joyous at meet ing, and in the kind and indulgent smile of the favoring tihrong, which bestows its animating attendance on our humble exercises." Mr. Everett chose ns his topic on the occasion referred to, "The Nature and Efficacy of Education', as the Great MuanHafeut ol improving the i Wit riiinnlffi'1 r "tflSe.. eSSne ttjrfcwiia'ftMraH It is a stWk- utary on- xae cnanges wnicn re come in tJiie last nan ceniiury that lotl&y while I admit all that) Mr. Everett claimed for education' in the olden time, I ask your attention; to a subject which distinctly Implies that education no longer Is and no longer should le the same for all oven for nil who are found in the same college. I shall offer no aology for speaking to you upon a plain and pnietksil sul ject the lOduea'tioi which our Coun try needs. I emphasize in this sub ject the expression which our Country needs. I Iwlleve that different coples re quire different education and that the Hanw jieople may require different ed'ueation at different tages of ithcir di'velojiment. There are peeuliar con ditions Iwth of Kipulation nnd of de velopment in this country, which jus tify departure in education from the Hues of work Mhleh may le the most desirable in some other countries. I need men t Ion only two or tHircc. First: Our imputation' is not homo geneous. It is not changed merely from time to time by the death of the fathers and the succession of the chil dren, but on the contrary M Is eon tantly receiving accessions in 'largj numbers fivim other countries and mecH, and other chlliwiltions. Second; Our people ore all equal in pollt leal right and pollttonl iowr. It is ns necesMiry for the day hvborer to know M'hnt is lxwt for the country ns It Is for the man of any other posi tion. In many countries political pow er to vested in a few, ami only these few luivo nnythlng to suy as to nation al policy. Practically It makes no dif ference whatever to thfin M'hether the millions know anything nlmut poliiti cnl Bclenoe, history, wxiiolngy or not. They are sim-ply to tretwl In. Uu steps of their fntlicr, and the king and nio hlllfcV take wire of the state. Bub wiih us this is all changed. The ipoww is . with itlic ihjople. lAffl8hitlon will be lMi.ninlnnil llltlmilUllV 1V WlC IM-Oplo. If the woplc arc intelligent nnd wise, (there will 1h5 conslstenwy and eoiitln- itltv in legislation, but if tho people arc not n4eJHfint and wiBe, they will to lifc fit VnUnche one year against "a MoXJnlev WH. nml tflic next year jrrevTfrantic to reverse ilheir former verdict, nnd sliont "Ormt Is protection ; and ifcKlnloy 1h lt prophet.1' ' "' TJiirdj Our country A not yet fully notlied and our population is oxcecd- liwrlv mnvnhle. Not onily Ih theixi iv regular movemont from 'tlio old states ' Ho tho new onos, Imt thero In nn Irrcg- y i1jmt. movement of poputoUqn jntAiai' : raptlons-from ' WWit to,l1J'.lJ & to Upiitli.:to the uMiweot In ..'ftSwdlfree-tlon if thore fieem,a ohiaaveo &&mw? .ris&S kcenluiii in Ncm- England to runnimr ti cattle ranch in southern Caliifornhu the 'conditions are seriously changed and the problem how to hnrmoni.c this uvcr-mowng population mhhh nts con stantly changing environltncnits, and to assimilate it M-ith the .steady influx of n purely foreign clement from cery nation under heaven, becomes more difficult and more discouraging. It is at once seen that it is going to take time, to make his mixed mass. itilio splendid people that shall ulti mately occupy this country and live restfully and peacefully with their kinsfolk nnd acquaintances in that part of the country in M'hich they have been born, keeping up the interests and promoting the M'orks In which their fathers before them hint been actively eaignged. The situation, an may le seen, is not nu id'eal one. There is a tremendous waste of force In all directions; nnd not a little of the educational work done under these conditions is ilike the training of a sportsman, who, having llred at a calf, supposing it to bo a deer, and having failed to hit it, ex plained his lack of skill by saying that lie llred so ns to nut it if it were a deer and miss it if it were a calf. Quite fre quently it is a calf, and' perhaps it is fortunate that wo miss it as often ns we do. 'XUils very hasty sketch of the shMt imr elements of our country sucurests Jthcrrttcfr"''thatrttr 'training p of "'jaitgc- numbers of our people must bo ana is exceed! ngy superficial. "We arc nn ingenious people, an inventive people, a people wiibh wonderful adaptability. Hut there are altogether (00 many jacks of nil trades and good at none. Our merchanic ants, our agriculture, our business interests of every kind have suffered from being undertaken by men with no adequate training for their work. The thorough knowledge of his business possessed by the arti san of Germany, would put our Ameri can nntisans to the blush, if they had not long ago got ia.st blushing. The Germans are trained for years to do what men in this country will under take to do after noting as a helper for a few weeks. This results from our freedom wlit'li lets men do whatever they think they can do whether tliey are qualified for it or not. Aw for spending years to learn n trade or business when one can get just as uood M-aL'eB if lie has merely learned 11 smattering of the business, the (American is not such a fool as to do thait. In brief, our whole system of In dustry In wasteful. Work that tflioukl lw? done once for all, is done over n do.en times because never done n it ought to be, and ns it would be if everj man in every occupation were not bo free, but were required' to know thor oughly the trade or profession which lie undertaker to foTloMV I supiose there has been enough tnonev wasted on trying 'to get mitlk from "ilHt'-f cattle and to make beef of milk cattle, to pay off our national debt nil from Ignorance nn Ignor ance only equaled by that of the lady who kept poultry nnkl wondered Iiom' it mkis that M-ith ten liens she only got one ckk a day. Nine of her hens were roosters, M1ho cannot 1e rolled on' 'to lav with regularity. There Is today a detmnnd for edu cated men in a 'multitude of occupa tions that formerly had no existence or were conducted by uneducated men. Tho whole would of lalMyr is to lie en SAstem of education did not really ed ueai.e; and 1 think that the indigna tion of the country at such a state ment would be just. Yet I do not by any means beiliee that we have renolrcd am educaitiotiU'l millennium. If any college officer or any teacher of a public school content pin tea with perfect satisfaction the re sults of ithe training given to the aver ago student, all 1 have to say is that he is easiilj satistled. For lmysel'f, 1 frankly ndimlt that, while guiding an edueaitlouail ins'utn- tion in the 'bebt way I cum. so ns to make It most serviceable to 'the state from which it draws Its liie, and so as to keep it at least, from being left high and dry on the shore, while the rest of the educational world suite proudly on, I ain far from being cer tain that we are headed for the right port, that we are using the bestt forces in the best way, or that we are likely to be entirely satisfied with the re sults when our voyage Is ended. Hut while admiit'Ung that our edu cation Is not perfect, I am tfar from thinking that mbsjfbf the evils in our country are to beleharged to defects in our educational system. They are eils which would" exist under our present conditions no mutter what might be our theory or plan of edu cations -but they are also evils which I am sure our ed'iicnitlonnl woric, faith fully continued, wjll remove. It hais been customary to divide lit emit ure into two kindta the literature of knowledge "and the literature of poMer. I would nivi:e education) in the same way. Every one; who knows anything nboutthe matter, will admit that in respect- to tho amount of kuoM'ledge Imparted, our institutions of learning are incomparably superior to those of former times. The sciences are practicably iho product of the present centuryiand "the ithorougli ami systematic teaclilng of t'ho sciences has been possible, b?Ut little more than a generation. fHlstory and literaiture Mere never fc$u.ht as they a.re today until comparatively a few years' ago. 011101' branches .of learning nui'ght be named! of whiCMi th sarnie couhl be said. The twient'wheu he completes 'little power, tire neei'thelcss foreer and unceasingly irrigating and fruc tifying broad territories that would othenvlse be barren and unfruitful. The Irrigating ditches that can iniake 11 sage brush desert bear ubuniKl'iiutily orange and luinon, prune and' apricot, grape and olive, are not 11s suggewthe of power as the noisy stream, M'liose falling Maters turn the wheels of a great mill, but they lire not luss benltl- ccnt in their work, and their power, judged by results, Is not 1es. That inexplicable poMer which! litt.s the sap from the roots and force's every branch and twig to bud' iiml blossom iinlt.i.'l all nature is clothed in the garments of spring, is a silent force mIiosc unove niiemts aire unheard, but wlhose effect in transforming the world of unit ure, nil the hurricanes in the universe can not equal. PoMer and noise are not synonymous terms. You rememilier that the seven liberal studies Mihich the seholUtftilcs of the mlddTe ages called the triviumi nnd Hiiie qtuidrlvium, wdre gramimar, logic and rhetoric, the triple way to eloquence; and nni'th metie, astronomy, geometry and music, the quitdiivlul way to whnit ever clxe In culture M'as deemed desir able. We have not abandoned a single one of these studies, but we have add ed a great variety of other studies which the present age requires. Every student must choose ns wmsel.y aw he can what will contribute most to his own success In life. When an intiitution provides instruc tion in every department that Can nn sonnbl.v be desired, there is no antag onism created between ithe old educa tion and the ntM Hoth are provided1, ;ou take your choice, the refrash liieiits are served on the European plan. If you Mant to ntitaln to elo quence, the old path Is open to you with the foot-innrks of many genera tions still visible. On the other hand, in every well endowed! university, the single subject of biology, animal and plant life, is so broadly and minutely studied, that It might easily occupy the undivided nttentioni of the student for ithe whole four years of college life, and the student miirht craduate an ac curate observer of nature, a muster of his college ctiiroe now, knows a great the scientific method of investigationiy deal-more fiuJnrrhuTi'ttrewad.ua'te-f mirnrrioiniWVlc'or''nprm- whicii bread and buitter do mot con tribute. We want to make human! life. comfortable. We M-ant to Bave men, W possible, front hunger und cold) and,i misery, isu't we uo not wunti to roauco universal liumani existence to a dead level of mere comfortable animal llfoyi As 1enr well says: 'Willow not naitureV iinir-i Mm 11 iiiitnri" iicodjt! iihhii'h !J!fo. ... .1 ...... . " 1 ....:. i. ' a is encap us ucusbn. -ij, There Is something to man besides body. The mind, the soul, is itseilf tdTj be cultinited. Taste Is to be refined;" and gratified). Music, art literature, none 01 these do for man what loou does, but they create ami direct far six reaching longings, aspirations, aptl itudes; they contribute to his growth, and perfection and1 happiness, and) they must never be excluded from our system of education as things, not needed. Old Homer with his dlvino epic, nnd his words thait echo the voices of nature In uhe most entranc ing way, is as refining in his influence as ever; the Greek tragedies are as errand as ever. Virirll Is.as delightful. Shakespeare is as thousand-souled. .AlUi ;,'! of these if permitted to do itheitr IcglJgK jai lmate work for-tiie student, will uo ior' lllm sometliinig that the iniere eTucn-'- tlon of knowlctlge cannot xlo. The glory of our modern education is its adaptation' to the wants at once of the race and of the individual. It provides for both the material and spiritual wants of the studemt. It does, not reject poetry and literature be-, cause chemistry and physics are more important; nor does it reject science, because literature gives a different kind of culture or a. better culoure. It furnishes whatever will help man to do the best work, and also whatever will help hll 111 to be the best man. Anidi tih alt is just what is needed. Tills pro vision1 for loth culture and knowledge Is today the most niurkcd feature of university life in tills country. Hnav : vfiivl line lit cnftTiii iNvcannn"fju 4ji'1ti tffiA lead; John Hopkins was the pioneer " and the other universities willingly or unwillingly, have followed. Even ven erable old Oxford, where tradition) has so long been tine law, has now, accord ing to a recent winter, tailcii into tee rWBBPt xXSiKn &&: 1 . 7MW wik . vVivjrdj.: m -. mm M . ' 'iAMi r iMffifl ;& . -timm Tr-' rmsm .IiSOTCp! .itu. iaurinr..t Mm: A m. MM rm iSfft f-mr : r t:x gaged in tho application, of scrontiflc prinhiiplcfi to nioohanlos or to agricul ture, to trnnnportntton, to social life of municipal life. The hlaphazwvrd method of doing things by gifess has got to stop and the laws of nature are to bo applied1 to nearty every thing limit Jiiuvitos hiimiin lalmr our educa tion must fit men for nil) these varied oCciipatloiiK for whioh in tho oldien time therr- was no call bo fit any one. The situation of Itself would' require a Avliillnn in tho scook of our eluca- tlotwil work. Our whole con ntny womlkl Ih Indlgnnnt if any ono shouM say that we had not 'liindo great progress in education in. the Tost half cenltury; 'that our colleges nnd universities were no Ix-tter than thppo of fifty years tigo; that' our schools were not doing Wrger and hotter,' work than! the schools of former times; and) that our knew fifty years ago. But how is it in respect, to power In respect to real intellectual vigor and the ability to im press others nltli his ideas and to guide the thought of the age. ilames T. Field', the prit publisher, the friend of authors and scholars nnkl no menu author nndi scholar himself, said some years ago, that, no man of very marked power had' graduated from any colleges of ithe country since 1&53. All the eminent American authors like Emerson, Ilaw'tborne, Longfellow, LoMell and Holmes, preceded this dead line of 1855. Yuulc college has the hon or to 'have three of its graduates at the present time on the uencli or the su preme court of the United States. They have all been appointed in recent years, and they were all Morthy of u' pointment; but ithe3' were nil in col lege before 1855, and the latest to grad unite was in 1850. The Venezuela commission appoint ed by l'residenit Olevelaiul, w;ts com posed of live distinguished citizens, Three 01 Whom are graduates of 11lc college GiU'iunn, White and Hrewcr; .ill three were in college lwfare 1855. Was .Mr. Field's dictum correct, that ithe age of developed power in colileges ended, so far as appears, In 1h5!7 Eien if the dictum were true, it need not fill us with alarm. What Mr. Field esjieclnHy lamented, I suppose, M-ns the disappearance of the ereaMve power as represented in oratory, po etry, and prose literature. Hut men write nnd think as clearly now ns they ever did. The country needs today u good' many things more than iit needs a great iioet. 1 say t even at thtet risk of lieing called a Philistine. Whalt. this age needs is knowledge. Whnt this age wants to use for Its own adivance ment to the highest civilization is knowledge. What this age, therefore, .to trying to get Ih knowledge knoM'l edge not for a finored' class, but for the world eery importamt fact and principle discovered' to be used' for the good 01 the race. It is not, therefore, necessarily dis couraging If we nre compelled to ad mit Unit In our efforts to htroadoni the field of study and to satisfy tibe very general demand of the- af;a for a more practical education, 'there secnm to have been a certain loss of poM'er to the individual student. It is more in the seeming Minn it reality; more in the method of its application than im the poM'er Itserr, and' it docs not' by any menus follow that there is In. the aevrecate a loss to the commit nita'. Modern scholarship, despito Ms ten dency to specializing, Is no longer a deep and narrow stream sweeping everything before It In its wclil-worn channel; it is rather countless num ler of streams ever divld'huff fnto new and Btnaller ones, and ever seeking for themselves new clmninjells, and Wiese streams though tJiey'inay snow ciples of eloquence, and no power Jn, tts prndtice. ilere, doiTOtless, wotiRi be a loss, not indeed' without great gain, but a loss if eloquence is to be" regarded ns the chief end of education. But the world for half a century has VtJ JlIMrI a Qfu fflh a-l rvlAYTTTt'HVarl.Lj'.Ai'- 2-3J,- - .SS-.TiL:i?C-b!i ! AJaS Su:0.4rjiLiM jfinuiruuii wilier "j, pitueutiirtw.j,o tlie" Old) Idea of a Irbei-aii eOHicktloni C multitude of morrow, and: tcchiiiea schools, for cnfirtnUni thoA.anmony and starving JtHttj iirtollect. " Ihe' ola educatioh may, have beeiv dofect,ive, atUfM this writer, but at least It was oil innfkil l.rt nnnntivi lvtllAiuii& al d r ik vli rut ...- ,.. u.vMv..v1-..b i... iru-erttlon and: not ait tviipreiiti'cJeshap'." thing to be desired even ma states- m o 0lp uniwwVtiea of todiy 111.1.1. ami tm.ch less n a scholar. Chat- stuulent lf he shes an eddication bum 11ml Burke no longer ; tl.undw nn sm t lt.uorif j,0 Vldieafcifc the British parliament, but mem In this M'ter citan apprenticSip; K !N.,r,"?,",M!t .Jln:. 1,. .11" ..blV can net that. That il tb best eKcZ and home ride ns practical questions very much as they would' discuss the value of different breeds of entitle, or of rotation of crops. Facts have taken the place of tropes, nndi common senspi tills up the void created by tho depar ture of Greek and' Lathi quotations. Tlie rhetorician is nt n discount even in Congress. The man who cam tell all 11 bout the effect of taking the tariff off wool and putting a tariff on hides, of mukiiig lumber free and of putting a dii'ty on conl', who can Iny downn any one principle of finance which will be accepted as true by both the gold and the silver men of the country, h'e is the man for the times, while the elo quent deelnliner on "the abstract rights and wrongs of capital and lnbtvr, is Jlttk account. Leghvlntioni is no longer a nuutiter of feeling nnd' emotion. It is a iwuctical matter coming home to menus' business and bosoms, and to bo decided largely by evidence gathered b, the patient student of statistics In the field of political science, Edward Everett spoke two hours at Gettysburg a pellucid stream of classical eloquence and not fifty men In the country today eMher know or care what he said. Abraham Lincoln followed Everett with 11 speech of three nri'nutcs, a plain statement of facts appealing to the highest patriot Ism, and today thousands of Aimerl catiB, from the child In school to the old man In the chimney corner, can tell Mhat he said. Tlie world) has ceas ed to care much for mere words, how ever choice and elegant. Mncaulay's Catalogue of the-achieve ments of modern tearing is inspiring, It shows whnt man has done. But it does not touch' the question ns to what man is, 0 be, Is he to lie sweet or bit? ter in his temper? 1r he to lie reiflne! or coarse, n gentleman or a boor, a Gladstone of a Gradgrind, in sym)iky or out of sympathy with mankind, a glad' listener to the voices of love, atf inniuiiy, iiiui iiurmuuy, ivuui art, ami na ture win ion is tine art ot Uod.,or.Insw slblo to everything which his eye can not see nor his hand Jiandle. "We milfvt not neglect thVs culture which will determipio wjilch of Mvcse the student is to be, vhide we grow wild' over studies which may dtatemnv inc. whnt the student Biwill be abte to do. There is stillTejb in tllje AvotB v uviue sense or ipejuiy ana contribttting tosdmlhiTig 1 ' tret that. That is thi tioii) M'hicli fits ti man 'for tu.ie pnatea HMf llltltf.G Vll, TTVOI'V tI ltlrll. il 1-Uk very useful vWrdtoerit Obtjerfei 44k ,&, curately rimli reifeon' corrictty, ovietc H tR much fo may Titiow. Tlve mm. ;wfco jfe csinnot; draw just, conclusions fov 1&&b "S-Wr o-n guidance ,m ditt iikeJyi. U he ft. ,-;' safe guide for otlters' iii nnv' fleid at '1. ' Compiles; htima festivity. Wwbwijffr discipline to the: inieeot can! poriMy,.) lw given should. be glvenv wfeetlier & vty intellect Is to 'ue applied: Ko optwUnfi inventing, ndhp4ing, 'iteliiy rawtter;.x'r '' inspiring, imigoratinig, or leaAMitf' irvlnd. In either case utility! Mitikm t controlling consi'Ueraltion. Very''' leW" men can afford to iii&e their brains merely an an object lesson of what dils oipline can nccompllsh, ,or as an inttic ior Tiie storage oa awiqyxett xnattn ure. Rfost meir 'ipnislt, therbfiire gt Avhat they ca)n use. Ntt floivbti a TMirm. bcr wlio cannot renxl! Latin? Ajijl' prce will nnsMtur our nurnose verv weak.' if he will keep Qur water pipes. rgm burs'tinfr, our gas pipes iromi M)riiL ohr sevveratfo from settimr bai'!iao ": . . onr lanndiry tubs, anKHlie jm$WWmi&' dvi'ivir In eoinkeniiATinA nf ' itrfHiWii'i'ir' "" comlltions prodijicetl by ImHoTJirfM . r . .- . . , - u. . r iii c?innoti ijnve noin cauture anu : irhechftjjln ea skill in our lutnber,. M "us Tby & means hai-e that which ti ifiim "to V) j vf .Xi if J m w uis cioing won taie one tniag; wMafc.tnt proiioseR to do. The same ItliogS applies to the whole body of enirinftM. eineM and SUUdbntfl in -tMinipnO mAv.wXa' tit they are to bo masters of Unietr- teoh,nd Vj. cal work they iniuitt forego to somcr ?x tent general culture, as tiha c&fflatt'' student (for culture foregoea tye iYM tMetntUti Ailld' -Ihuiflnnianhil m,v. -,e .iHJb.tA'it- cation is not to ko.vj otifc, MfomtplmohW ' V"' foundation or ih, atxitdture-, tjfee -te ' uni rng necesfBiry ta tit lis for whwt n pjVyose "to do. .Amd- the -aot lwortJ . , am. ni tor eunqatioiKU ItHmtHVfcta ion; vwMimry ox this. AiaKe Xv iQtWftlgKwlit:'' 1 jor .every student to get vjiat W nece-f ftafy for the best foundation) Hi teat in His future work, But Ithe. subject which1 the fitnflkntt Ju colToirniei etipeoialiy to pursue is not Ja?0osiri4(y tho whloh obnears to ba irwoist; e.Vvatlir -hi..i ... .v ..v.... .'...,. '..r,v. 3 uiiv w ju iiiifuire, wotk I'lfmrn - &; ' v nn dnVU thafcehemiivtry -md 'bQoSrfftT' ," and' mAluintrv fi. .v-twa i. Jz i ?' ' '! MM.iaH . j . Trt? t . ", MY- 5: l t .v(iai i owwriear oman, iumnmMWm. ;- poevry jasi -. y -,,. r-a,j , i..r., i -' m W man. 1Pr cftM-tifi$' $&?aJb rvjpoiipprjf iwu " j,7M pwv. r i If J U ' ' r ,r . - . Pi'- ttifi fr Mii Vltfkli iJV't' t ,i!lrJA &, -' ."5L'','t, r h,x fctAjt , ',,MiMin v ' rQkf K y 4f. htM frmmt& ' w av
