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McCook Nebraska
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CONTINUED FBOM IAQB 1HKEE
with tliose wto now decline to make
the necessary provision A well or
ganized medical corps thoroughly
trained before the advent of war in
all the Important administrative duties
of a military sanitary corps is essen
tial to the efficiency of any large army
and especially of a large volunteer
army Such knowledge of medicine
and surgery as is possessed by the
medical profession generally will not
nlnnr cuftmo in riilr n mili
tary surgeon He must have in addl 1 P
tlon knowledge of the administration
and sanitation of large held hospitals
and camps In order to safeguard the
health and lives of men Intrusted in
great numbers to his care A bill has
long been pending before the congress
for the reorganization of the medical
corps Its passage is urgently needed
But the medical department Is not
the only department for which
Jy every modern army in the world to
do the skilled and unskilled labor in
separably connected with military ad
ministration which is now exacted
without just compensation of enlisted
men who voluntarily entered the army
to do service of an altogether different
kind There are a number of other
laws necessary to so organize the army
as to promote its efficiency and facili
tate its rapid expansion In time of
war but the above are the most
LARGER NAVY NEEDED
Appropriation For Four New Battleships
Strongly Recommended
It was hoped The Hague conference
might deal with the question of the
limitation of armaments but even be-
fore it had assembled informal in
ed provision should be made The rate quiries had developed that as regards
of pay for the officers should be great- naval armamen
ly increased There Is no higher type which this country
of citizen than the American regular was hopeless to
officer and he should have a fair re- for which there
ward for his admirable work There sibility of securi
should be a relatively even greater in 1 nations gathered
crease in the nav for the enlisted men ninn w is nvmi nrnnnserl which wnnhl
for establishing grades equivalent to first class power outside of the United
those of warrant officers in the navy States The only plan that seemed at
which should be open to the enlisted all feasible that of limiting the size
men who serve sufficiently long and of battleships met with no favor at
who do their work well Inducements all It is evident therefore that it is
should be offered sufficient to follv for this nation to base nnv hone
the last forty years and the pay of the the men and the means for thorough
soldier like the pay of the officers i training we provide the auxiliaries for
should be proportionately increased i them unless we provide docks the
The first sergeant of a company if a j coaling stations the colliers and supply
good man must be one of such shins that thov need We are extreme-
s8n
actual needs is to perform in time of
peace whatever maneuvers might ba
cacessary in time of war After war
Is declared It is too late to find otit the
needs That means to Invite disaster
This trip to the Pacific will show what
jsome of our needs are and will enable
us to provide for them The proper
place for an officer to learn his duty is
at sea and the only way In which a
navy can ever be made efficient Is by
practice at sea under all the conditions
which would have to be met if war
existed
NAVAL PERSONNEL
Promotion cf Officers by Strict Seniority
Not a Good Principle
I I ospe the most liberal treatment
for Uk ilLeers and enlisted men of
the iv t is true of them as
i l if officers ami enlisted men
i - I k ii scnooi tne primary ooject oi wuicu is l r
lc tlio nnlv nno In I - -- lul1 uuui -
wj u iiiii iuil uus iu lie euicieui uavii tv rtr i iti ii
had auj inteiestit fleers Changes in curriculum there- iwi
try to devise any plan - ueiim x direction of
i rciuni mo most risriii neriormance or it is iiiriucr airrcen mat nrimratiou
was tne siigutest pos- I t I Imr the course oi instruction less 1
i rc in liiiv siiouiu ne exacieu iroiu inem nere eoiueuiiMaieii suaii ne in roil
ing the assent or tne ret en and more nractieal No portion
4 mi tt v J no rewaru snouui oe amnie wueu lonniiy as 10 nrocenure wun enaniei
iMi -
they do their best and nothing less
In especial provision should be made have had the assent of more than one I1 lheir lest shoul1 be tolerated It
is uue to nope lor me uest results
when the men in the senior grades
come to those grades late in life and
serve too short a time In them Up to
the rank of lieutenant commander pro
motion in the navy should be as now
age really good men to make the army i of securing peace on any international yeniority subject however to such
n Hfp oppiinnHrm Tim nrimo noori nf nirnmniif io t fim MmifnHnn r nvm i rigid tests as would eliminate the un-
w vu L U- u A w tVvi C LULUUiy 4 ttJ S Lt1 IIUIIUIUVU Vl I
our present army is to secure and re- nients Such being the fact it would
tain competent noncommissioned be most unwise for us to stop the up
cers This difficulty rests fundamental- building of our navy To build one
ly on the question of pay The non
commissioned officer does not
battleship of the best and most ad
fit After the grade of lieutenant com
manderthat is when we come to the
grade of command rank the unfit
should be eliminated in such manner
thlt ouy tle conspicuously fit would
vanced would
type a year barely keep
of men it may well be that almost all I
avou Id make good lieutenants and
most of them good lieutenant com
manders while only a minority will
be fit to be captains and but three or
tive and administrative ability and j ly deficient in coaling stations and our to be admirals Tliose who ob-
such knowledge of his trade as to be
worth far more than Ave at present pay
him The same is true of the regimen
tal sergeant major These men should
be men avIio had resolved to
make the army a life occupation and
they should be able to look forward to
ample reAAard Avhile onljr men proper
ly qualified should be given a chance
to secure these final reA ards The in
crease over the present pay need not
be great in the lOAver grades for the
first one or tAAo enlistments but the
Increase should be marked for the non
commissioned officers of the upper
grades who sene long enough to make
It eAident that they intend to stay per
manently in the army while additional
pay should be giA en for high qualifica
tions in target practice The position
of warrant officer should be establish
ed and there should be not only an in
crease of pay but an increase of privi
leges and alloAA ances and dignity so
as to make the grade open to noncom
missioned officers capable of filling
them desirably from eA ery standpoint
The rate of desertion in our army noAV
in time of peace is alarming The de
serter should be treated by public opin
ion as a man guilty of the greatest
crime while on the other hand the
man who serves steadily in the army
should be treated as Avhat he is that
is as pre eminently one of the best cit
izens of this republic After twelve
years service in the army my own be
lief is that the man should be giTen a
preference according to his ability for
certain types of office over all civilian
applicants without examination This
should also apply of course to the
men aa1io haAe served tAveh e years in
the naAy A special corps should be
provided to do the manual labor uoav
necessarily demanded of the priAates
themselves
PROMOTION IN m
Above the Rank of Major It Should Be
by Selection
Among the officers there should be
severe examinations to Aveed out the
unfit up to the grade of major From
that position on appointments should
be solely by selection and it should be
understood that a man of merely aAer
age capacity could neAer get beyond
the position of major Avhile every man
who serves in any grade a certain
length of time prior to promotion to
the next grade without getting the pro
motion to the next grade should be
fortliAvith retired The practice marches
and field maneuvers of the last two or
three years have been inAaluable to the
army They should be continued and
extended A rigid and not a perfunc
tory examination of physical capacity
has been proA ided for the higher grade
officers This will Avork Avell Unless
an officer has a good physique unless
he can stand hardship ride Avell and
walk fairly he is not fit for any posi
tion even after he has become a colo
nel Before he has become a colonel
the need for physical fitness in the of
ficer is almost as great as in the en
listed man I hope speedily to see in
troduced into the army a far more rigid
and thoroughgoing test of horseman
shin for nil field officers thrm
docks on the Pacific and this j Ject to Promotion otherwise than by
cy should not longer be permitted to mere seniority should reilect upon the
exist Plenty of torpedo boats and de- i elementary tact that no business m
stroyers should be built Both on the Ivate life could be successfully man
Atlantic and Pacific coasts aetl if tuose wl ent at the lowest
tions of the best type should be pro- riulSS of the ladder should each in
vlded for all our greatest harbors turn if hi livetl become the head of
We need always to remember that j tue firm its active director and retire
in time of war the navy is not to be i after lie IiatI heIl he position a few
used to defend harbors and seacoast loiuna un us tace sucu a scheme is
cities We should perfect our system
of coast fortifications The only effi
cient use for the navy is for offense
The only way in which it can
an absurdity Chances for improper
favoritism can be minimized by a
properly formed board such as the
board of last June Avhich did such con-
ly protect our own coast against the scie ntious and excellent work in
possible action of a foreign uaA y is by i luation
destroying that foreign navy For de 1 If aI1 tnut ought to be done cannot
fense against a hostile fleet which ac- j now oe done at least let a beginning
tually attacks them the coast cities ue made In my last three annual
must depend upon their forts mines
torpedoes submarines and torpedo
boats and destroyers All of these to
gether are efficient for defensive pur
poses but they in no way supply the
place of a thoroughly efficient naAry
capable of acting on the offensive for
parrying neAer yet aa ou a fight It can
only be won by hard hitting and an
aggressive seagoing naAy alone can do
this hard hitting of the offensiAe type
But the forts and the like are neces
sary so that the naAy may be foot
loose In time of AA ar there is sure to
be demand under pressure of fright for
the ships to be scattered so as to de
fend all kind of ports Under penalty
messages and In a special message to
the last congress the necessity for leg
islation that Avill cause officers of the
line of the naA y to reach the grades
of captain and rear admiral at less ad
vanced ages and Avhich Avill cause them
to haA e more sea training and ex
perience in the highly responsible du
ties of those grades so that they may
become thoroughly skillful in handling
battleships divisions squadrons and
fleets in action has been fully explain
ed and urgently recommended Upon
this subject the secretary of the naA y
has submitted detailed and definite
recommendations Avhich have receiA ed
my appnn al and Avhich if enacted in-
of terrible disaster this demand must to IaAv will accomplish Avhat is imme
be refused The ships must be kept diately necessary and will as compar
er objective made the el with existing law make a saving
together and their
enemys fleet If fortifications are suf
ficiently strong no modern naAy Avill
Aenture to attack them so long as the
foe has in existence a hostile naAy of
anything like the same size or efficien
cy But unless there exists such a
navy then the fortifications are power
less by themselves to secure the Aic
tory for of course the mere deficiency
means that any resolute enemy can
at his leisure combine all his forces
upon one point with the certainty that
he can take it
Until our battle fleet is much larger
than at present it should never be split
into detachments so far apart that they
could not in oAent of emergency be
speedily united Our coast line is on
the Pacific just as much as on the At
lantic The interests of California
Oregon and Washington are as em
phatically the Interests of the whole
Union as those of Maine and New
York of Louisiana and Texas The
battle fleet should now and then be
moAed to the Pacific just as at other
times it should be kept in the Atlantic
When the isthmian canal is built the
transit of the battle fleet from one
ocean to the other will be comparative
ly easy Until it is built I earnestly
hope that the battle fleet will be thus
shifted between the ivv cnns every
year or tAAo The marksmanship on
all our ships has improved phenome
nally during the last fiA e years Until
within the last two or three years it
was not possible to train a battle fleet
in squadron maneuvers under service
conditions and it is only during these
last two or three years that the train
ing under these conditions has become
really effective Another and most
stride in advance is now be-
I ing taken The battle fleet is about
starting by the strait of Magellan to
ent There should be a chief of l1S1 the rlcific coast Sixteen bat
airy just as there is a chief of artillerv j P5sips are sms undei the command
Rear Admiral Evans while
Perhaps the most important of all eight
rmoa cruisers and two other
battle
legislation needed for the benefit of the
bhp wiU meet him at San Francisco
nrmy is a law to equalize and increase
ihe pay of officers and enlisted men of Fhltliev certain torpedo destroyers are
hlso sin- fleet of sucu sIze has
the
army navy marine corps and
Pver made such a voyage and it will
nue cutter service Such a bill has
been prepared which it is hoped will
meet with your favorable considera
tion The next most essential measure
is to authorize a number of extra of-
fleers as mentioned above To make
the army more attractive to enlisted
pe oi very great euucationai use to
all engaged in it The only way by
AAhich to teach officers and men how
to handle the fleet so as to meet every
possible strain and emergency in time
of war is to have them practice under
similar conditions in time of
men it is absolutely- osspnrini tn mnw peace
Moreover e only way to find out our
service such
a corps as exists in near-
of more than 5000000 during the next
seven years The naA y personnel act
of 1S99 has accomplished all that Avas
expected of it in providing satisfactory
periods of service in the seAoral sub
ordinate grades from the grade of en
sign to the grade of lieutenant com
mander but the law is inadequate in
the upper grades and will continue to
be inadequate on account of the ex
pansion of the personnel since its en
actmet Your attention is invited to
the following quotations from the re
port of the personnel board of 190G of
which the assistant secretary of the
naA y was president
Congress has authorized a consider
able fticreaso in the number of mid
shipmen at the XaA al academy and
these midshipmen upon graduation are
promoted to ensign and lieutenant jun
ior grade But no provision has been
made for a corresponding increase in
the upper grades the result being that
the lower grades Avill become so con
gested that a midshipman iioav in one
of the lowest classes at Annapolis may
possibly not be promoted to lieutenant
until he is between forty five and fifty
years of age So it Avill continue un
der the present congesting at the
top and congesting at the bottom The
country fails to get from the officers
of the service the best that is in them
by not providing opportunity for their
normal development and training The
board believes that this Avorks a seri
ous detriment to the efficiency of the
haA y and is a real menace to the pub
lic safety
As stated in my special message to
the last congress I am firmly of the
opinion that unless the present condi
tion of the higher commissioned per
sonnel is rectified by judicious legisla
tion the future of our navy Avill be
graA ely compromised It is also ur
gently necessary to increase the effi
ciency of the medical corps of the
naA y Special legislation to this end
has already been proposed and I trust
it may be enacted Avithout delay
It must be remembered that every
thing done in the niA y to fit it to do
A elI in time of Avar must be done in
time of peace Modern Avars are short
They do not last the length of time
requisite to build a battleship and it
takes longer to train the officers and
men to do avoII on a battleship than it
takes to build it Nothing effecth e
san be done for the naA y once war has
begun and the result of the wur If the the use of ftrco for the collection of
combatants are otherwise equally contract debts Your attention is in
matched will depend upon which pow- yited to the paragraphs upon this sub
ter Inu prepared best in time of peace ject in my message of December 1100
The United States navy is the best aud to the resolution of the third
guaranty the nation has that its honor jCJU1 conference at KIo In the summer
and Interest will not be neglected and 0r 1000 The convention upon thirf
In addition It offers by far the best subject adopted by the conference sub-
insu nnce for peace that can by human staiitiully as proposed by the American
ingenuity be devised delegates is as follows
I call attention to the report of the ia oncr to avoid between nations
official board of visitors to the Naval eriuei conflicts of a purely pecuniary
academy at Annapolis which lias been oin arising from contractual debts
forwarded to the congress The report 0Ii Imoil of the government of
contalns this paragraph try by tne government of another
Such revision should be made of the try o e dllo to its uati0nals the slg
courses of study and methods of con- llatory owera agree not to have re
ducting and marking examinations as colirse to armeil forcu for the collee
will develop and bring out the average Uon oC anvh contractual debts
all round ability of the midshipman -However this stipulation shall not
rather than to give him prominence In I0 aipikable when the debtor state
any one particular study The faet refllses or icavejJ unanswered an offer
should be kept in mind that the Naval t arbItrate In cslse of acceptance
academy is not a university but a it uiussnie to frmii the
uy tuture class snouiu oe gra
ated in advance of the full four years
course and under no circumstances
should the standard of instruction be
lowered The academy In almost all
of its departments Is now magnificent-
ly equipped and it would be very un
Avise to make the course of Instruction
less exacting than it is today
Acting upon this suggestion I desig
nated three seagoing officers Captain
Richard Wainwright Commander Uob
ert S Griffin aud Lieutenant Com
mander Albert L Key all graduates
of the academy to investigate
tions aud to recommend to me the
spond with an unskilled laborer He our fleet up to Its present force This - uuum ue a b method of Into effec
t
corresponds to the best type of skilled is not enough In my judgment we i Umi test oi m less uiose wno thig neral recommendation These
workman or to the subordinate official should this year provide for four bat- are lsse1 JV should after a certain j officers ierformeti the dutv promptly
in civil institutions Wages have great- tleships But it is idle to build battle- 1nrh ol sei viee in respective j and intelliieiUyj iul llllder the per-
Iv increased in outside occunations in shins unless in addition to nrovidini Srjlit s be reined Of a given number i r - r
H illi viuttinni iL v ij ii til ijul iuo j i
Badger superintendent of the
niTf cii1i 4Iij w itfttiACfil t1niitirkL i
CUU VL IPIH1HBIU I- M M V11
were ueeuieu 10 ue il present auvis i
able Avere put into effect at the begin-
Ave t not intend to be imposed upon
THE HAGUE
The second international peace con-
X
o of the couAcntion for the pacific
settlement of international disputes
adopted at The Hague and that it shall
determine in so far as there shall be no
agreement between the parties the jus
tice and the amount of the debt the
time and mode of payment thereof
1 Such a provision would hae prevent-
ed much Injustice and extortion In the
past and I cannot doubt that Its effect
In the future Avill be most salutary
A third advance has been made in
amending and perfecting the conen
tion of 1SDD for the voluntary settle
ment of international disputes and par
ticularly the extension of tliose parts
of that convention which relate to
commissions of inquiry The existence
of those provisions enabled the govern
ments of Jreat Iiritain and Uussla to
aAoid Avar notwithstanding great pub
lic excitement at the time of the Dog-
t iiv vx wi win
tlon agreed upon by the conference
civns riiif n tli nviwiionw
mug of the academic year Oct 1 last
lcd that
1 he results an confident will be
SubstalltiaI r res5 W1S ulso nuulo
most beneficial to the academy to the
owjml the of l rmment
midshipmen and to the
navy i rii w tf
Foreign Affairs
of international causes There was
ln foreign affairs this countrys very full discussion of the proposal for
steady policy is to behave toward oth j such a court and a general agreement
er nations as a strong and self respect- was finally reached in favor of Its
ing man should behave toward the creation The conference recommend
other men Avith Avhom he is brought ed to the signatory powers the adop
into eoMtact In other Avords our aim tion of a draft upon Avliich it agreed
is di utcrestedly to help other j for the organisation of the court leav
tions Avhere such help can be wisely ing to be determined only the method
given Avithout the appearance of med- by Avhicli the judges should be select
dling Avith Avhat does not concern us ed This remaining unsettled question
to be careful to act as a good neigh- J is plainly one Avhicli time aud good
bor and at the same time in good na j temper Avill soIa c
tured fashion to make it evident that i a further airreement of the first im
portance Avas that for the creation of
an international prize court The con
stitution organization and procedure
of such a tribunal were provided for
in detail Any one avIio recalls the in-
What the Second International Peace justices under Avhich this country
TnnWnrp Arrnnnichi I fnid as a neutral power during the
j early part of the last century cannot
fail to see in this nrovision for an in
ference Avas convened at The Hague ternational prize court the great ali
en the 11th of June last and remained vaiice Avhich the Avorld is making to
in session until the ISth of October j Avard the substitution of the rule of
For the first time the representatives reason aud justice In place of simple
of practically all the civilized j force Not only Avill the international
tries of the Avorld united in a temper- prize court be the means of protecting
ate and kindly discussion of the the interests of neutrals but it is in
ods by Avhich the causes of Avar might itself a step tOAvard the creatiou of the
be narroAA ed and its injurious effects j more general court for the hearing of
l educed international controversies to which
Although the agreements reached in reference lias just been made The or
the conference did not in any direction ganization and action of such a prize
go to the length hoped for by the more court cannot fail to accustom the dif
sanguine yet in many directions ferent countries to the submission of
portant steps Avere taken and upon international questions to the decision
every subject on the programme there j of an international tribunal and we
was such full and considerate discus- niay confidently expect the results of
sion as to justify the belief that sub- J sch submission to bring about a gen
stantial progress has been made to- eral agreement upon the enlargement
ward further agreements in the future of tiie practice
Thirteen coin entions Avere agreed i Numerous provisions Avere adopted
upon embodying the definite i for reducing the evil effects of Avar
sions which had been reached and j and for defining the rights and duties
olutions were adopted marking the of neutrals
progress made in matters upon Avhich The conference also provided for
agreement Avas not yet sufficiently the holding of a third conference with
complete to make conventions i in l Period similar to that which
cable elapsed between the first and second
The delegates of the United States conferences
Avere instructed to favor an agreement
for obligatory arbitration the estab
lishment of a permanent court of arbi
tration to proceed judicially in the
hearing and decision of international
causes the prohibition of force for the
collection of contract debts alleged to
The delegates of the United States
Avorthily represented the spirit of the
American people and maintained Avith
fidelity and ability the policy of our
government upon all the great ques
tions discussed in the conference
The report of the delegation
be due from go ernments to citizens of 1 er with authenticated copies of the
other countries until after arbitration i conventions signed Avhen received will
as to the justice and amount of the
debt and the time and manner of pay
ment the immunity of private proper
ty at sea tv better definition of the
rights of i and in case any
measure to tlit end should be intro
duced the limitation of armaments
be laid before the senate for its consid
eration
When aao remember how difficult it
is for one of our own legislative bodies
composed of citizens of the same coun
try speaking the same language liv
ing under the same krvvs and having
In the field of peaceful disposal of in- the same customs to reach an agree
ternational differences several ment or even to secure a majority up
tant advances Avere made First as to on any difficult and important subject
obligatory arbitration Although the
conference failed to secure a unani
mous agreement upon the details of a
convention for obligatory arbitration
it did resolve as follows
It is unanimous 1 in accepting
the principle for obligatory
ferences and notably those relating to
the interpretation and application of
international coiiAentional stipulations
are susceptible of being submitted to
obligatory arbitration Avithout any re
striction
In view of the fact that as a result
of the discussion the A ote upon the
definite treaty of obligatory arbitra
tion Avliich Avas proposed stood 2 in
favor to J against the adoption of the
treaty there can be little doubt that
the great majority of the countries of
the Avorld haA e reached a point Avhere
they are uoav ready to apply practically
the principles thus unanimously agreed
upon by the conference
The second advance and a very great
one the agreement Avhicli relates to
Avhich is proposed for legislation it
becomes piain that the representatives
of forty five different countries speak
ing many different languages accus
tomed to different methods of proce
dure Avith widely diverse interests
who discussed so many different
tion 2 in declaring that certain dif- jects and reached agreements upon so
many are entitled to grateful apprecia
tion for the Avisdorn patience and mod
eration Avith Avhich they have discharg
ed their duty The example of this
temperate discussion and the agree
ments and the efforts to agree among
representatives of all the nations of
the earth acting with universal recog
nition of the supreme obligation to
promote pee cannot fail to be a
jOAverful influence for good in future
International relations
Cuba
A year ago in consequence of a revo
lutionary movement in Cuba which
threatened the immediate return to
phaos of the island the United States
interA ened sending down an army and
2stablishiitg a provisional government
v
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