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About The Omaha morning bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 1922-1927 | View Entire Issue (Feb. 15, 1925)
, Diversified Farming Is Found Beneficial on Nebraska Farms, But It Is No Cure-All for Ills i> __ - By V. H. B. The newspapers of tlie eornbelt have been accused of publishing reams of ‘iiok'nm” Slnee the farmer began In slip from the mighty peak of glory, along about 1918. Some papers took up the story of the flight to the bottom of the' pit and set up a chorus of yells and lamentations which were pre sumably written for tlie express purpose of "doing something for jj the farmer.” However, the doing ,P»ct, of the program has never arrived. Many organizations JuinpeWipto the fray and began to show the American farmer that liis salvation depended upon one big word—“diversifica tion.” That was the salvation of the farmer. He must diversify. Perhaps we have been guilty of Just leaning toward tlie crowd anil saying “Well! sure, diversify that may do the trick.” However/ down deep in our hearts we have had heaps of trouble with our better judgment. That better j udgiuent has been saying, “Diversification as a cure all is ‘the bunk.’ ” It is just an other rase of grubbing at a hand full of hay when one imps above the surface for tlie third time. So we began to investigate tlie diver sified theory. / >■-* Studied Western Farming. AVe have told you before about our trip over the northwest, the Pacific coast states, Old Mexico, Texas and other southwestern states. AA'e told you that things were sure tough with those specialists. Big fruit men, the large wheat ranchers of Washington, Oregon and northern California. The prune growers, the cattlemen of the southwest. Those fellows who have been having thefr eggs tied up Into * one big basket, so to speak, are now wallowing among the debris of a real ■mashup. If there la any place on earth where diversified farming should be the "cat's whiskers,” should be the sure shot method of getting there, it is here In the corn belt. ■lust now our papers are saying prosperity is coming back to the farmers. We believe It, in fact we know it’s coming, but listen, dear reader, it's coming, it's not here yet, just around the corner. Our diver sified farmers are better off than the one line specialist for certain lines of the diversified program have taken up tlie slack from the bad ventures. But the slack Is an awful short rope and the old demon of loss is running like a bull calf with the halter slipped . . back on his neck. The diversified farmer is just hanging on until that I wonder state of bliss known as per ( manent prosperity turns the corner. What They* Are Saying. ' AVe went out over the county with j Farm Agent Maxwell the other day. ! AVe were looking for a perfectly satis- | fled diversified farmer. AVe found j one. but—here is his own s/ory. ills name is Gus Summlck. lie lives at Waterloo, Neb. Gus says, "Sure, I'm a dir^rslflcd farmer. I'm a seed corn ciunk. raise sweet clover, feed cattle, hogs, and some of my hoys tackle the sheep business now and then. I raise about 125 head of pigs each year. I.ast year I sold 4,000 bushel of seed corn at $1.40 per bushel. "AVait a minute,” said Maxwell, “don't you feed a lot 'of cattle out here?" Keeping IJOys Busy.” 0 ‘‘Vou see I have made my stake, I am not worrying a whole lot about the future for myself, but I have been pretty busy raising a family. I only have II children. Wish I’d have tried to raise a lit tle Ngger family, It is great stuff, this getting a bunch of kids for which you feel responsible. “Well right here is where that rattle feeding comes In. Feeding our own feed to rattle will make < us monry nine times nut of 10. Tills year happens to be the one off year. If I can Just break even. , sell my feed at a fair price, make the lings and seed corn pay me even during this tough year, I don't give a whoop about the lit tle work which we have lost. It has furnished something that has, helped me keep my boys busy. Thej- are learning liow to feed cat tle and what’s more they are work ing like .Turks to keep down this , loss. “Hie proposed amendment to keep farm boys and giijs from working upon the farm is sure all wrong,” says Gus. "Why It’s an awful Job to keep them working enough now-a-days at best. They come in at uight, (Iran up and grab a bite to rat and are off to the city for a night's frollr. The nest day If they didn't have some responsible work to do they would sure get the wrong' slaiit upon life. “My feeding operations win lose me a little money this year but I have made It up hi my oilier lines of fanning.” «■ ■ -- -- (inn grinned and continued, “Well, we put in *0 head Inst fnli at an aver age of 15.40. Put them in along about the 20th Of October—have been piling the corn and alfalfa to them #v#r since. "The other day I sold 13 head of ♦.Vie tatl-onder* st $7 50 upon the Omaha market. Two of thet^Med — t have f»9 bead sllll boarding with me, It cost me a bout 50 cents s head » to kcp ikui .KXtB&i ttiff m gaining about 2'i pounds a day. ‘‘That means . . . well, say I get $10 per 100 for t hem. They 'are oust ing me 25 cents per day. Kmo. I like (o have cattle around to look at, hut that Is foo much to pay for the privi lege. If It were not for my hogs, I'd be losing a lot more, but then you see the hogs are taking up a lot of the slack. Then I am marketing a lot of pour corn at $1.10 per bushel. I figure the manure worth a lot. The biggest thing I’ll get out of the win ter's fun is something that a lot of people would think worthless, but believe me it means a lot to me.” "y* Abraham’* Stfry. We went on doWh the road tii Arthut* Abraham's farm. Abraham is a real diversified farmer. He docs general farming. Raises a few good chickens, feeds sheep and raises a few lambs. Milks a few good dairy cows, feeds hogs and cattle. Keeps up his soil fertility by a system of crop rotation. Well it would he hard lo find a man who practices the so called diversification system more than does Art. Us had just sold two car loads of fat lambs. They brought him a nice little sum. He has taken in over $1,S00 from his milk cows during the last year. He raised a fine bunch of pigs which are following his cattle. t-;-\ He says, ‘‘lliversifiration is all right when general conditions are good. When things go wrong like it has witli the farmer for the last five years diversification is tough here in this good diversification district. I don’t see how a fellow away out there in western Ne braska can diversify extensively. He is too far away from the mar ket to do small unit farming. Of course every farmer should raise his own incut, eggs. milk, garden and other food products. Hut should he he located in a good grain growing district, that in where land is cheap and pro ductive. I believe he will make a go of It to major in farming large tract* of that cheap land for grain. One year with another the grain fanner is as well off as are we mixed fanners. “1 am due to lose on my hogs, feeding rattle and certain other lines. My sheep and rows have made up some of the loss but don't you see I am just as had off as if I had taken a rimming upon my grain in had year* then made a bigger return for the good ones. The /big thing in farming is to save during the good years and then he ready with good credit during the lean ones.” Same Old Story. Most of the fellows who were feed ing cattle are losing money this year. They would have been better off If they had sold their grain. But then If everybody had sold the grain and there had not been any cattle feeding, fit cuttle would have been high and grain would have been cheaper. Klghty fiye per cent of the corn raised in America goes Into ani mal feeding. Shut off that business and what would happen to the grain market? Moral. If there Is any moral In the lessons learned about present-day farming conditions, It Is: Save money during good times and bet your last dollar that there will,be lean, tough years ahead for the farmer. These good ami bail periods have been coming and going on for centuries. They will always be with us. Diversification Is all O. K. If you happen to live where It Is profitable, but should you live where land Is cheap enough to make large scale grain fugming profitable, get the grain out In a scientific manner and hit the grain business. If you happen to live out west upon a range which is not suitable for anything but grazing cattle, you had better move to tho dty and give your cattle range over to some sheep men. The cow business Is a wreck at present, and unless you havs plenty of "Jack” to alt tight and wait a year or so for it to come tack, better bo doing something else. Hure, every body says prosperity Is coming to the farmer, but It Is still coming. II Is not here with hII cylinders hitting and plowing through to glory. It may get here In 1325. We surely hope so. SWEET CLOVER AIDS CORN CROP John Hall of Valley, Neb., owned a piece of land which was being farmed by his son. The question of testing out the value of sweet clover as a soli builder came up one day away back In 1923. Mr. llrtll provided seed enough to plant nine acres along with oats. The balance of the oats field was left ns a control gauge. In the spring of 1923 the field was seeded with the oats and sweet clover in October after the oats had been taken off a crop of 20 load* of sweet clover hay was taken off and sold for J6.i lo a local dairyman. He mild It was the best feed that he had ever obtained. In the spring of 1324 the field was plowed and planted to corn. The nine acres where the sweet clover had been planted averaged 45 bushels to corn to the acre. The rest of the field oniy averaged 30 bushels of corn per sire. This Is only one of the many IlMiiisnnda of testimonials idled up at the county Agricultural agent'* of flee showing the vulue of sweet clo y,fc Diversified Farming Includes Livestock Raising • — ."V, T One of the virtues of diversified farming Is found in the desirable problem of cheeks and balances. When cattle feeding proves unprofitable It is a nice thing to have a bunch of sheep on feed to take up the slack. Sheep, rattle, hogs and poultry form the background against which one can sketch odt a program of diversification. TJiey won't all lose all the time. _— phntos tv Hfis'»ii k Horticultural World Owes Much to Indians for Finding Vegetables IJy GEORGE F. WILL (Taken from The Dakota Farmer.) Very few of us realize the debt which the horticultural world owes to the American Indian. The many products of purely American origin have become sir firmly bound up with thoA of European and Astatic origin that It Is often very difficult to trace their descent. lorn First. Among the horticultural products of American origin are. corn first of course, wax beans, most of our field beans, squashes, pumpkins, potatoes, tomatoes, sunflowers and tobacco. These plants were all brought under cultivation by the aboriginal Inhabi tants of America and were handed on by them to the white race. In many cases the methods of cultivation were given to the whites with the seed. In the chronicles of the Plymouth col ony it is related how friendly dispos ed Indians taught the people to plant the corn in hills, and to put a fish, an niev.ife, in'each hill with the eeed. At a time when the ancestors of most of us wandered through the for ests of central Europe, clad In skins and subsisting by the rhase, there was a very high civilization In Mex ico. Peru, Central America snd per haps our own southwest. In this civilization, agriculture held a most advanced position; great storage sys tems were in use, largt acreages were under cultivation, snd irriga tion was practiced very generally. The native plants had been developed and differentiated by breeding and selection Into many varieties of dif ferent uses. Before the dawn of history, grad ually from these centers of high civ ilization the cultivation of crops had spread over most of two continents. Horticulture traveled north from Mexico through the Pueblo region out li^to the plains, thence along river 'courses until It had spread north and south to the Atlantic seaboard. Probably 300 or more years ago there were dwelling along the Mis- : sourl river In North and South Da kota the Arlkara and Mandiin tribes of Indians, numbering many thou sands of people and occupying front 25 to 50 large permanent villages. There were no horse* In those days, and agriculture was the means ot producing by far the greater part of their subsistence. I-nrge areas on the river bottoms were under cultivation, the villages were full of storsge pits Which are described by many of the early travelers. The first visitor, Verendrye, a French fur trader, who Came to the Mandans In 1711, was greatly struck by the great amount of produce stored in tlie village, and Lewis and t'lark nearly 70 years later depended upon the Mandans for • very large part of their food for the winter. As late as 1822 we are In formed by a German traveler, Muxl minisII, that the village nf the Mau dlins, then reduced to about 1,000 FARM MORTGAGES SHOW INCREASE The farm mortgage business lias been picking up since 1010 at the rale of $450,000,000, a report compiled by the Farm Mortgage Bankers' nssocla Hon declares . In 1910 the total farm mortgage of Hie 1'nlted Hlates was $.1,500,000,000, There are 0.448,110 farms In the United Hlatee. Today these farms nrr estimated to lie worth $88,114,109,55*. They ere mortgaged for $10,500,000. 000. Areordlng to the report, the debt line been rapidly .Increasing since 1920. tii a national magazine the other day we sew tin article upon "Itoudshle Markets." Now the party who wrote that article knows about as much about farming ns we 'know £bout sold mining. _ souls, contained several thousand bushels of the shelled native corn, as well as other products. Com In the Dakotas. The Mandan and Arlkara tribes both raised corn, sweet, flint and flour varieties, totaling about IS dif ferent kinds In all.. Beans were an other Important product, there being some six sorts of different color. Their vsrletles of beans, In addition to their earliness and hardiness, pos sess unusual qualities of flavor and cook much easier than the common navy sorts. The best of them Is un doubtedly the variety which my fath er introduced under the name of "Great Northern" and which has met with such favor as a baking bean re cently, that several hundred carloads were grown last year for that pur pose In the bean growing sections around Billings, Mont., and In Idaho. The first seed of this bean was given to my father, Oscar H. Will, by an Indian from Fort Berthold, who came to the little greenhouse In Bismarck where my father first worked on his arrival In Itakota In 1881. and after •lime parley produced a handful of these beans wrapped In a piece of cloth and presented them to him. A very considerable variety of vine cropa were grown. Included among them were five or six kinds of small, gourd Ilk# squashes, several types of pumpkins, one large squash of the Maxima type, and a small black wa termelon. Squash. These varieties from tha farthest north In prehistoric agriculture pos sess vary unusual qualities of hardi ness and earllnees, products as they are of centuries of adaptation to short seasons, drouth, hall nnd other severe conditions, which have ren dered them extremely valuable ne n basis for the development of our own vegetable gardening In the region. The white settlers would have lieen infinitely better off bad more alien lion been given to tbeee native varie ties, but In must cases Interest In them lias only appeared In compara tively recent years. In that time, however, a large number of the In dian varieties have been searched out nnd many are now In fairly common use, some of them being commercially Hated. Most of the varieties are still grown In obscure corners of the reservation by some few of the older lieople, and only within the last few years a Maxima type of squash, the Arlkara squash, which la of great i alue as the earliest If Its kind, has been found, es well at tha original small watermelon which presents something earlier thnn anything I have seen, and can be selected 10 pro duce good quality. Horticulture, a Religion. Horticulture with these northern tribes, ns with others, was a part of I heir religion. The food plnnln ore considered sacred, are treated rever ently, and play a large part In their tribal histories, traditions, nnd cere tnonlalf. t'onsequenlly rare was si ways diligently practiced In selection, preservation of purity of type, anil saving of seed. Too much rrsillt can not lie given to the AmeMcnn Indian for the tremendous task which be performed In adapting and accllmal Ing all theaa originally send tropical plants over aurli a tremendous stretch of latitude and altitude, after the long taek of taming and molding them Into cultivated crops. To moat of us the word "Indian" brings up the picture of a blood thirsty, flarca nomad of tha prairies, an tnveterata enemy of the while race. I hop# that some day we shall picture rather the tolling Indian wom an, lovingly delving In her lltlls gar den, her huslatnd nnd children work ing by her side, all eager ni Ihe Work and reverent In their care and use of ihe holy fund plants which they have passed on tu u« of the while r ur „ Backyard Poultry Philosophy “It's the moit natural thing In the l world to Mame the other fellow," : says the American Poultry Journal In an editorial upon the recent rumpui over poultry flu. "Whenever anything goes wrong, look around for someone to cast the blame on!" the article continues. "That’s what happened to poor old Wooden Hen—Mrs. Foster Mother. When chickens shipped In live poul try cars recently contracted Infec tious bronchitis, some of the ‘authori ties' light away threw the blame on 'weak stock due to artificial Incuba tion'. “Producers of poultry, the practical poultry growers, had long ago sup posed that the old hoax was dead. Hut, It will have to be 'killed' all over. The following statement from an editorial In "The Wisconsin Farmer” should do the killing: " 'Testimony by competent feeders and battety fattening experts In this state Is to the effect that the aver age springer now put on feed Is larger and heavier than ever before, more mature for Its age. They have found this out In dollars and cents | "'We have no facts to warrant any 1 assertion that the hen will rear chicks which are thriftier or more re slstant to disease than "machine made" clflcks. Indeed, the weight of evidence. If any at all, Is on the other side.’ "Jf there Is any weakness In the stock this year It Is probably due to other causes. Among them are: A late, hatching season last spring, which resulted In * large amount of small, late stuff; and high prices of feed which resulted In a lot of thin stuff "There la one other pojnt that buy ers and shippers of poultry should: not overlook. They are not getting! as good quality stock today as for | merly. a condition which naturally! follows the wide spread practice of> culling. "Farmers everywhere ere culling their etnek, keeping the thriftiest j stock for themselves, and selling the! poorer grades to the market man The average buyer knows nothing about grading chickens and buys them at so much a pound regardless of quality. One of the biggest men In the trnde recently remarked that he didn't hnve a man In his employ who knew anything about grading a chicken, and he Intended to engage one of the boys who had shown his skill In the student Judging contest at the recent Chicago show." About Standards. Market magazines and regular mar ket reports are gradually grading eggs Into three classes. First there Is the so-called farm egg The bulk of the shell trade comes from this standard. Then there ’a the "hennery" egg. This sgg Is an oilt-a quality egg which has been produced by special feeding and other forma of specific managment. They me not cutting a very considerable figure upon the trade today. The moat extensive supply conies from Hie so-called "broken out" cl'sees. They are dried or frozen. This supply used to come from broken ••Kgs, undergradea and dirty eggs. However the supply of auch egfcrs Is diminishing while the demand Is In creasing. Kgg Itrporter says: *'Tn the not distant future wa look for the market to be divided l>e tween eggs of a hennery class and eggs of a clnas suitable for breaking, so Important la the latter class be coming and so urgent la the need for larger supplies." Tbla week we made a trip around Hie county looking over general sari cultural scenes We stopped at one farmers place where County Agent MexWcIl was to make some recoin mendstIons alsmt ventilation of the poultry house We pnilirt the house bad been hlilll Uctng the south. U bud window* along the front act the south roof was well plaatei.ii with windows. The eves were open and a draft wnV pouring up under the open eves The fr. nt windows were oprn, no eloth being stretched across to keep out draughts When we stepped Into the house we found the north roof drip ping with cold ooze. ' A deep layer of snow had lodged ul>on It and a row of big trees which fr nted the building from the south was shading the house so much that the snow could not melt rapidly and nln off The roof was full of holes where the moisture could drip into the scratch litter. We are making no recommenda tions. We wonder how many build ings like this one are being used throughout the country. Saw something else that looked rather peculiar while driving around the county last week. Saw a lot of Mg nice hens wading mud which was half knee-deep to a rooster. If some of our poultry raisers could only sell the Idea that moisture Is the most deadly enemy known to the hen thev would lie doing worlds of good. Some poultry expert please write us a good article on the cure of laying hens during cold muddy weather. A well-balanced farm in any coun try h.ts provisions made for raising poultry. However, the farmer who depends upon a flo*;k of hens that a’-e "cut loose to rustle" will find them an expensive proposition. If the chickens have a cold, catch them and shove their heads Into a pail of kerosene. Do not held them under until they have opportunity to get a lung full of the oil. Just In and out. This method of treatment Is recommended by many poultrymen. Several persons have written The Omaha Bee about the booklet entit led, "All Breeds of Poultry." This lKiok Is published by The American Poultry Journal at Chicago, 111. The Omaha Bee does not have them for distribution. Send direct to the above address STATE SEED LAW DETAILS GIVEN Every spring requests are made by farmers as to how they may be affected by the Nebraska seed law. where they can get seed tested and the expense of having seed tested. Agricultural seeds in bulk or pack ages of 10 pounds or more, sold, of fered or exposed for sale, shall be labeled, giving common name, purity, per cent of weeds, name Sn<| number per ounce of noxious weeds, morning glory, wild mustard, quack grass, wild oats and dodder, germination, name and address of vendor, locality where grown, tf Turkestan and Italian al falfa, and Chilean and Italian red clover. There ere two clauses Ip the law relating to mixtures and special mix tures. exemptions from labeling are seeds for food purposes, to he re cleaned before sold; to be sold out side the stale, seeds of corn, wheat, oats, barley. r>e. spelts, buckwheat, flax, kafir, nillo, cane, audun. millets, Canadian field peas, cow jteas, soy beans, vetches and rape grown and sold by grower on fils own premises Grower Is held responsible for rep resentatton*. however, and If seed was advertised It must be labeled, l>oes not exempt farmer on small seed.*, such as alfalfa, sweet clover, even If not advertised. It is unlawful to sell, offer or ex pose for sale or distribution In Ne briiskx seed containing more than one seed of Canadian thistle In five grains of seed, and Canadian thistle In any amount shall be shown on label. Seeds shipped lo any point In the state, re itatdless of point of origin, ate sub led to seed law. Samples will be tested free by seed analyst, st Ate house. I.lncoln. Neb, v teacupful of seed vf each sample U liquat'd. I i EDITED BY C. H. BLAKELY.__ Oat Where the Farm Commences (With mmIokIm to "Chuck Connor" ond Captain Blllr’a Whl« Bpn».) • Out where the pitch-forks are a little longer; Out where the barn-yard begins to get stronger; That’s where the farm commences. Out where the duties are not much lighter, H Out where the milk Is a trifle whiter; (Jut where the livestock are a wee bit politer, That’s where the farm commences. Out where Maggie is a little bluer; Out where Olaf shovels compost: That’s where the farm commences. Out where the old red rooster Is crowing: Out w^iere water into the milk is flowing; Out where Gus the bull is throwing; That’s where the farm commences. Out where the robins daily are mating: ' Out where the hoes are always waiting; That’s where the farm commences. Where there's more of throwing and less of wheeling; Where there's more spud sowing and less of peeling; And a man finds work, now this is revealing That thatf where the farm commences. YELLOW OR WHITE SWEET CLOVER? Ify H. X. HOt SEK. "Shall 1 use the yellow or white blossom sweet clover?” 1* a question asked by many who are trying sweet clover for the first time. There In a difference of opinion among farmers as to which variety Is the best. The two most Important uses of sweet clover are as a soil builder and as a pasture plant preferably as a supple ment to native pasture. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the root development of the white blossom variety Is greater than that of the yellow blossom va riety. Therefore, for soil building purposes, the white blossom variety is probably to be preferred. The yel low blossom variety Is smaller, less upright and more coarse than the white blossom sort and Is therefore preferred by many for pasture. Street clover has not proven to be particularly adapted for hay as it is rather hard to cure and mowing may kill the crop. This is especially true of Its second year's growth. For average farm conditions, either the white or yellow' variety will ordinarily prove satisfactory. Sweet clover Is the leading crop that we have from the standpoint of getting stand on poor, rundown soli and putting It back quickly Into a good state of tilth and fertility. BABY BEEF CLUB ORGANIZED Paxton, Feb. 15.—A very interest ing end enthusiastic meeting of the Paxton commercial club was held at which County Agent Bledermann gave a very Interesting talk on boys’ and Olrls’ club work as It Is being conducted In the county. A baby beef club has been organized In the east end of the county with 18 boys and girls as members. A pig club will also be organized a little later. After Mr. Bledermann's talk ways and means by which the commercial club could help make this work more In teresting were discussed by the mem bers of the commercial club. A reso lution which stated that this organ ization was heartily In favor of boys' and girls' club work and wished to support this work to the limit was ad"pted by a unanimous vote of those piesent. A committee of three members was appointed by President Peilsth ker to work with the county agent in mak ing this work a success. It was also decided to hold a banquet on April 1 15 and to Invite the club boys and j girls The object being to let them know that the business men and farmers of Paxton and vicinity are Interested in them. The commercial club also plans to offer several Inter esting prUes for the best calf and pigs shown this fall. RADIO COLLEGE OF THE AIR| By SAM PICKARD. tIMrrrtor. KSW'.> (From XfhmOa Knrmrr.l Kansas has literally become the campus of the Kansas State Agricul tural college. When the powerful, new broadcasting station KSAC was dedicated to the service of that etate December 1, a long, forward stride In economic producing and marketing " «a made. Judging from the deluge | of congratulatory communications showered upon the Kansas extension service. "Professor Green's lecture on mar ket forecasts saved me my taxes." "Information contained In any one of your noon-day programs is worth the price of a radio set to any farmer." "The radio service has convinced us of the value of the agricultural col lege." Theee are a few of the most common reports from the fans on Kansas farms, who have tired of log i king distance stations, listening to Jaxx and old-time fiddlers' contests. The backbone of the KSAC pro gram Is Information qf the interest ing and timely brand. The public's popular approval of IVcember's and January’s programs, which consist of two timely tslks and a rsdlo question box and the far fatned "College of the Air" In the evening, has led to other additions for the future. Starting February I, opening exer cises are lw>lng broadcast for the 9,000 rural Kansas schools. PUREBRED COW GREAT PRODUCER Bridgeport, Neb. Feb. 14.—J. G. Woodman has on his farm near Mor rill what he claims to be the cham pion brood cow In the atate, In the shape of a purehred Jersey cow, io Sears old, that haa Riven birth to 11 calves, seven heifers and four huU calves. Sha haa given birth to five heifers calves In 11 months and all hut one are living and doing fine On April *7. 1911. she dropped three calves, all heifers. 10 month* later she gave hlith to another heifer calf, j snd on January ST, 1SSS, the fifth UeUci* vaU la SI iucutba wa* born i California Has -Model Egg Market Coast State Now Leads in Handling and Caring Produce. One of the thing* which every tourist traveling through California la sure to notice Is the poultry Indus try. We of the central states have never made a study of the highly ef ficient methods necessary for the greatest development of the market ing end of the Industry. Petaluma Oldest Co-Op. Out at Petaluma. Cal., the poultry raisers have the distinction of having one of the best organized co-operatives in the United States. Just hbW did they get to going where did the thing get started and why did it grow are just a few of the questions being asked by other organizations which have attempted to copy after this one. History of Petaluma. It was about nine rears ago when the poultrymen organized their first co-operative. They named the or ganization the Poultry Producers of Central California. Today this or ganization has grown to be the larg est In the world. In the country around Petaluma there are estimated to be as many as •.500,000 chickens on about 4.000 farms. The total value of this great business la esti mated at $11,000,000. Production and Marketing. The association handles both pro duction and marketing problems and it supervise* the grading of the eggs. All the fowls are White Leghorns, and are constantly replaced huge hatcheries which are accredite^^^ by the association. This keeps the entire output of the community work ing under a system of unified pro duction which establishes a product which can be represented to be staple. New York Market. The association pools the eggs after they have been carefully graded and packed |n attractive container*. They ere shipped to New York where thev are marketed in about three weeks after having been laid. These eggs bring a rood premium upon the east ern market and the chicken farmer out west gets the benefit. LIVESTOCK NEEDS GOOD CLEAN AIR "The average cow actually breathes about 1,1 SO gallons of air per hour, but in order to keep the air fresh, new air must he supplied at the rate of about 5S0 gallons peojnlnute. The hog breathes about 345 gallons per hour and needs about ITS gallons per minute. "Poultry need a space of about four cubic square feet per hen. The hen house should be supplied with fresh air, being careful to avoid draughts, declared r»r. C. la. Hire of the veter inary pathology department Iona State college. "Farmers who need help ah' -.I their problems of ventilation of build ing can get it by writing to the ex tension division of the fniversity of Nebraska or asking the county agri cultural agent to call upon you and explain ways and means of your system now In use. CANADA BUTTER \ SHIPPED TO U. S. Toklo, Feb. 14 —Canadian butter according to officials of the Depart ment ft Agriculture, threatens to drive butter from the VnitHl States out of the Japanese market. Statis tics show that Imports of butter from western Canada are Increasing rap* idly, while there has been a corres ponding decline In tha amount cf butter shipped to Japan from the fnlted States. Population to Outstrip Food Supply by 3.000 A. 0. Chicago, Feb. 14 —The work! si i have more inhabitants than it can feed and shelter bv the year 3000 A. 1'.. if the present rata of population Increase continues. This was the statement of Frank K Hand, supreme vice chief ranger of the Independent Order of Fetes: era, in an address here. "The population of the glebe has already reached I.Mi.tM.MH souls.1* said Mr. Hand. "S®ctentl*t* estimate thal the number of Inhabitants doubles every century. At this rat# there will be 4,0W.i\*v\<KHi peopia on the planet by the year 1004, Hy 3000 A. D the world's population w ^ have reached the staggering total four trillion people. “For every four people living in Kurope at the time of Napoleon's consulship therr were more than nine at the outbreak of tile world w-ar. The population of the fnlted States advanced from S 333.J14 te IT3# to 10»,TM,T*» in im,n «4 „ ** *