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About The Plattsmouth journal. (Plattsmouth, Nebraska) 1901-current | View Entire Issue (Dec. 26, 1932)
PAGE FOUR PtATTSMOUTH SEZII WEEKLY JOURNAL MONDAY, DEC. 26, 1932. I The Story of Christmas Customs of Many Lands Miss Jessie II. Robertson Presents In teresting Sketch at W. C. T. U. Meeting. The following Interesting story of the Christma3 customs of many lands was given on Monday at the V. C. T. U. meeting by Miss Jessie M. Rob ertson and the Journal is pleased to give this sketch of the yuletide sea son: Christmas, December 25th. The greatest religious holiday of all, the reputed anniversary of the birth of Jesus Christ. Kept by Angli can, Armenian, Greek, Roman Cath olic and Protestant churches. Early historians credit the cele bration to pagan origin. One legend is that in order to appease the heathen tribes and reconcile them to! the Christian religion the celebration was held on the pagan celebration of the Solstrice. The 25th of Decem ber approximates that of the old Ro man Saturnalia and the later Roman festival of the sun-god Mirtha; the winter festival of the heathen Brit ons; and, the Scandinavian Yule. Christmas was not adopted as a regular festival until the fourth cen tury, but Clement cf Alexandria wrote about it in the beginning or the third century and Chryostom ! every nous? anu announces mai m& wrote of it in the latter part of the (master has sent him to learn how fourth century as a custom of longjthe children have behaved. If the re standing. It was in the year 314 A.jPort pleasing to him he helps Kriss D. that the Roman Bishop Liberius Kingl ty presenting gifts chosen for designated December 25, as the birth- day of Christ. Holland and Eelgium. The children of Holland observe December 5, as their "gift-giving" t'.rtv Hre jrinsrer bread men. worn- en, and children, cats. dogs, and ev - ery kind of animal imaginable are found in the shop windows. The eve- ning before the children place two wooden shoes by the hearth or out side the door. On one is placed a note of wishes for things they hope ; St. Nicholas would bring, and in the;ETe be Places thtm in a conspicuous other is placed some straw, and bread PIace before e fireplace. For Tere and beans for "Knecht Clobes" as Xoel is supposed to favor shoes in- they call St. Nicholas' horse in Hol- land. The room in which the shoes ; are left i3 closed and the door locked. The next morning the" children feel very sure that Santa and his horse have come down the chimney for j they have taken the food, turned thejkoney and water, for this will insure room upside down in their efforts; them husband3 "whose honesty is as and left gifts for good children and 'transparent as water, and whose tem bits of charcoal and birch rods for the naughty ones. Another old custom among the young men of Holland is for them to gather in the central part of the calendar. The Serbians observe a six town about two in the morning andveeks fast before their Christmas. In sing carols. One of the youths car- each home as well as at the church. rie3 a single star set on a pole and straw, symbolical of the manger birth lighted from within by a candle, jof Christ is spread about the floors. When the carol3 have been sung, the No word of "Merry Christmas" is young men march to the home of j said until Christmas day and then one of the rich men of the town and ;for two weeks following, each Serbian are treated to a feast. Spain The children of Spain the day be their "Nacimentos piaster repre- fore Christmas are rusy arranging sentation of the birth t Christ. There is a little manger, which the child covers with green. Here he places the tiny figure of the Baby Jesus. Around Him he groups plaster fig- ure3 of Joseph and Mary and the wise men, and often f the angels too. The ox and . the ass are repre sented also. Tiny candles are burn ed. After mass and a merry break fast the children make "aguinaldo" giving of presents. Austria-Hungary. In Croatia all thru" the year the best of every crop and of all other provisions have been saved for the Christmas feast. From the forest is brought an enormous log to be put into the stove on Christmas, after wine has been sprinkled over the wood. The three wax tapers that are to be an important part of the cele bration have been made by the old est woman of the family. Two loaves of bread are baked to represent the Old and New Testaments. When Christmas Eve comes, the family wait for the church bells to ring out and summon each fatally to assemble in the living room. On the Christmas table stand the three candles ready to be lighted. Beside the candles, are the two loave3 of bread and a small cup filled with grains. The father lights a candle and bid3 the whole family to join in a hymn, then he goe3 to the table with the burning candle in his hand and says: "Christ is born!" The children, with reverent voices Join In reply: "Is born, i3 really born!" The taper is then placed in the hand of each child, who stands on the bench by the stove and says three times: "Praised be the Lord! Christ is born!" The others say: "Praise the name of the Lord forever and may Jle grant thee life and health!" . On Christmas day the father lights the second taper, and after he has said a short prayer, be blows out the lighted candle and pushes it down into the cup of grains. When he takes out the taper he examines it carefully, as the people of Croatia believe that which ever kind of grain sticks to the candle that kind will yield the biggest crop for the com ing year. The last candle is always burned on New Year's day. because the Christmas festival ends with the end ing of the first day of the new year. In other parts of Austria Decem ber 6 is the gift giving day. Wooden bowls are placed outside the door and in the morning the children find candies and sweets placed therein. Germany -Santa Claus here is Kriss Kingle, of Christ Kindlein. The people light every window in their houses on Christmas eve so that the Christ Kindlein may more easily find His way from house to house. In the early morning a tiny ngure repre- senting the Christ Child is waved !past the windows of th3 nursery so that the children will think the Christ Kindlein has riot forgotten them. A few days before Christmas the children made a list of the presents they would like given them, called "Wunschsettel." In some parts of Germany there is said to appear on Christmas day a person called "Knecht Ruprecht." meaning "Ser vant Ruprecht." He goes round to I t u. a. i each child. To the parents of naughty bo-s and girls he leaves a rod and advises the frequent use of it. There are no reindeer, sleighs or horses connected with Santa Claus hero for he is supposed to go afoot - d to ring the door bells for ad France Several days before Christmas the little French child searches for the biggest pair of shoes that can be found about the house. On Christmas stead of stockings when hunting for P!"c to deposit his gifts. Czscho -Slovakia - After the Christmas feast is spread, the daughters of the household are sprinkled from a bowl filled with pers are sweet as honey." Serbia Christmas here comes on the lCth of January, as they abide by the old is greeted with "Hristos se Rodi" (Christ is born) and will answer "Zaista se Rodi" (In truth He is born). The children hunt for their gifts, for they believe Santa Claus hides them about the house. Eethlehem Christmas Eve in the Church of;lent XiSht " the hezt known of the the Nativity, Anglican and Armen ian, Greek and Roman Catholic, and .Protestants assemble both inside and outside to sing in unison. This is the place where Christ supposedly was born. Below the church is the cave, hollowed out of rock and in this cave is the manger. The church has three chapels and is constructed in the form of a "T." One section is allotted to the Greek Catholics, another to the Roman 'Catholics and a third to the Protest- ants. Candles Tradition indicates that on the 25th of Dcember was observed the Roman Feast of Saturn, when candles were not only used for illumination purposes to symbolize the increasing light of the year,' but were also ex changed as gifts in token of cheer fulness and good will. The Jews, too, were accustomed to burn candles at that time, which happened to toe their Feast of Dedication. The Greek church calls Christmas "The Feast of . Lights." When the early Chris tians exchange these tapers they said 'I give you Christ the light of the world." Carols Carol means a song of rejoicing, of praise, which forms a part of the celebration of the great festivals of the Christian church, but associated most commonly with Christmas. It originally meant a song accompanied with dancing In which sense it is frequently used by the old poets. It appears to have been danced by many performers, taking hands,' forming a ring and singing as they went around. (The first carol, recorded in Luke II, 13-14 was sung by the angels on the plains of Bethlehem. Carol singing was very popular in Europe in the Middle Ages and still is a special feature of the Christmas season in England where bands of men and boys known as "waits" go about the villages for several nights before Christmas singing carols in the open air. Christmas waits in England nowadays do not dress in costume, but in olden times they wore blue gowns with red sleeves and caps and a silver collar or chain about the neck. The oldest extant copy of an Eng lish carol is in a book printed by Wynkn de Worde in 1521. This carol is still sung each Christmas at Queen's college. England. The ear liest specimen of Christmas carol is a Norman-French noel of the 13th century now in the English museum. The boar's head was anciently the first dish on Christmas day and was carried up to the principal table in the hall with great solemnity. In the year 1170, upon the day the young Prince Henry's coronation, King Henry the Second "serued his sonne at ye table as seruer, bryngyng up ye boares heade with trumpets, ac cording to ye manner." For this in dispensable ceremony there was a carol which Wynkn do Worde has given under tne title A carou Bryngyng in ye Boares Heade." "Was-haile! Bring in, upon his silver tray, With minstrelsie, The Boar's head, armed with garlands gay, And rosemarie; And lemon in his tusked mo lie laushs amain 'Noel! I two Was-haile! Be gay, ye lordlings, more or less The Boar's head leads the Christmas mess. Was-haile! Noel! Give thanks to our Imnianuel!" Carol singing was popular during! the Crusades and one of the carols used was written during the 13th j century, and was used as the Cru saders reached along. It is entitled, "Three Kings." Their use in Eng land seems to have been at its height under the Tudors. The universal fa- miliarity with them is shown by the I special prohibition in 1525 of "carols, bolls, or merry making" when Ilenry VIII lay seriously ill. In 15C2 license was given to Thomas Tyrdale to print "Vcrtayne goodly earroles to be sunge to the glory cf Cod." The Turitans under Cromwell, in their general onslaught on the ob servance of Christmas when holly and ivy were made sedition badges, attempted to abolish carols, but they camp back with the Restoration. Most of the Russian carols are wilder and full of scenes that reflect the life of the people, they danced and played during the singing. The follow: rg is typical of their carols: "Snow-bound mountains, Snow-bound valleys. Snow-bound plateaus, clad in k white. Fur-robed moujiks. Fur-robed nobles. Fur-robed children, see the light." The French carols more melodious than were those softer, of the other countries. Their effect on other .lands may be seen in hymns using the word "Noel" or "nowell." In 1318 Joseph Mohr wrote Si- modern carols Carols are sung annually on Bos ton Common, around community Christmas trees in many cities and villages, and for the past decade the choir of the President's church in Washinton, D. C. has sung carols at the White House on Christmas Eve. In Plattsmouth for many years the young people of the Methodist church have sung carols at the state Masonic Home early Christmas morn ing. Cards The first printed Christmas cards of record were issued in London in 1846, the first in the United States In 1862. Flowers The poinsetta was imported from South America about 1870 by Dr. Joel Poinsett, of Charleston, South Carolina. The chrysanthemums were introduced by florists from China and Japan. Greenery The custom of associating ever green trees and greenery with Christ mas had its origin in pagan custom. The early Christians found that in order to introduce Christianity into the world they must utilize many of the existing festivals of the pagan peoples they hoped to convert. Holly and mistletoe were used during the feast of Saturn, in fact the ancient Romans dedicated the holly blossom to Saturn. In order to avoid sus picion and persecution, the early Christians, too, hung holly in their homes in memory of not Saturn but the Christ Child. And in time holly became a symbol of the Christmas tide. The mistletoe for centuries was held in profound veneration by the Druids, and when Rome conquered them the early Church Fathers per mitted the mistletoe to be a part of the Christmas decorations. Authorities differ somewhat con cerning the origin of the custom of kissing under the mistletoe. Walsh is of the opinion that it is an inno cent survival from the Saturnalia of the ancients when riot and license ran loose. Other authorities claim that it is a survival of the ancient Druid3 of Britain. The mistleto.e is believed to have been given to the Goddess of Love to keep, and every one who passed under it received a kiss to show it wa3 the emblem of love. The Druids cut the sacred mistletoe and hung it over the door ways to propitiate the woodland spirits. According to myth, only hanniness could enter under the mistletoe. Use of the wreath is believed by authorities to be traceable to the pagan custom of decorating build ings and places of worship at the feast which took place at the same time as our Christmas. The wreath is not used to such a great extent in Europe as in America ,altho decor ations with evergreens are much used. According to ancient belief, each kind of evergreen used for decor ative purposes conferred special blessings en those who passed under them. Under holly insured good for tune, under bay denoted victory, un der laurel imparted beauty, and un der mistletoe aided love affairs. Trees There are many legends concern ing the origin of the Christmas tree. The earliest comes from Egypt, and its origin dates from a period long anUiior to the Christian era. The pain tree is known to put forth a branch every month and a spray of this tree, with twelve shoots on it. 1 was iipcd in Eervnt at the time of anlBttM 0 a c,.mK, n, the year completed. A later one is of German origin: "Martin Luther, one Christmas Eve, treveling alone over the snpw-cover- j ed country, was so impressed with ithe beauty of landscape and sky with jits thousands of glittering stars, that upon arriving home he attempted to describe the beauty to his wife and children. Suddenly an idea seized him. He went to the garden, cut off a small fir-tree, dragged it into the nursery,,- p'isome candles on the branches and lighted them." Luther called this tree a. "Weinachstbaum." In the early eighties Mr. Frel Woodbury, of Altadena, California, when landscaping his great estate near that city, planted cedar trees along what is now Santa Rosa Drive, the beautiful link between Pasadena and Altadena and here during the Christmas holidays all California At Christmastide the stately trees are decorated in brilliant Yule trap pings and lights, for the whole holi day week, "Christmas Hill" becomes a shrine, with many thousands pass ing by. Yule Log The Yule Log i3 of Germanic orig in, introduced into England by the Angles and Saxons. Xmas The X used in the abbreviation Xmas is derived from the fact that Christ was cruicified. The symbol of the cross was thus introduced into the word Christmas. Another belief is that it is of non-Christian origin and represents "X" as standing for an unknown quantity. St. Nicholas The connection of St. Nicholas, from which came St. Nick, Saint Klaus, and Santa Claus dates from about the beginning of the fourth century. St. Nicholas was a bishop of Myra in Lycia, Asia Minor and is the patron saint of. poor maidens, sailors, travelers, merchants and children. Little is known of his life. He was imprisoned during the Dio cleticn persecution and set at lib erty by Constantine the Great. The legend connecting his name with gift-giving is as follows: A nobleman in the town of Patara had three daughters, but was so poor he was unable to provide them with suitable marriage dowers. St. Nich olas heard cf this; and going secret ly to the nobleman's houes at night he threw a purse of gold into an open window. This fell at the feet of the father who used it for the dowry of the eldest daughter. On the second night St. Nicholas threw a second purse for the second daughter, and on the third night a third purse, but on this occasion the nobleman caught St. Nicholas and held him by his robe. St., Nicholas made him promise he would tell no one of his gifts. From this incident it became the cus tom for the older members to place gifts in the shoes or stockings of their young relatives and let them think St. Nicholas placed them there. Advertising will keep the wheels of business turning, even In "de presslon times." Don't overlook that fact, Mr. Merchant. New Tax Levies Not Up to Expecta tions in November Frank F. Parish Is Beleased $5,000 Bail After Surrender on Indictment. on New York. Frank P. Parish, who made $16,000,000 fortune, bought the former presidential yacht May flower and organized a $30,000,000 pipeline company by the time he was thirty-six years old, surrendered on a grand larceny indictment and de nied the charge. Parish, who has homes in Kansas City and East Or ange, .N. J., organized tne Missouri- Kansas Pipe Line Company, now in receivership, to bring natural gas 1,200 miles from the southwest to Illinois. He was president and di rector of the company. William Mg. Maguire, president of the W. G. Ma guire. Inc., a Delaware corporation with officers in Chicago, who was one of the largest stockholders in the pipe line company, filed the charges on which Paris was indicted here. The Indictment charges the lar ceny 01 $i2,wvu worm 01 uonus from the pipe line company and of three promissory notes aggregating $63,500 on which Ralph B. Mayo, also a stocknoiuer, nominally aa vanced money to the company. Ma guire said the money advanced by Mayo actually came from his own pocket. He chose this method of as sisting the company, he declared, bo- cause he did not wish it to become known that he was providing the funds. Frederick J. Sullivan, attorney for Parish who was with him when he surrendered, said Parish had paid Maguire more than $2,000,000 in commissions for selling natural gas and that Parish understood the notes and bonds were to be retained by him as a fund to finance legal resistance to certain plans of other public utility companies in the field and various banks. The bonds, in denomiatlons of $1,000. were issued by the Kentucky Natural Gas com pany, a subsidiary of the pipe line company. Parish i3 alleged to have appro priated the bonds about Sept. 9. On that date a demand was made for them in the district attorney's office and Archibald Firestone, assistant district attorney who presented the case to the grand Jury, said Parish refused to return them. Parish ap peared before the grand Jury at his own request, waiving immunity, lie is reported to have shown the jurors photostatic copies of the bonds and to have made no denial that they were in his possession. He was tak en to police headquarters following his surrender, fingerprinted and re leased in $5,000 bail. A federal grand jury in Chicago indicted him last March on charges of using the malls to defraud. State Journal. SERBICE MEN PLAN FEAST Washington. Turkey by the ton has been provided for Uncle Sam's soldiers' and sailors' Christmas din ners in far flung parts of the world. Up the strange Yangtse river in China, under a summer sun in the Philippines and Panama Canal zone, as well as in shivering Alaska, the doughboys, the bluejackets and the leathernecks are whetting their appe tites to feast on Sunday on all the holiday good things shipped thou sands of miles for their special bene fit. Allowances were made months ago for from a pound to two pounds of turkey alone for every member of the forces in addition to all the tra ditional Christmas dinner trimmings. Roughly, the army and navy dinner order this year, at home and abroad, calls for 220 tons of turkey. Uncle Sam's bill for turkey this Christmas will approximate $100,000. Five years ago the army and navy Christ mas turkey cost nearly twice that sum. CRISIS FOR JOBLESS COMES Berlin. Guenther Gereke, who re ported to President Von Hindenburg on the Job creation activities he is administering, subsequently reveal ed that the unemployment problem had become so acute it was beyond the capacity of private employers to grapple with and necessitated Immed iate state intervention. Commission er Gereke especially emphasized that the stability of the mark will not be endangered by a provision of 500 mil lion marks (almost 119 million dol lars) for execution of an immediate job creation program. A special credit committee will control the fi nancing so that non-essential expen ditures will be avoided. Get your scnool Supplies at the Bates Book Store where quality is high and prices low. PERSHING BEACHES BEDSIDE New York. General Pershing was at the bedside of his brother, James F. Pershing, who lay dangerously ill in Manhattan General hospital. Pershing was rushed to the hospital after a heart attack. The general was notified in Washington and ar rived at the hospital to find his bro ther unconscious. He later revived sufficiently to re cognize the general, physicians said, altho his condition remained criti cal. General Pershing was accom panied to the hospital by his sister. Miss May Pershing, and his son, Warren Pershing. Nehawka Quar ries Secure Big Stone Contract Estimated That 28,000 Cubic Yards of Rip Rap Stone Will be Need ed on Missouri River Work. The contract was signed this week between the Kansas City Bridge Co., contractors on the improvement work on the Missouri river in this section, with the Cass County Quarries, by Ole Olson, superintendent of the lat ter company. This contract has been under con sideration for some time but the final details were not arranged until this week and signed up. This will mean a great deal to Cass county people and especially the community where the quarrie3 are located, as the means of employment for the men of these places. The estimate is that the contract will require 1,000 cars of the stone for rip-rapping, which will mean that the loading yards at Nehawka will be a bu3y place for several months as the rock is prepared for shipment to Omaha for use on the river. When the work at Omaha gets in to full swing, Mr. Olson estimates that the quarry will employ some sixty men or more at the Nehawka quarries. While the winter season holds up the river work such a large force will not be necessary, how ever. The Nehawka quarries opened for work in November and a large amount of stone has already been quarried from the rock hills just southwest of the town. CHICAGO GANGSTER SLAIN Chicago. William Nydack, who police said was a former partner of "Smiling Joe" Filkowskl, Cleveland's "public enemy" No. 1, was shot and killed when police sought to serve a warrant charging him with robbery, Nydack was slain by Detective Harry Miller, who was present on Monday when Prank Nitti. the Capone "en forcer," was shot and wounded, per haps fatally, by another detective. Miller asserted that Nydack and Filkowski kidnaped him and Detec tive Harry Lang a year ago, taking their weapons and stars, and then ejecting them from their car. Lang was the policeman who shot Nitti Mille declared that when he enter ed Nydack's hotel room Nydack's wife and their thirteen year old son were present. He asked the mother and child to leave the room, Miller said. and then started to read the warrant. "Suddenly Nydack grabbed the warrant and tore it to bits," Miller said. "Then he reached for his pis tol. I just beat him to the draw and shot him." WORKS TO SET ASIDE DEAL New York. Samuel Untermyer, counsel for the Kreuger and Toll bondholders committee headed by Bainbridge Colby, declared he would seek to have 6et aside a transaction by which he said International Tele phone and Telegraph corporation ac quired more than 600,000 shares of L. M. Ericsson Telephone company of Sweden." Untermyer described the transac tion, in which he said the shares were assigned to International on Dec. 9 in exchange for an $11,000, 000 loan to Kreuger and Toll, as a perfectly brazen preference." He said he bad been informed the Erics son shares were worth between five and six million dollars. Consumma tion of the deal, he contended, was in violation of a court order restrain ing creditors of Kreuger and Toll from transferring any of the Swedish firm's property. TRADE TREATY RENEWED Berlin Annulment of the Franco German trade treaty of 1927 was definitely avoided by. the signing of an additional agreement effective February 1933. The contents of the new. agreement were not divulged, pending its perusal and ratification by both governments. Million Dollar Incomes Become Almost Extinct Number of People Paying It Dwindles From 513 in 1929 to 75 fcr Last Year. Washington. The fantastic mil-lion-or-more incomes of gay '29 which poured millions in taxes into government coffers, have become so few that the year 1931, on near-final statistics, records but seventy-five. against 513 two years before, now many will be left in this year 1932 is still to be seen, but the internal rev enue bureau, in analysing the na tional net income for last year, an nounced a C 1-2 billion drop in tne national income from 1930 to 1931. For the latter year the total was $16,341,994,610. Individual tax payers reported net income of $ 13,231,352,042, a drop of 53,989,401,578. Corporations report ed net income of 13,110,642,568, which wa3 a decrease of $2,516,072, 005. The number of individual tax payers who filed returns in 1931 was 3,116,317, of which 1,445.007 paid a tax and 1,661,310 were not tax able. The number filing returns was 260,235 les3 than 1930. In the cor poration group 493,293 made returns and 170.683 paid a tax, which was 143,729 less than the number which paid the previous year. iThe net income of individuals showed a decrease of 23.17 percent, while the amount of tax paid drop ped 49.06. The corporations making returns showed a decline of $2,516, 670,427 in net income and 46.44 per cent in taxes. Corporations making returns reported gross income of $44,512,434,454 as compared with $79,147,023,818 the previous year and $129,633,791,720 in 1929. Net fosses reported by corpora tions totaled $lie, 406,978 in 1931, as compared to $618,246,431 in the preceding year, and $392,177,216 in 1929. Individuals reported gross in come of $16,663,657,713 and took de ductions for $1,043,625,622 for net losses from sale of real estate, stocks, bonds, etc., other than reported for tax credit from salo of assets held for more than two years. They de ducted $128,613,116 for net losses from business and partnerships, took deductions of $318,885,093 for' con tributions and $1,911,163,838 for all other reasons. In the deductions for contributions, chiefly to charitable organizations, the largest amount was taken by the taxpayers in the lowest bracket. Those with incomes under $5,000 wrote off $120,000,000 for this reason, while persons having Incomes of from $200,000 to $500, 000 deducted only $5,041,525 and those with incomes of from $500, 000 to $1,000,000 deducted $6, 120,537. State Journal. WALKER PLANS A 'RAZZING' Nice, France. A list of famous people, including one president-elect, a former presidential candidate, and some of those who have shone in the spotlight of a'cw York politics dur ing the last ten years, are going to be more or less gently "razzed" in the memoirs on which former Mayor James J. Walker will start work Christmas day. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Al Smith, Samuel Seabury and John F. Curry will be among those written about In' the book of memories. Besides, there will be many other world fa mous persons Walker met during his stay in city hall. Too, there will be letters to King George, Queen Marie of Rumania and the king of Siam. Frank Scully, Walker's literary as sistant and American newspaper man, will collaborate with Walker. Betty Compton, American actress and a friend of Walker, also is plan ning to write her memoirs with the assistance of Scully. She says she will start soon on her work and that she probably will devote some space to Seabury and the part she played, in the Seabury investigation. MAYOR SIGNS THE BUDGET New York. Acting Mayor Mc- Kee signed the $557,141,222.73 bud get for 1933 which the municipal as sembly paseed over his veto earlier this week. He signed the document n bed at home, where he is recov ering from a severe cold. The may or vetoed the budget originally be cause he considered as "piecemeal" a reduction of $585,000 which it em bodied. After its passage over the veto, however, its enactment was re quired by Dec. 25. Charles L. Kohler, director of the budget, said a 40 mil- ion dollar reduction pledged to the bankers would be made later. Half this cut is to be mae in payrolls and the rest from other Items. Journal Want-Jias cet result 1 1 ! V ) V n v. 4