THF DAILY HERALD: PLATTSMUUTII, NEBRASKA, FRIDAY, AUGUST 10, 1883.
iflAL GAS SUPPLY.
.3 ABOUT THE NEW SOURCE
OF COMFORT AND WEALTH.
Gas Yielding Territory of the Col ted
State George Washington as an In
rtor A Catastrophe la China An In.
cldent Official Reports.
Where in the United States are the chief
source! of supply for natural gas? This is a
question that counties people have lsen try
ing to answer, and it is said that the people
of every state in the Union except the New
England states and the four mottt southerly
Atlantic seaboard states have quite lost their
equilibrium in attempting to show that the
chief supply is right under the crust of real
estate which they themselves happen to oc
cupy. East of the Appalachian range of
mountains, measuring the Green mountains
of Vermont as their most northern exten
sion, or spur, the natives have not bored for
'natural gas except, rbaps, furtively, and
in the dark. A similar want of enterprise
has Manifested itself in North and South
Carolina, Georgia and Florida, the people of
thottc fctates possibly thinking themselves too
near the earthquake center to take any
chances at penetrating' the crust of ttiU im
rfcctly baked glole. But everywhere else
between the Hudson river and the I'acifio
coast the drills have been working inces
santly, lighted at night, it is to bo pre
sumed, not infrequently, by the electric
light.
Such a Epectaclo would be somewhat ludi
crous wcro it not that the electric illuminaut
in tho presc-nt status of scientific knordedgo
is obliged to cb'nfess that dull gas is one of
the elementary forces to which it owes its
own being. But the search has been gener
ally futile. Except in Kansas gas has been
found in iaying quantities oidy in that por
tion of the MusisKippi valley which lies east
cf the great river and along tho borders of
the mysterious geological formation known
as the drift. The main sources of supply are
found in the western rt of the state of
Pennsylvania, extending northward into
southwestern New York, and southward into
West Virginia; in northwestern Ohio and the
contiguous eastern part of central Indiana,
and in one part of Michigan.
The considerable supply found in Kansas
is so far west of the main source that it sug
gests escaping gas caused by some fissure or
f.iult in tho drift formations. Yet the search
goes forward, though iosibly with relaxing
inttrcst. It is felt that tho cavernous west
and south may furnis-li still other natural
pipe linos to convey gas for general distribu
tion over lialf tha continent.
Natural gas has been long known. Tho vil
nge of Fredonia, in this state, near the lower
end of Lake Erie, has lieen lighted by it
nearly, if not quite, fifty years, and the
Father of his Country is found to have been
the first speculator in natural gas. He came
in possession a very long tima ago of w hat
were then known as the burning springs in
tho Kanawha valley, Virginia. These so
called springs were only the result of a
natural gas freak, though to the people of
thoso early days, before tho discovery or in
vention of a process for making coal gas,
they must have furnished n mysterious phe
nomenon. The idea of 'Washington, however, in ob
taining possession of tho property was not a
speculation in light or fuel, but a speculation
in salt, as more properly became the savior
if his country. In China, too, a country to
Ivhich we must always go when we think
ourselves exclusively entitled to the credit of
gome new discovery, the people have known
all about natural gas many hundred years.
1 U even reported that a groat catastrophe
once happened in China as a consequence of
the reckless use of this illuminant, tha catas
trophe having been nothing less than the
explosion of au immense subterranean gas
oncter which uuderran a country large
enough for- several kingdoms. Thd precise
number of people who perished at the time is
not recorded, but, considering the population
of the country, it must have been large. So
natural gas, it will be seen, has played a very
tragic part in the world'p historj', if an in
animated substance can be said to play
tragedy.
This Chinese story- lacks but one element
to give it a horrible interest, and that is the
element of possibility. No air can go where
gas holds possession; and you could not have
combustion and a consequent explosion with
out air. Some information in relation to
the natural gas wells of China has boon given
recently to the state department by Mr.
Charles Denby, the American minister to
that country. Mr. Denby describes a terri
tory about nine miles in diameter, where
brine, suitable for the production of salt, k.
found at a depth of 700 to 1,000 feet below
the surface. Below theso salt reservoirs
again, at a depth of 1.S00 or 2,000 feet from the
surface, gas is found. It is reached by means of
rude iron drills fastened to a rope and oper
ated in bamboo pipes, which are gradually
forced into the ground as tha earth below is
displaced by tho action of the sharp iron
point. It is bamboo everywhere. After the
gas is reached and brought to the surfaco it
is led off to the evaporating pans by more
bamboo pipes, and made to do duty jn turn
ing tho brine into salt crystals. But, for its
bearing on this question of danger to come
from the practice of tapping natural gas
reservoirs, here is the chief point of interest
in Air. Denby's report
During the Taiping rebellion, years ago,
the rebels held possession of the country
where those gas wells are situated, and they
took off the cap that held the gas jn confine
ment from one of the wells and set the col
umn aflame. It has beeu burning ever since,
and there is not talent enough among the
Chinese engineers to extinguish tho fire. But
it is to be presumed that even tho bamboo
piping in the well remains uninjured, or the
orifice must long since have beeu closed.
. We need not go all the way to China, how
ever, for examples. We have seen oil and gas
wells enougli aflame in the United States to
have blown off the ends of both New York
and Pennsylvania had it been possible for
the Came to penetrate below the surface.
The Chinese incident, however, is not with
out interest from another point of view.
There has been a theory that the gas wells
must be soon exhausted; but hero is a well
that has been running with such force that
the flame is inextinguishable during many
years, and there is no evidence of decreasing
pressure.
Official reports on the natural gas pro
ducts of the United States are not very re
cent, the latest report, in its main features,
coming down only to the close of the year
1SS0. It covers a period of less than two
years, the discovery that natural gas could
be found in sufficient quantities to make well
driving profitable having been made in
Yet at the end of the second year it was
found that gas had displaced 0,4o3,C00 tons
of coal, estimated in value at $10,000,000.
TLttwM about doable the quantity dis---d
daring the first year, 1SS5; and as tha
-1 gas cocipaniea were rapidly extend-
-n at the date of the report, it
esome that the quantity dis---
-i r3 duriies tho nrra-
WELL PRESERVED MAMMOTHS.
Ob That Was Eaten About 80,000 Tean
After Burial.
It was not till the last year of tbe last cen
tury that the first mammoth was disen
tombed from the tundra, to tbe complete
demolition of giants and antiquaries, and the
profound delight of scientific inquirers. In
1799, at the very moment when a rash young
man of tbe name of Bonaparte was upsetting
tho Directory and making himself inconti
nently into a first consul, the people of Sibe
ria were quietly rejoicing in the rare and un
expected luxury of a warm summer. In the
course of this unexpected climatic debauch a
Tungusian fisherman in the Lena district
went out one day hunting for mammoth
tusks, and was surprised to find instead a
whole mammoth sticking Qut visibly from a
bank of half thawed mud. Siberians stand
rather in awe of mammoths; they are re
garded as in some sort antediluvian, and
therefore uncanny monsters, and the fisher
man accordingly said nothing of his find to
any man anywhere, but locked up the secret
profoundly in hut own bosom.
Next year, however, ho went again stealth
ily to visit tho suspicious creature, and the
year after that he visited it a third time, and
so on, until the mammoth was at last
fairly thawed out, and fell on the sandbank
by the shore of tho Arctic ocean. Then the
fisherman, seeing the monster was really
dead, summoned up courage boldly to cutout
tho tusks, which he straightway -sold, on
business bent, for fifty roubles to a Russian
merchant. As to the body itself, he thought
no more in any way about that, for the skin
and flesh being somewhat high, not to say
unpleasant, were not in a condition to form
remarkable commodities. However, he no
ticed that his monster was covered with long
hair and thick wool, and that in general
shape it roughly resembled his own unsophis
ticated idea of an elephant. Two years later
a wandering man of science passed that way
on his road to China with Count Oolovkiu.
Hearing that a mammoth had beeu un
earthed, or, rather, noticed, near the mouth
of the Lena, he turned aside from his main
path to iay his respects in due form to the
prehistoric monster. Ho found it, indeed,
still recognizable, but quantum mutatus ab
illo, a lore and mutilated elephantine corpse,
with scarce a fragment of llesh clinging to
the bones of the fan Re skeleton. The fisher
men around had cut off the muscles from the
lxxly in great slices to feed their dogs, and
tho wolves and bears hud feasted their fill
on tbe frozen and unsavory meat of a for
gotten antiquity.
There is something positively appalling in
the idea of that strange beast, preserved so
fresh for 80,000 years (on the most modest
computation), that when once more disen
tomlicd it was still fit for lupino food, and
for the matter of that was very probably
cooked and eaten in Jart by tho unsophisti
cated Tungusians themselves in person. But
though most of the flesh had disappeared the
skeleton still remained almost intact, held
together in places by the undecayed liga
ments; the huge eyes yet stared wildly from
their capacious sockets, the brain was unin
jured within the heavy skull, one ear hung
jnburt from the side of the head, retaining
its long tuft of bristly hair, and as much of
the skin had escaped destruction as ten men
could carry away together. Tho skeleton
was taken to St. Petersburg, and there set up
in the museum of the imperial academy. It
has frequently sat or stood for its portrait
since to various artists, and its counterfeit
presentment in black and white forms, in
fact, the common mammoth of the ordinary
wood cuts, almost all of which are taken from
this earliest, the best and most perfect specV
men. The only doubtful point about the
tieast i3 the tusk. They were purchased, as
was supposed, from the Russian merchant
who bad bought them from their original
discoverer; but whether he sold back the
right pair or another set like them that fitted
equally well, has never been quite satisfac
torily determined. Cornhill Magazine.
Mclan, of The Enquirer.
As an evidence of his business sense I may
say that he foresaw the tight times of 1873
nearly a year before the banks suspended
specie payments and prepared for them by
hoarding every dollar of currency that he
could get hold of. He kept this currency in
bis tin boxes in the vaults of a safe deposit
company, and when the suspension came he
had 1 173,000 in cash on baud. The advan
tages this gave him were great. On one oc
casion a prominent paper manufacturer
came to him and wanted to soli him some
paper at very low figures.
"What are your best rates for a million
pounds?"' said McLean.
"A million pounds?' queried the manufac
turer. "Let me see."
"Then after a mental calculation he an
swered : "Mr. McLean, as times are hard and
money is tight and the amount you want is
a large one, I will let you have it for six
cents a pound."
"What time will you give me?" was the
young man's next question.
"Well, two or three months," was the
replv.
-Oh, that isn't enough," said McLean,
"Money is scarce and hard to get. I must
have six months at least."
This was finally acceded to and a contract
was made immediately. Hardly was it
signed when McLean turned to the manu
facturer and asked: "Now, what discount
will you allow me for cash on the delivery of
the paper?" This took the other all aback,
but tbe result was that McLean paid cash for
his paper as it was delivered to him and got
it for five and one-half cents a pound, and
this at a time when some of his business
riva's had to pay over a cent a pound more
for the same grade of paper, besides the in
terest on the money they had to borrow to
settle thefr bills. New York Cor. Philadel
phia Times.
American "Love for Lords.
As long as Americans have a national
characteristic left from the wrack of Anglo
mania, they will love a lord, even as Tom
did. The visiting lord will always be their
golden calf sometimes not even golden.
American girls will marry him, and, of
course, if he is a nice, jolly, talkative fellow,
as he generally is, every one will be pleased.
But it doesn't always stop there American
girls will still marry him if he is a common
ruffian, as much of an outlaw in his own
country as though he had forged a check or
robbed a church. There's tbe trouble; we
exercise no discrimination. For example,
there was Sir Richard Sutton and the Dukes
of Marlborough and Sutherland. Sir Rich
ard was a gentleman in the fullest sense of
tbe word, and by bis stately bonhomie and
gracious courtesy amply atoned for Mr.
Ashbury's unpleasantness over tne Cambria
and Livonia races years ago. And yet Sir
Richard was not as much sought after, was
not as highly honored by fete and festival,
as either of the dukes. Surely some one
should discriminate between such men.
The creed of society in these matters is.
very simple; the higher the title the better
the man that all. New yotk cor. limes
Democrat. -
She Knew Him Too Well.
Miser (to wife) I hear, madam, that yon
tty witty things at my rrrnw,
THE "REPTILE FUND."
SECRET SERVICE PUNDS AT PRINCE
BISMARCK'S DISPOSAL.
Methods by Which the Iron Chancellor
Controls the German Press Collection
of Personal Information Won Which
Betide an Unfortunate Journal.
The reptile fuud so called because of
Prince Bismarck's own phrase consists of
the confiscated fortune of the king of Han
over, together with an unknown grant from
the war indemnity. Speaking of the at
tacks made upon the government by
the press, - the chancellor exclaimed on
a memorablo occasion that as his ad
ministration was so exposed to malig
nant misrepresentations at the hands of its
adversaries, he did not think it tolerable that
he should be left unarmed against so power
ful and so unscrupulous a foe, "I must have
moans," he said, "with which to hunt thoso
reptiles to their holes and destroy them
there." Hence the 60 called reptile fund,
which is simply an indefinite amount of
secret service money at the disposal of
Prince Bismarck for controlling the press.
With its aid be is said to have organized a
news service for the benefit of the German
government, the like of which exists no
where outside of tb3 pages of the French
novels which describe the spy system of
Fouche, At its head stands Herr Holstein,
the ame damnee of Prince Bismarck, who
has at his command a disciplined host of con
fidential reporters, who euable him to follow
unseen tho movements of all his adversaries.
The great chancellor never neglects any foe,
no matter how insignificant.
At the chancellery of the secret intelli
gence bureau at Berlin, under Herr Holstein,
are kept the dossiers of every man or woman
whom from time to timo it thinks necessary
to Prince Bismarck to watch with a view to
ulterior developments. Tho minuteness of
tho information thus stored up for future
use is very extraordinary, and suggests
many uncomfortablo reflections. A friend
ot mine resident In Germany onco had an
opportunity of seeing his own dossier. There
iu he found set down all particulars of him
self and his family and his relations. A list
was given of all the eople whom he was in
tho habit of receiving, and a detailed report
of all the correspondents to whom he was in
habit of writing. To this man, it was written,
ho sends letters every week, to tho other
every day, to a third he writes sometimes
twice a week, aud then ceases to write for a
week or a month.
But the possession of an indefinite amount
of secret service money for purposes of cor
ruption, aud the accumulation from all the
unseen channels of ubiquitous secret police of
a vast reservoir of information for use if re
quired, aro by no means the only instruments
by which Prince Bismarck keeps his press in
good order. "How is it done?'1 exclaimed a
witty victim of the chancellors surveillance,
"It is very simple. Some fine day all the
editors of Berlin are summoned to the office
of the oracle. They aro told that the govern
ment is in possession of such aud such an
important piece of information which is com
municated to them, not for publication, but
in confidence, in order that when the oppor
tune moment arrives they may be well in
formed. A nod is as good as a wink to a
blind horse, aud before very long one or other
of tho editors discovers in some mysterious
way that the time has arrived when the cat
must be let out of the bag. He lets it out ac
cordingly, and all his bretbern follow suit
and the news, true or false, in launched in
due form."
"But what," I asked, "if an editor refuses
to take tho hint and obstinately abstains
from circulating the oflicial communique?"
"Then," was the reply, "it does not go well
with that exceptional newspaper. Misfort
unes always attend tho journal which is fool
hardly enough to ignore a hint from above.1'
"What kind of misfortunes?" "Oh, all kinds
of misfortune. Dormant lawsuits mysteri
ously reappear; oflicial advertisements are
withdrawn; privileges of sale or of display,
which depend upon the good will of the ad
ministration, are suspended. Bt perhaps
the most efficient allies of the chancellor and
his myrmidons are the venders of quack
medicines for the cure of unmentionable die
eases." "How, in the name of wonder, can
that be?" "It is very simple. In the father
land the government charges itself with
watchful solicitude for tho morals pf its sut
jects. But as even Homer sometimes nods,
so tho most vigilant administrations some
times fail to discover that the columns of
Gorman newspapers are defiled by the inser
tion of advertisements of immoral pills or by
the address of unclean doctors. When, how
ever, any newspaper continuously ppposes
itself to the will of the authorities, the cus
todian of public morals puts on his spectacles,
and wee betide the unfortunate journal if in
the obscurest corner of his badly printed
page there should be discovered lurking an
allusion to the objectionable pill or the dis
reputable physician. The administration is
down upon him at once, and punishment is
heaped on punishment until the editor con
sents to dance to the piping of power. Then
the custodian of public morals once more
slumbers and sleeps, and the quack adver
tises his pills in peace."
Add to'this that press prosecutions for press
offenses are as plentiful as blackberries, that
editors are sent to jail as felons for what
would be regarded in England as perfectly
justifiable criticism upon the chancellor, that
half the cities in Germany are under a 6tate
of siege, and you can form some idea of the
facilities which Prince Bismarck possesses
for manipulating the journals cf the father
land. PaU Mall Gazette,
American Students of Music
Professor Joachim, of tbe Royal Academy
of Music, chatted amiably about American
students. 'Tbey have," be said, "a mis
taken idea of the tasks which are before
them. Nearly all of them expect to become
finished artists in a twelvemonth or so,
whereas it takes years of training to develop
even the greatest talent. I like the energy
with which they go to work, and I do not
find, as it has often been said, that this en
thusiasm soon wears itself out. I find ability
to work hard and to work steadily and per
sistently nearly always go hand in hand with
my transatlantic pupils, the only trouble
being that they usually arrive two or three
years before their time. There are admir
able instructors in the United States, and It
would be better for the students to take ad
vantage of the home opportunities to their
fullest extent before coming here, for then
they would escape the drudgery, and (with a
shrug) we would escape it, too." B lately
Hall's Berlin Letter.
Japanese Spinning Machines.
The British consul at Ningpo calls the at
tention of British manufacturers to spinning
machines used in bis district that were im
ported from Japan, and which he thinks will
eventually be adopted in cotton producing
countries. The advantages claimed for them
as compared with tbe method of spinning
used in America are that tbe staple is less
injured and that the seeds are better cleaned.
This is attained bydrawirj the ec"n t
t r ' - t- r v
NATURES FRIENDSHIPS.
THE STATE OF WAR NOT SO
BAD AS WE IMAGINE.
Animals' Dread of Unman Beings Obi
Slaughter of Illrds and Beasts Crief of
Pet at Losing a Friend Natural An
tlpathles.
There is a deal of love killed out or pre
vented from manifesting itself. This is true
not only among human beings, but between
men and animals and birds, and even insects.
The state of war that is in existence in na
ture is not by half as bad as we imagine.
The worst half is caused by our own selfish
interference. On wild islands, when first
visited by men, it is always reported that
fowls and birds are so tamo that they permit
the approach of any one without the idea of
fear. But this they soon lose. The sitmo i
true of seals aud animals that have not been
bunted. But thero grows up rapidly a dread
of man, so that tho scent of a human being
to an antelope, elk or buffalo is most abhor
rent. This becomes an inherited trait. Man,
after all, is tho great destroyer that is
dreaded in all the realms of nature. The fe
line tribes rank next to him, together with
wolves, hawks and serpents. This is not a
pleasant fact to consider, but it is saddest of
all that it is a fact.
Nor does this begin to tell tho full truth. It
is not wild animals alone that dread us, but
as a rule there is little love for us among tamo
animals, the dog excepted. The cat has an
occasional friend, but is compelled for the
most part to live on the defensive. Some
races, like the Bedouins, live on terms of
familiarity with their horses and camels.
These exception.. si;ov the posiioio irieml
ship. In a (Quaker barnyard I have seen such
a rule of love that every animal was a con
scious friend. It is only lecause of our
brutality, or indifference, that our animals
are not our lovers. Cows are by no means
"board faced creatures" when gently handled.
Trained up as pets, thoy become affectionate
to a decree surpassed only by dogs. I have
owned a horse that never allowod me to ap
proach without placing her head affection
ately across my shoulder or her nose in my
bosom.
I cannot think without anger of tho
slaughter of birds and animals for no pewi
ble reason but sport. The birds would "take
to us" freely, if they dared ; and, us it is, a
few have managed to break down prejudice.
Tbe friendship between mankind and robins
I can hardly comprehend, for this bird is far
less valuable than some others, and is also
less beautiful. A writer in Vick's Magazine
relates how sho formed a friendship with a
humming bird. "I have had one brief little
friendship with a bird dning the present
summer which seems like a tender dreani, a
fleeting glimpse into an unknown land, a
peep into fairyland." She had come upon a
tiny young humming bird that had been
chilled by a cool night, and, picking him up,
had warmed and fed him. He grew so tame
that "when he was hungry he would fly
down to mo from top of a picture, and,
alighting on a twig in my fingers, would sit
and sip his sugar and water from a teaspoon
or the end of my finger. Thoso drops would
satisfy bin?," and thou o3f he flew. "He de
lighted to be held over a large spoonful of
soft water, and dip in his beak and splosh
water over his little body."
There is no reason why this gentle accord
may not be established on all hands. Pris
oners, oa we know, have formed curious at
tachments for crickets and spiders, and thus
Baved themselves from loss of reason during
solitary confinement. Nor, even in such
cases, is the friendship altogether on one side.
Foxes, dogs, cats, horses, have beeu known
to dio for grief over the death of a special
friend. I have seen manifestations of in
tense grief in several eases. Tha cat is capa
ble of peculiarly strong attachments. I have
known one to be inconsolable for many
weeks after tho departure of a boy to whom
he specially devoted himself.
Natural antipathies form the other side of
this question and the illustrations are all
about. A stray dog came to my place last
summer. He laid himself flat on his belly as
I approached, only moving his eyes with the
most intent watohfuluess. I drew nearer,
not a motion, but he drew still flatter to the
soil. He was offering his services. Would
I accept bim? He was a beautiful cross of
shepherd and hunter. I 3aid, "Yes, you
may stay.1 Ho knew in a moment the pur
port of my words. Leaping up, he came
with eyes full of gladness and took my scent,
and at once was a member of ray household.
But the friendship was ever first of all for
myself.
Ifow cama th question of cat and dog, for
I had a splendid cat that hod had no dog?
about to annoy bim. Here was the natural
antagonism of the feline and canine races.
But "Shep" understood perfectly that he was
an adopted resident, and must not crowd his
acquaintance. They could not become quite
friends, but learned to tolerate each other.
What is this natural antipathy? Traced far
enough back, the ancestry of the feliues and
canine oome out of a common stock. But
these terrible clawing creatures have been
outlaws from time immemorial. To bite is
allowable in the animal code; but to scratch,
that is an innovation and indecent. We have
codes that allow bullies o pound and kick,
but they must not scratch. It is easy to im
agine how the first that took to using their
nails were driven out of the tribe. I believe
the genuiue ancestry to be canine; the feline
is a spurious offshoot.
There are intense hatreds, as we well know,
between birds. Not one of them will f ora
an alliance with the English sparrow. .So far
as I have observed the blackbird has no
friends and does not care for any. He works
in troops, steals iq companies, and has his
bill against all other sorts of birds, and is da
tested in turn. An owl is a lonely creature,
only that it is said occasionally to make a pet
of a snake instead of eating it, which I doubt.
The friendship is probably like that cf prai
rie dogs and rattlesnakes an invasion of
snakes that can pot be prevented. The owl
may not be able to digest some of his saurian
acquaintances. As a rule there is some one,
or two, members of a household, that had
better let the domestic cat alone sometimes
also the dog or dogs. Why these are not
liked by the animals I do not know, unless it
be something in the scent. Horses have
strong antipathies to certain grooms, based,
I should judge, at least in part, on smell.
"E. P. P." in Globe Democrat.
A New Experience.
Mistress (pumping) Hold the pitcher
under the spout, Bridget!
Biddy OGalway (under training) Oh,
mother uv Mosesl Lookitt Sich a fingl
All yez have to do is to be shakin that stick,
an' yez get hould o' one ind o' the wather, an
jist pull out a rope of it. Sich a t'ing. Sure,
ma'am, the only kind of pump we have in
Ireland is a bucket. Woman,
Aa Long; as Possible.
"See here, my friend," said a farmer to a
tramp, "you're been lyin' in tbe shade of
that fence fer over thirteen hours. Aint it
boot tima to mora onr "If you say so,"
r-'id tha trwrrs rrr 's to bis feet. "I
r- ., T - -" .
The Plattsmo uth Herald
Xo on. joying a
DAXL"3T AND
EDITIONS.
The
Year
Will be one during which the Fiibjecta of
national interest ami importance will he
strongly agitated ami the election of a
President will take place. Ihe people of
Cass County who would like to learn of
Political, Commercial
and Social
of this year and would keep apace with
the times should
-FOli
Daily or Weekly Herald
Now while we have the subject before the
people we will venture to epcak ot our
J Mi
Which is first-class in all respects and
from which our job printers are turning
out much satisfactory work.
PL ATTS MOUTH,
Boom in both, it c
1888
Transactions
2E
EITHER THE-
AliyEllVli
NEBRASKA.
