TJlfc DAILY HERALD. I'LAlTSMmrrn. wnrtrvoxi A. RATPRDAY. MARCH 31. 1888.
FARM AND GARDEN.
LAY OUT CARDEN3 SO A3 TO ADMIT
OF HORSE CULTIVATION.
Various Bfodea of Totwto Culture Prac
tical lu Thla Country A Cyra Marker
Which Mark Three . How Salient
1'olaU la ClieeM Making.
The corn marker illustrated in the ac
companying cuts U recommended by
i ue umo r urmer aud la Ucscnlcd by that
authority as follows:
FIG. 1 COr. MARKER.
Fig. 1 shows n marker which makes
three rows nt a time, and is plain to the
eye. The henljIecc is Vx'-i iridic and is
hinged at A, to juTiiiit nil the markers to
touch the ground at all times. Without
this hine, tlie inequalities of the ground
would often ke'p one of tho markers olT
the ground. It is the Kuae rod, to tho
outer end of which is attached n marker
of. some wrt to follow the last row previ
ously made In order to keep the rows
straight all over the tield. If the marktrs
do not make the marks plran enough, nail
a piece of plank on the bottom, as shown
at C. It is better to have tho gauge rod
hinged on a iost over the central marker,
aud then it cau be turned over at the cuds,
use In going back.
rili. 2 CORN MARKER,
Fig. 2 has the cauge rod extending
ont on each side far enough to reach the
last row marked. The middle marker is
hinged to the headpiece, instead of having
the Litter hinged, which answers the
game purpose. For making four rows at
a time, the hinge in the ilr.st cut must be
put in tho center o-.' tho head, half way
between tho mi-Mlo two markers. In the
second one illustrated, the hinged mark
ers must he nt the ends of the headpiece.
A marker making four rows is rather un
handy to ue, and in practice three marks
will be found enough.
Different Modes of I'otato Culture.
Xot a great many years ago it was the
practice to plant whole potatoes in such
quantities ns to form quite a large per
centage of the expected yield, which has
been succeeded at the present time by the
opposite extreme of planting single eyes,
leaving ample room letween the two
methods for cultivators" to exieriment ai
to the amount of seed and the methods of
cultivation from which the best results
may be obtuiued. Owing to the short
crop of last year, seed will be high, and it
will be a good time to plant whole small
potatoes, such as have been given to the
pigs In plentiful years, and with many
persons they have all along been preferred
to cut feeediJ. Planting Irish and Scotch
grown seeds is unsafe, as those who have
experimented with them generally repre
sent them as unsuited to our climate.
There is a general agreement on rows
about three and a half feet apart, with
hill9 twelve incites apart in the rows, and
one or two cyc in a hiil, while at the
same time occasional trials with whole
seed have yielded larger trcps; but so
long as cut seed proves satisfactory a ma
jority will no doubt continue its use. It
is of no we to plant potatoes on wet,
heavy soil; while the ground should not
be excessively rich, it should le clean,
dry and mellow, and generously fir
tilized. Where barn yard manure is
used, which contain.? all the necessary
elements, it should 1 well rotted and
decomposed, as in its green state it is liable
to canse scabby potatoes; where this is
not plentiful xome reliable commercial ar
ticle should take its place. Another quite
good plan is to spread the liarn yard ma
sure and plough it under, and at planting,
drill tb commercial kind moderately in
the rows. This method ia practiced in
many sections and by it the tubers get the
advantages of both kinda of fertilizers,
first from the quicker actioa of the highly
concentrated one, and later on from that
Of the barn yard, a moderate application
f Loth being thought better than the use
of either one by itself.
A succesefnl potato grower in Union
county. New Jersy, says his practice for
several years has beet to plant only one
ye to a hill, cut from the butts of largo
potatoes, not using the other end with its
more numeroiis eyes at all. He puts lu
the rows COO pounds of some well
known brand of commercial manure to
the acre mixes it with the dirt in the
tows by drawing a chain through before
dropping the seed, and using no other
kind. He has alvfCJs had good crops,
even including the psef.; nmavorable
year, and believes he can profitably U-C
ton to the acre of commercial fertiliser
whenever the average price of potatoes in
this sectiou can be obtained fr his crop.
' The potato his the habit of degenerat
ing to a degree that has caused the best
and favorite varieties of former times to
become obsolete, so that even their names
are scarcelv remembered, and some of the
more recent ones, such as the Peach Clow
and Early Rose, &id giving place to newer
seedling varieties, to b themselves dis
placed hereafter ia the same way. 1
were dependent on the tubers aJoue-for
the propagation of tho pot ;ito this would
be an alarming fact, but fortunately we
have in the seed the ready means of re
jnrenating the species, and tho more than
.500 new varieties, many of them surpass
ing the former excellencies of the parent
stock, attest the success of potato special
ists in this direction.
In states where the ercp can be har
vested iu May or June, and sometimes as
late as July, it Is becoming somewhat
common to raise a second crop by expos
ing the small potatoes to the air but not
to the sun for a couple of weeks or
longer, until they become dry and green
In color. These are then planted whole,
and are dug lu the fall for seeds the iext
year. This seed has not the same tendency
to Fproul through the wi&tex Iroza a warm '
i
c
cellar as the fully matured tubers. As the
mall ones used In the summer for the
second planting are slow In germinating
so soon after being dug, they should be
started to sprouting before being planted.
by putting them into barrels set in a cool
place and sprinkling them daily and cov
ering tho barrels with a damp cloth until
they how higtis of germinating. Flat
and Lill culture each has its advocates;
farmers are more competent to determine
from their own exjetiiiients, which is
lcst for their own soils than from any ad
vice that can le given, ror the same
reason, no particular varieties will be rec
ommended for seed, except to say that
fur the main crop select the ones that
from, your own experience and that of
your neighbors you knov to be well
adapted to your soil and your market.
This, however, is nK to be understood as
discouraging any one from testing In a
moderate way the new varieties confi
dently recommended by well known spe
cialists, as it is only in this manner that
the best can find their wsy into general
use.
In the V2-talIo Garden.
It is ft very important jirit, in forming
a good garden, so to arrange the planting
of the different vegetables as to insure
both a judicious selection of sorts and a
proper time of planting for each of tho
varieties selected, thereby securing for
the table a succession of tho different
kinds extending throughout the season,
rather than a dozen varieties all coming
in together, when it Is imitossible to use
more than three or four; or, on the other
hand, the occurrence now and then of
times when there is no vegetable whatever
ripe for the table.
In arranging dates for planting vege
tables for a succession, it should be noted
that as the season advances and becomes
warmer, peas and, in fact, all kinds of
vegetables grow faster and overtake one
another, as it would seem. The dates of
planting the diuVrcut sorts do not lead to
corresponding intervals in gathering the
crops. For example, though five days'
difiVrence in date of planting peas in
April will make about ns many days dif
ference iu the time of the harvesting in
June, yet five days' difference in planting
in May will make hardly any visible dif
ference in the ripening in July.
Important Point in C'heeae Making.
One of tho leading features of the forth
coming report of the Xew York state
dairy commissioner consists of opinions
from leading dairymen on the lest
methods of conducting the cheese busi
ness, the prevalence of fraud in produc
tion and by what means the consumption
of it can Ikj lest increased.
The question of branding cheese with
the oflicial state brand evidently remains
an open one among tho state dairymen.
A good many of them are pronounced ia
favor of the plan; others consider such a
branding advantageous to consumers only;
others are indifferent, while a consider
able number condemn the state brand as
useless or detrimental to the natural rela
tions of producer nnd consumer.
The replies to the question, How pre
valent is the habit of branding cheese as
"full cream" when it is not, cannot fail
to gratify cheese cousumers, as in more
than 100 reports 6n this point there is not
a single expression of positive knowledge
of the existence of this habit.
Mints About Truck Farming.
Where truck farming, as it is called, or
gardening for market is to lje carried on
along with other farm work by a farmer
who has Eons grown up or nearly so. It
will be an excellent plan to put one of
them in charge of this department and
require no other service from him, or el&e
hire a reliable man for the purpose, or
rent the garden plot on such terms as may
be agreed on. In this business it will
generally be found best to separate it as
much as possible from the ordinary farm
work, else both are liable to suffer from
connecting demands for attention from
each at a critical time.
How to Lay Out Gardens.
Since it is becoming the practice to ley
out vegetable and berry gardens so as to
be kept clean by horse cultivation, it i3
well to place the different crops in such a
position with each other as to mako them
convenient of access, as well as to afford a
pleasing.appearancc. As a single example
of such an arrangement is hero repro
duced from Country Gentleman an illus
tration iu which a line of raspberries vas
placed next to :t narrow grass walk ex
tending lengthwise through the garden
and next to the raspberries several rows
of strawlnrries, and still beyond these a
line of currants.
't 2 wVttj$frr"
STEAWKERUIES WALK KASPBEKBIES.
The grass walk was four feet wide, aud
was kept cut short by passing a hand
lawn mo.-;.r cac a week, with only a few
minutes" work. At the edge of this walk
was a line of Caroline raspberries, this
variety being of lower and more rounded
growth than other sorts, and when lo
fruit its rich yellow berries give it a quite
ornamental appearance. The strawberries
next to the raspberries, being well en
riched with manure, and kept well culti
vated and clean by horse power, the rasp-beiK-
J.".v-eon one side all the advantages
of high 'culture, xvhila .ill the crop may be
gathered from thj smooth gras walk.
Iu laying out a kitchen and "fruit
garden, an occaoional grass walk extend
ing lengthwise, gives much easier access
to tho different ppts. The edges of thesjj
walks are kept suClcientiy trimmed by the
cutting blade of the one horse cultivator
cr with the light one horse plow, and la
borious hand labor is almost entirely
avoided.
-Agricatural 'Sen.
The vegetable crop in most of tho
southern states will be large.
According to The Cincinnati Price Cur
rent, the clover seed crop of 1S37 was a
fairly ltrgs one of good quality. Tho
crop was short in the northwest; else
where, according to the authority quoted,
the supply was about as usual.
The Massachusetts cattle commission
ers, after due investigation, report that ;
hog cholera In that state is spread by ;
feeding swill containing germs of the lis
e;isc brought from the west ia fresh pork, .
and that in no case does it spread from
pen to pen nuless infected a&imals come
ia contact with healthy ones. ' J
- : I
FARM AND GARDEN.
WIRE STAKES ADVISED FOR PLANTS.
A PROLIFIC WAX BEAN.
I iu proved Modes In Cora Culture Val
uable Facts Itecardlnjc Plows and Ilw
Ing Some Other Matters That mil 1
Found to Be of Interest. a
The imiortant subject of plows ant'
plowing has been receutly shewn forth ii
its many phases by Professor Sanborn, li
a bulletin giving a reort of results an
observations gained and made on th
Missouri state agricultural grounds. Fol
lowing is a brief summary of these ob
servations: FIO. 1 PROPER DEPTH.
1. A deflection of the traces when un
der draught from a straight line from
shoulder to doubletree results in a decided
loss of power, and such loss is applied to
tho galling and worrying of the horse.
2. The use of a truck or a little wheel
under the end of the dough beam gained
14.1 icr cent, or the draft as an aver
age of the trials made, and in addition
gave a more uniform furrow and relieved
the plowman. This saving can be made
only when the line of draft is right.
3. Tho use of the coulter was, without
exception, attended with a decided loss of
force or increased draft by whatever
form of coulter used, but was less with
the new st jie coulter than with the roll
ingand old fashioned coulter. The aver
age gain of draft by dispensing with
tho coulter was 15.0 ier cent. The coul
ter invariably disturbed the line of
draft, resulting in a furrow of different
dimensions from those formed without it.
4. The draft of a plow decreases as
depth of furrow increases until it reaches
the piow's normal capacity, and then in
creases ns the depth is increased beyond
this capacity of the plow. This law is
modified by the fact that as a furrow in
creases in size the ratio of cutting face or
edge of plow to the furrow turned de
creases.
o. ine orate ot a plow uecreases ns
width of furrow increases until the nor
mal capacity of the plow is reached, after
which it increases again under the same
limitations a3 in previous case of depth,
yet it does not increase in as rapid a ratio
as is seen in case of depth. The absolute
draft in a 15-inch furrow was less than
for a 10-iuch furrow.
0. The discord of these results with
those previously found by others has
several possible explanations, one of which
may possibly be the iniluenco of plow
improvement.
7. The necessity of intelligently adjust
ing the furrow to the normal capacity of
tho plow or using only plows that will be
normal to the furrow turned was made
apparent. The loss in draft from a
furrow varying from the plow's normal
capacity by two points only was for an
average of all trials of varying widths and
depths 21 per cent. From the standpoint
of draft it is poor economy to turn a
small furrow. Three horses are better
than two in plowing.
FIG. 2 IMPROPER DEPTH.
8. If one adds the saving from the three
factors discussed truck, coulters and
width and depth one gets 49.7 per cent.;
or a plow with truck on, coulter off, and
plow a good sized furrow, will give this
per cent, of gain when put against a plow
with coulter on, truck off and turning a
shallow, narrow furrow; or rather the
latter will draw 49.7 percent, harder than
the former, if the professor's data are cor
rect. 9. A seven by fourteen Inch furrow re
quires about three horse power to turn it.
Thoso who use two horses, either turn a
small, costly fnrrow or overdraw their
horses upon sod land of the kind in ques
tion a clay loam.
10. A fnrrow turned whose size is not
normal to the plow is usually, if not al
ways, a jerky or uneven one, poor and
hard on the workman. The accompany
ing cuts, which represent the actual
draft and its fluctuations at varying
depths and widths, show this. Attention
is called to the irregularity of the lines iu
Figs. 1 (proper depth) and 2 (improper
depth) in comparison. The wrong depth
gives an uneven draft. The same was
found in cuts taken where a too narrow
furrow is compared with a furrow of
proper width. In both cases the more
irregular lines drew thehirdepof the two.
The Planting and Cultivating of Corn.
The time for corn planting varies with
the latitude and also depends much upon
the weather. As soon as the days are
mild and the ground warm is a safe rule,
wherever that may be, in all localities.
Three conditions are essential lq the pro
duction of a paying crop of corn, namely
good seed, a rich friable soil and thorough
tiljage. Progressive farmers have de
monstrated the economy of a thorough
preparation of the 6oil for the seed; in
deed not a few of our most successful
growers advocate and practice, as best
and easiest, the cultivation previous to
planting; that is to say, they do not use a
plow after planting but let all thq deep
culture of tho soil precede it. ' ' '
Where manure is required the better
way is to spread it broadcast and plow it
in, if coarse, or harrow it in, if well pul
verized and decomposed. When manure
is thoroughly incorporated In the soil, the
roots of the plants are certain to take it
up, and the development of ear and grain
will correspond with that of stalk
and leaves, which is not the case
when a limited amount of fertilizer
is placed in hill or drill only. To gain
the best results from the employment of
stimulating elements in hill or
drill, ; available plant food must
be near at hand and In suf
ficient quantity to carry the plant,
once started, on to tfce perfection of
,a rt
1
its growth. An early start is a great
point gained, and the employment of fer
tilizers in the drill Is of decided advantage,
provided, us has been already told, the
-Kiil outside contains sufficient food to
keep up tho growth of the plant. Poul
try manure and Peruvian guano have
inch rendered valuable service when ap
plied in the drill.
Iarge areas are nowadays usually
planted in drills, and corn planters and
cultivators are quite generally adopted,
ind it is commonly conceded that the drill
system induces the greatest yield, other
.-onditious being equal. Flat culture is
iow the general rule for the corn crop, it
laving long ago been proven that hilling
s not required for the support of the
:laut, as was formerly supposed, and
there is also a saving of labor in the fiat
culture system. A plan of drill culture,
favored by some on light and naturally
dry upland, is what is known as the fur
row system of planting. The field is
broken up as usual and made level. At
the time of plautiugone thorough harrow
ing is given and the furrows laid off and
thrown up into five feet beds, the corn
being planted in the furrows between the
beds. The object of this plan is to insure
moisture to the crop. The fertilizers
are sown in the bottom of the furrows
and mixed with the soil by running along
the furrows a sharp single shovel coulter
or dragging a chain through them. Then
tho seed is dropped and covered.
The after cultivation is done with culti
vators, which gradually level down tho
surface of the beds, returning tho soil to
the corn and leaving the general surface
level when completed.
The system of "checking" corn, so that
the cultivation may lu in two dirceMons.
direct aiyi across, is i.iuc.i p..ciic.u i;.
the northern aud western states. At the
east and in many of the middle states
planting in drills and cultivating shallow
and fiat with cultivator and hoe prevails
among the more progressive farmers.
As to the matter of seed, farmers are
advised for their general crops to plant
such varieties as iu former years have
proven successful in their own localities
and in soils similar to their own. Small
plots may be profitably employed in test
ing new and promising kinds introduced
by trustworthy seedsmen or other
farmers.
An Improved Wax liemi.
The old Gernufu wax beau has long en
joyed an enviable reputation among wax
beans. It matures early, the flavor is
superior and its pods are tender, but it is
not so prolific ns some other varieties.
NEW PROLIFIC CERMAV WAX BEAN.
And now is introduced for the first time
to the public the new prolific German wax
bean, an improved strain of the old fa
vorite German wax. T.his new strain,
which has been tested in many localities
with both field aud garden culture, ap
pears to have given very general satisfac
tion. Vick, who has been testing it for
four years, has it catalogued this season
under the name of New Prolific German
Wax. His stock was started from a sin-
;le seed of the old German wax, aud
while the general appearance of the plant
of the new prolific resembles the old and
retains its. good points, Vick claims for
the newcomer that it is a stronger and
more robust grower; its pods are slraight-
cr, longer, rounder, and that it Is mors
than twice as productive in tact, com
bines all the good qualities of the old
with the improvements wrought by years
of careful selection and cultivation.
"Wire riant Stakes.
American Garden made an admirable
suggestion when it advised wire plant
stakes as worthy of adoption. In thes-j
ijs, when wire is so much used fof
nces and arbors, there are always short
lengths left over that can be utilized for
stakes. The authority referred to tells
just how to do this j
Take wire of sufficient strength to afford
some support (small wire will do for deli
cate little plants, but heavy ones require
stout); straighten
it and cut into
lengths from one
to three and a half
feet; then, with a
strong pair pf
pli6rs or use of un
anvil swage, beud
ono end into a
ring, as iu Fig. 2.
It is important to
put this curve on
PLAST STAKES.
the end, as it holds the tying material
in place without being so tight as
to choke the plant, and without it
the sharp wires are a constant source
pf fianger, belug liable to catch in
the clothing and seriously injure any one
thrown upon them. Groups of flower
stalks can be tied up by taking three of
the stakes and passing the string through
the wire loops. A better way when shap
ing the wires is to make some pf them
into pairs-, shaped 63 in Fig, 1, where the
tops catclf together, forming a wire circle
to support the plants, allowing them to
develop their natural beauty of growth.
If these wires are dipped into thin paint cr
1 i.1 Ml T m
" jr years. An
easy way to do this i3 to ston un one end
of a piece of two inch gas pipe of the right
length, fill with the varnish and quickly
dip the stakes in and hang them up to
dry. Make these 'now and you will be
glad of it when staking time comes.
Here and There.
Now is the time to study the catalogues
of trustworthy seedmen.
According to late accounts the Louisi
ana strawberry crop is the largest ever
grown.
Arkansas and Texa3 claim that the im
migration Into those states during the
past year has been greater than in any
previous season.
Prof. De Muth is quoted as saying, that
hay fed to a cow between meals is worse
than wasted, as it interferes with the di
gestion of the regular ration.
In no way can a farmer with less
trouble enrich a poor field with scanty
herbage than by 'feeding sheep on it. So
! affirms an English sheep farmer.
Readers interested in the production of
: silk cocoons can obtain information cn
the subject by applying to the commis
sioner of agriculture, Washington, D. C,
who has on hand some silkworm eggs for
; digtiibntton
YOU MAY
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A IT'LL
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Clocks, Silverware,
Optical Goods, etc.
Mr. Carmichael, an expcrienctd Watch-maker, has taken charge of tho
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By fair and honest dealing we
rona;
IE3I. lL. G
DOVEY BLOCK,
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PARLOR F08NITDRF.
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bo Oari.visj.cod.
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116
s em joying a
Tlie
Will be one during which the subjects of
national interest and importance will be
strongly agitated and the election of a
President will take place. 'J he people of
Cass County who would like to learn of
Political, Commercial
and Social Transactions
of this year and would keep apace with
the tiiie3 should
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