I
BMC S(Cl(D3Lv
VACCINATION AGAINST
TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE
i itltl (I .....
People Talked About
Good Results from Use of Bovovacclnc, tho Discovery of Von
Bohrlng, German Bacteriologist By H. L. Russell and
dosrom nov in aid or tmrcilouj cMmy
C. Hoffman, Wisconsin Agricultural College.
mm
mi
X
RELIEVED OF BUSINESS CARES
Carnegio fund.
In order that his wonderful discoveries may bo moro gonerally distributed
and Incidentally that his work of discovery may not bo hampored by busi
ness worries, tho bruins and genius of Durbank, tho ".plant wizard," have Been
capitalized for several million dollars.
Tho men who have secured the solo right to distribute to tho world the
plant discoveries of tho Santa Rosa naturalist are llartland Law and his
brother, Herbert 13. Law, well known millionaires of San Francisco, and
Oscar 13. Dinner, a wealthy eastern capitalist.
There is no limit to tho rights which tho men hnvo secured except
one or two small contracts which Uurbank Is now tilling.
Working alone, Uurbank has not had time to glvo Iho results of all of his
experiments to the public, but now a systematic effort will bo made to dis
tribute both his past and future products to nil tho world. One of tho first
things undertaken by tho new company will bo the fuller development of tho
spineless cactus, which promises to transform desert wastes into grazing
lands for cattle. In this connection It Is announced that Uurbank lias de
veloped a cactus capable of producing saccharlno matter which will yield
both sugar nnd alcohol.
LIko most men of genius Uurbank Is decidedly averse to the worries nnd
routine of business affairs, nnd he welcomes tho Incorporation as tho best
means of ridding him of this handicap to his experiments. The company will
bo called "Tho Luther Uurbank's Products, Incorporated."
Mr. nurbank, when asked regarding tho formation of tho new company,
made tho following statement:
"It is n fact that Herbert Law and his brother and Oscar 13. Dinner
have secured tho solo rights to tho handling of my products, with tho excep
tion of a few varieties I have already sold, i am glad to bo rid of tho
business end. It will give mo so much more time for the development of
more fruits nnd flowers."
NEW COLORADO EXECUTIVE
arguments for the unlocking of tho prison doors. As a result, ho Is being
bombarded with letters, some praising him for bis stand and others denounc
ing him with bitterness for his lack of human sympathy and chnrity.
As congressman-nt-largo, beforo bis election as govornor, Shnfroth as
tonished tho politicians by deliberately nnd voluntarily resigning his ofllce be
cause ho found that some of his followers In a hot campaign had indulged In
tricks that wero common in politics but not exactly up to the moral code any
where else. "I want no ofllce that Is tainted with fraud," ho declared, when
he learned, nfter being seated In Washington, of somo things that had helrd
him witi. Fraudulent votes had been cast and counted, although ho had no
hand in it. After his voluntary retirement his fellow Democrats at home
scored him as a "quitter" whllo tho Republicans sneered nt his "pretensions of
virtue." Full appreciation came lator, howevor, and ho waB elected governor
last fall by a heavy majority, succeeding a Republican.
OWNS BIG AFRICAN RANCH
On Ju-.Ia ranch, 20,000 acres of land 23 miles
from tho seat of government of Urltlsh East Africa, Mm McMillans uro ex
perimenting In tho domestication of wild animals, nn experiment that Is be
ing watched with great Interest by zoologists and naturalists everywhere.
Hero Roosovolt Is to romaln for several weeks discussing with his host the
llnnl plans for his plungo Into tho wilderness. LIko tho president, McMillan
did lila first hunting In the American west. He Is HO years old.
WORKING TO
ful that
to retire from Its position trouble may bo ahead. Sir John hns been in the
diplomatic service In China in some capacity or other ovor since his gradua
tion p.t Dublin 37 years ago, with tho exception of a fow years at Korea,
Luther Uurbank, whoso achievements! In tho
lilnut world nrc to be capitalized by a company
that will undertake on a largo scale to Introduce
IiIb Improved plants, vegetables, fruits and flow
ors, Is the foremost living specialist In his line,
lie has originated tho Uurbank potato, several
varieties of Btonelcsa plums and prunes, vari
ous now fruits, flowers, grasses, grains and
vegetables, and tho splnolesH cactus, which
promises to transform tho deserts of tho far
west nnd nouthwest Into fruitful dwelling places
for man. Mr. Uurbank wus born In Lancaster,
Mass., In 1849 and has lived in Santa Uosn, nl
since 1876. All his experiments and discoveries
hnve occurred on his California farm, where
for eovcral years ho has been supported by tho
Gov. John P. Shafroth, tho now executive of
Colorado, has stirred up a state-wide avnlancho
of comment, good and bad, by his announce
ment that ho will depart widely from tho ways
of his predecessor In tho matter of pardon
granting. Tho former governor wnB n Mothodlst
preacher, Rev. Harry M. Uuchtol, and ho found
hlniHoir unable to turn n deaf ear, apparently, to
tho pleas of tho pardon-seekers. Men nnd wom
en were rolensed from tho penitentiary In a
stream by his orders.
,Now Shafroth announces that while he Ib
on the job It Ib going to bo a pretty heavy task
to drag a pardon out of his olllce. He bus start
ed to prove his promlBo by dumping a wagon
load of petitions nnd nflldavits Into the waste
basket and declining to grant audiences to hear
W. N. McMIHnn, from whoso African estnto
Former President Roosovolt Is to make his start
Into tho Interior wilds of tho dark continent
In quest for white elephants and other big game,
Is u nephew of tho late Senator James McMil
lan of Dotrolt, and tho son of tho late William
McMillan, whoso estnto holds the largest Inter
est in the Amorlcnn Cnr & Foundry Co. Mr.
McMillan's legal residence Is In St. Louis, but
being a millionaire with tho ability to satisfy
his craving for adventure In tho untamed sec
tions of tho globe, ho is ns much at home in
Africa, India and a dozen other parts, as ho is
In tho United' States, As a hunter of big gnmo,
ho is a notablo figure and Mrs. McMillan, his
wife, has killed her Hon as well.
AVERT CLASH
Sir John N. Jordan, Urltlsh minister to
China, Is one of the llttlo group of diplomats nt
Pekln who are just now bonding every effort to
wnrd off tho small funnel-shaped cloud, no Inrgor
than a man's hand, which may turn out to be
a wnr tornado.
Russia, operating a railroad lino In Manchu
ria under a lease granted by tho Chinese govern
ment, claims tho right thorcundor to lovy cer
tain taxes. Upon the failure of tho Chinese mer
chants to pay, their stores nnd warehouses aro
closed by the Russian ofllclals and placed under
the Russian seal. Hero aro tho Ingredients of
n flno International mlx-up. Tho Urltlsh and
American representatives havo lodged protests
against tho attitude of Russia and they aro fear
unless the Russian government sees fit
TrtCfLDREtf 4LEP iY HOUR
OF DOORS ff7FR
77LT (SCHOOL JZOOrt
Open air treatment for tuberculosis
has extended to tho public schools, nt
least this Is so In Uoston, which city
Is believed to be tho first In this coun
try to establish such open air schools
This experiment Is being carried on
jointly through the winter by the Uob-
ton Association for tho Relief nnd
Control of Tuberculosis, which organ
ized it, nnd the Roston school board.
Dcsldes furnishing tho teacher, tho
board haB recently Issued 200 street
car tlckctB. Theso aro for tho children
who aro too poor to pay car fare, nnd
for those who live u long dlstunco
from tho school.
Tho principal reason for starting tho
school, says Walter 13. KruesI, secre
tary of tho Boston Association for
tho Relief nnd Control of Tuberculosis,
wns that thero wero many tuberculous
children and nowhere to send them.
Tho association hasn't money enough
to take enro of all tho children In tho
public schools who nro affected. ,
The school board has signified Its
willingness to mako nu appropriation
to Increase tho size of tho school whon
assured of tho permanent success of
tho scheme, nnd so great has been tho
improvement In tho children in this
school that the matter has passed be
yond tho experimental stage.
Mr. KruesI would llko to seo tho en
tire building, of which now only tho
roof and tho dining hall In the base
ment are occupied, made over Into an
open-air school, accommodating 2G0
pupils. This could easily bo dono If
tho library which Is maintained In the
building at present were abolished.
Tho progress mado by the pupllB in
this open-nlr school Is tho same as
that mado by normal scholars in the
same grade in tho public schools, but
If those snmo children wero compelled
to remain In tho ordlnnry school they
would not progress at all.
Since this school was started, lottors
havo como from Clovolnnd, Cincinnati
and Columbus, from men Interested
In tho oxpcrlment, tho principal ex
pression from those Interested being
surprise that no ouo had thought of
Btartlng an open air public Bchool be
fore. v
Thero have been for a number of
yenrs open air schools for the children
of tho rich, private schools, and tho
ono which wns established In nn aban
doned schoolhouBO In Providence, R. 1.,
Inst fall, tho first of Its kind In Amer
ica which is not, howovor, a public
school another at Glen Gardner, N.
J., whllo In California Ib located tho
Marlonfeld school for boys.
Dr. Jnmcs J. Mlnot made a report
to tho school board in which ho stated
that thoro wero 2,000 children who
needed outdoor schooling, moro than
250 of whom should hnvo special nour
ishment and special attention to hy
giene nnd should bo allowed tho maxi
mum of fresh air.
".Mayor Hlbbard will bo romomhercd
for ono thing," declared Mr. KruesI,
"and thnt Is becnuso ho rocomniendod
to tho schoolhouso commission the ad
visability of providing a froBh nlr
room for tuberculous children to be
built In tho new Abraham Lincoln
school, and in tho architect's plans
this provision has been made, nlthough
tho plans havo not yet been submitted
to tho schoolhouso commission."
The superintendent of public
schools, Strntton D. Urooks, heartily
Indorses tho oxporlmont, but bolloves
tho children affected by tuberculosis
Bhould bo divided Into three elassos,
as follows'
First, thoso so 111 that their disease
Is Infectious, Such children shouldn't
bo allowed In tho school room any
more Minn a child with diphtheria or
menslcfi, or any similar disease. Sec
ondly, thoso who nro weak, and In
suet a condition thnt their diseases
ma; become dangorous to other pu
plls; and thirdly, thoso who are
slightly affected, who might never
have been In that condition If they
had not been confined In stuffy rooniH.
This Inst class of children will bo the
ones directly benefited by hnvlng nn
open air room built In ovory school
house.
Miss Holon M. Mend is tho tonchor
of this Interesting class of fresh nlr
laiuwiMjiiTia
Olr
SCHOLAR V A COLD
WATiFR BAG
boys nnd girls, and tnkes an Individual
interest In the llttlo pupils.
Tho wind was hlowlntr nt tho ruin
of 10 miles an hour when tho visitor
recently climbed the four flights of
Btalrs lending to tho nlry schoolroom,
whoso sides or whlto canvas flapped
In the wind llko wings or boiiio strange
bird. This alight protection Is to pro
vent the copy books nnd papors on
which tho children write their lessons
rrom being whirled away ovor tho
roors and scattered broadcast nbout
Franklin park.
Thoro is an Inside school room which
Is reserved ror tho worst dnvs. hut It
has never boon pressed Into servlco
nonvitiistnndlng tho Tact that ono or
two blizzards hnvo raged hero this
winter. Tho children themsolves pre
fer the outdoor room. Possibly It
seems less llko tho typical lesson room
to them.
13ach hoy and each girl is provided
with a heavy blue ulBtor. Tho glrlB
wear gray and pink hoodB tied secure
ly undor their chins. Tho boys have
skull caps, which thoy pull snugly
down over their ears. Tho most In
teresting nrtlcloB or their attlro aro
tho brown cloth bnga Into which thoy
crawl, hooking thorn around their
wnlsts.
Theso bags look most complicated
with their ropes, strnps nnd buckles,
but tho children havo so mastorcd tho
nrt of getting In nnd out of them that
It tnkes only until tho teacher counts
four for them to dlscnrd thorn.
For tho benefit of tho visitors Miss
Mend nskod tho chlldron various ques
tions nnd thoy gnvo tholr Ideas of tho
school In enthusiastic roplles.
Tho children aro given n breakfast
upon their nrrlvnl nt 8:15. It consists
of fruit, bread and butter nnd hot
cocon. While ono section of tho clnss
Is nttondlng to work In tho kitchen,
tho other section Is studying In tho
clnss room. At 11 comes a recess of
20 minutes, followed by luncheon, con
sisting or some hot meat dlah with
vegotnbles, a dessert or nuts and homo
mado candy. Then back to tho school
room whoro, on different d'ays, Bkotch.,
lug, cutting, painting nnd manunl work
ure tnuglit.
Not all tho time Ib devoted to study.
Tho children piny games In groups,
and It docs ono good to hoar their hap
py laughter and to watch tholr cheeks
flush and tholr eyes grow bright!
Again, boforo thoy depart for tholr
homes, thoy aro given a light lunch,
consisting of hot milk nnd all tho
bread nnd butter they wnnt. Thoy
nlso nro given all tho milk thoy will
drink, but at night this Is always giv
en to thorn hot.
Thoro nro many more application!!
for school attendunco than can bo nc
copied, for ench case is being careful
ly studied and a record kept of tho
progress of each child In order that
tho vnluo of this oxporlmont may bo
ascertained.
Magpies Eat Live Pigs,
Portland. Oro. Iko Ely. farmer
of
Hover, Wnsh., Ib battling with a flock
of magpies to keep tho birds from do
vourlng his pigs. His Bty of 100 pork
ers has boon repeatedly attacked dur
ing tho past fow days by tho birds,
mado bolder by himgor. Decnuso of
deep snow they cannot got tholr usual
food. Thoy swoop down on the pigs
and peck their ears, which had been
notched by tho ownor and still showed
blood. Tho birds havo kept tho ears
of nil hogs bleeding over since, nnI
Kly declares that In somo cases half
tho ears aro gone. Tho boasts aro do
ronsolosB and Kly hns so far boon un
able to keep tho birds away. Ho does
not dnro uso poison for fenr tho hogj
will cat it.
He Was Willing.
"Young mnn," said tho stem parent,
"I hnvo been greatly annoyed by your
extravagant habits, Hereafter l shall
expect you to pay your own bills."
"All right, fnthor," rejoined tho
vouth, "I don't expect you to run
about Booking my tnllor, hattor, Bhoo
maker and tho rcBt or tho bunch. Just
J hand mo a good-sized check each
month nnd I'll attend to tho minor de
tails myseir."
r
IM.li,lKltw,ii,(... ,
MlihlMi,,,! .,.!....... (M
'BOv.OVACClrMTION WMf.
Outfit for the Appll
In combating tuberculosis of do
mesticated anlinalH, two methods nro
open for consideration;
1. Destruction of tho ciiBiial organ
ism, tho tuborclo bacillus, by eliminat
ing tho already diseased animals nnd
disinfecting tho Infected promises.
2. Possible methods or producing
Immunity in susceptible nnlmala by
rendering them rcalatnnt to tho tuber
cle organism.
Tho first method Ib easily attnlnnblo
by the dotectlon of tho presenco of tho
dlscnso by moans of tho tuberculin
test nnd tho subsequent separation of
affected animals. In this way tho con
tinued spread of this scourge can bo
entirely prevented. Ab no known
mothod of euro exists for tho dlscnso
In cattlo, nnlmala onco Infected must
b Isolated from healthy stock to pre
vent furthor Bprcnd of contagion. To
romovo all further danger from tho
dlsonse, thorough disinfection of tho
quarters occupied by tho tuberculous
animals Is Imperative
With certain other dlsonscs, meth
ods of vaccination hnvo nlrt'tuly boon
porfectcd, tho olllcloncy or which la bo
great nu to prnctlcnlly control such
maladies. Diphtheria nutttoxln, vac
cination against smallpox, tho Pasteur
treatment ror rubles nnd anthrax aro
potent Illustrations or tho efficiency
or Immunizing tho bodies or susceptl
bio hosts ugnln.H the ravages or thoso
human nnd animal plagues.
Numerous nttompts have been made
by scientific Investigation to devlso
ByBtoniB or vncclnatlon against tuber
culosis that will rondor Btiscoptlblo
animals resistant to Invasion. Within
rocont years sovoral Investigators hnvo
announced various methods ror this
purpose.
in 1902, Von nohrlng, tho promlnont
Gcrmnn bacteriologist, announced tho
discovery of n aubstnnco cnlled bovo
vaccina with which ho claimed cnlvoB
could bo immunized against natural
Infection rrom tuberculosis. Coming
rrom tho dlscoveror or dlplHhcrin anti
toxin, which romudy so revolutionized
tho methods or handling this disease
or childhood, bovovaccluo was hailed
with high hopes. Von Uehrlng'a ox
perlmcntB, then reported, Boomed to
Indlcnto that u succossrul mothod or
rendering cattle resistant had nt Inst
been round. In a series or lectures
given In CasBol In 11)03, ho mado tho
following swooping statement: "Tho
entire suppression of bovlno tuborcu
losls Is now only a question of con
scientious nnd properly conducted pro
tective Inoculations, and, of courso,
also n matter or time."
For the Starting
Celory growing on u .connnorclal
scale has received most attention in
tho "muck-bed" areas or Michigan and
Now York, whom thousands or ncroa
aro devoted to this crop, California
nnd Florida hnvo taken up tho indus
try nnd during tho winter and spring
months provide northorn cities with
largo nniountH of celory. Thero Is,
however, no renson why local grow
ers should not hold their own mar
kets from .Juno to January against
tho Importations from tho south.
To eecun an early crop tho best
s
cation of Oovovacclne.
A year later ho published n brlof
preliminary report or tho results ho
had obtained to that ditto. Theso
wero extremely fnvoruhlo, nnd wero,
on the whole, apparently substanti
ated by reports from othor Investiga
tors. Uy means of his method of vac
cination, ho was nblo to ralso perfectly
healthy animals oven when tho lnttcr
wero continually exposed 'to a tuber
culous environment. Tho true ofll
cloncy of tho vncclno could not bo de
termined nt tho time, ror tho animals
had not attained maturity, so thnt tho
duration or tho Immunity caused by
tho vncclno could not bo ascertained.
Nevertheless tho results secured woro
exceedingly promising.
Tho principle involved in tho pro
duction or bovovaccluo Is radically
dlfforent rrom thnt usod In tho prepar
ation of tuberculin. Tuborculln Is a
gorm-rrco oxtrnct or cultures or tu
bercle bacilli, whllo bovovacclno con
sists or a wonkoned culluro or living
tuborclo bacilli or human origin. Tho
human typo Is used becuuso or its
greater adaptability Tor vncclno pur
poses than" tho bovlno type. Thu
commercial product, is specially pro
pared as follows: Artor a sufficiently
weakened culturo hns boon obtained, It
la grown upon a suitable medium,
then cnrofully dried so as not to do
stroy Its activity, and finally pulver
Ized. It la then accurately weighed
out into containers and sealed.
Most rellablo results arc claimed
ror animals vaccinated as calves be
tween three weokB nnd threo months
or ngo. Young atock up to two yearn
or ngo may bo troatcd, provided thoy
uro freo from tuberculosis. Mnturo
anlmala (two yoarB or older), however,
cannot bo successfully treated. Tho
vaccinating process consists of two in
jections mado throe months apart. Tho
first and weaker vncclno coutnlns ono
so-called immunizing unit, oqutvalont
to .001 grams or dry tuborclo bacilli;
tho second vncclno consists or flvo
Buch units. For Inoculation purposes
tho powder is thoroughly mixed in a
sterile mortar with n sterile ouo per
cent, common salt solution, or which
two cubic contlmetors nro imod ror
each Immunizing unit.
Artor u thorough emulsion Is mndo,
tho mntorlnl Ib then ready ror Inject
ing Into tho animal. Far this purpose
tho neck over tho lert Jugular voir. Is
shaved, washed with a disinfectant
and tho Injection mado directly Into
tho vein. To do this tho noodle or the
syringe Is hold nlmost parallel to tho
Jugular vein, thou with a quick down
wnrd movement forced through tho
wall of tho latter.
of Early Celery
plan for tho amateur grower Is to fill
with lino soil threo Inches deep. This
soil should bo pressed down and thu
soods scattered either In towb or
broadcast. Cover tho seeds by sprink
ling through a flno slove n small
quantity of leaf mold or sand. Tho
window or a moderately warm room
with frequent sprinkling will provide
tho conditions necessnly for germlnn
ton. Whon tho seedlnga appear after
two or threo weeks turn tho boxes
dnlly to keop tho growth even. Tho
illustration shows the form of box.
usod for Bturtlng tho. plnnta.