ELEPHANT TRAINING.
Period of Education Depends upon the
Disposition of Animal.
In newly-captured clophantfi con
formity and ohedlonco develop rapid
ly, ami tliclr training In filmplc. For
throb "days, or until they oat freely,
which they seldom do In loss time,
they nro allowed to remain perfectly
ciiilol, HOtnollnie with n lame one ho
tilde llioni to give them confidence.
Where many are doing tamed, each
now captive Ih put helweon tlio ntallH
of linlMnined ouch i hooii na It tukos
to fond. Thin stago holng ovor,
tamed onefl are put on either Hide, mill
the lioad of Ihu ntuhlo HtnndH In front
of llio wild one, holding a lone Ktlck
Taken Alone to tho Tank.
with i Bharp Iron point. Two men nro,
Hiiillonad, one on olther Hide, assisted
dy taino ulephanlH, anil each holding
aa "ankiiH" (crook) toward tho wild
elephant's trunk, while 0110 or two
ether mon ruli their hands over IiIb
back, hooping up nil tho whllu a sooth
liiK and plnlutlvo chant, Interlarded
with hiicIi endearing opIthotH an "Ho,
m mm," "llo, my father," or "Ho, my
mtithor," na may he applicable to ago
and box.
Then the wild elephant In tnkon to
the tunic to bathe In company with
tame oiioh with u particular detail of
ptocosu, Gradually, nfter a fow
wnokH, tho aid of a decoy lu dispensed
with, and tho animal la taken alone
to tho tank, with Its loga hohhled with
n ropo und meir pointing crooltH nt Hh
licud and earH. Tlum, Homo become
tamo In u few monthu, nnd otherH take
lougor, for thu process of tamliiK Ih do
pcudont upon the dlHpOHltlon of each
Individual elephant.
Tho first employment of a newly
tamed elephant Ih the trending clay In
n brick field, or In drawing a wugon lu
double hnrnoss with a tamu compan-
Those That Have Tusko.
h n. Hut tho work In which tho ills
piny of HaKaclty renders tho labor of
the elephant of tho hlghoat value, Ih
that which Involves the moving of
lwuvy mnlorlril. Hcnco, lu dragging
or piling Umber, or In transporting
stouus for the construction of walls
and tho approaches to IuIiIkoh, tho
services of thu olophnnt In an un
opened country are of tho utmost Im
portance. Whon tho roads aro to bo con
Ktruotcd along tho fnco of steep do
ellvltlcs. und tho snaco Is Bo run.
traded that risk Is Incurred, elthor of
the working elephant's falling over tho
piecipico or of rockB slipping down
from above, not only aro tho meas
ures to which tho sngacloiiH animal re
sorts tho most Judicious and ronsoiin.
bio that could bo devised, but. If urcou
ly Its keeper lo adopt nuy othor, It
manifests a reluctance sulllclont to
Mhow thnt It has balanced lu Its mind
the comparative advantages of each.
An olophnnt niinonrH on nil acrn
bIluis to comprehond tho purpoHo nnd
onject unit It is expected lo promoto
and hence tho animal voluntarily ex o.
cutos a variety of dotnlls without any
guldunco whnlovor from Us keeper.
Heieln Hch tho superiority of tho olo
phnnt over tho horso. In moving tim
ber and musses of rock Its trunk Is
the Instrument on which tho elephant
mainly relies, but those that havo
tunkH turn tlioin to good account.
To get a wolghty Htono out of a
hollow, tho elephant will kneel down
so nu to apply Hh head to movo tho
Htono upward; then, steadying tho
Htono with one foot till It can raise
Itself, It will apply a fold of Its trunk
to shift the Htono In placo nnd fit It
accurately In poHltlon. This done, the
elephant will ntep nround to view tho
stone on elthor side and adjust It with
due precision. Tho nnlrnnl appears to
gauge Its own task with Its cyo, and
to form a Judgment iih to whether tho
weight Is proportioned to Its strength.
If doubtful of Its power, It hesltntoH,
and If urged ugalnst its will, It roars
and shows temper. .
A SUMMER HOLIDAY.
Why the Llttlo Matthewses Forgot
Their Troubles.
"(let them In the country If you enn,
Mrs. AtutthnwH," said tho doctor, as
he paused on the doorstep. "Medicine
Is precious llttlo good now. and there
Ih nothing like fresh air for gctlng rid
of whooping cough."
The result was that Mrs. Matthows
wroto lo n friend, and In a week tho
live children and their mother wero
off to a farm for six weeks. Oh, the
excitement of getting ready and tho
questions the children fished, until
poor Mth. MntlhowH, tired out with
bad nights and the Incessant cough
ing, almost lost patience, and begged
them to give her a llttlo peace.
The farm they were going to was In
Virginia, right on the hillside and quite
n long drlvo from any railway station.
Ho. iih the dogcart could not possibly
hold them nil, (lornld and Unld wero
to ride with the luggage -In tho big
lumbering farm wagon that was to be
there as well, mo that when tho rnll
way Journey was ovor froHh delights
were lu store before they reached the
farm. If over there wore five happy
children to be seen anywhere they
wero to bo found that day In tho Vir
ginia woods. Tho seaside had always
been lovely, but this seemed better
still. For mi hour tho dogcart and tho
rnrm cart steadily went uphill, until
the hortios stopped of their own acconl
nt the top, and what a view met tho
children's eyes! Down below, In n
hollow tho farm, ami tho bluo of tho
sea In the distance, and nothing less
than n big windmill quite close by!
Six weeks was none too long to ox
ploro all tho woods nnd tho downs,
but tho fnrmer put tho children up a
lovely seesaw, nnd they spent hours
and hours lu tho sunshine on this, nnd
qulto forgot nil about whooping cough
and Its mlHorlos. lu fact, when they
wont homo tholr llttlo friends thought
whooping cough tho nicest thing pus
tilblo, If a vlult to a farm was the end
ing up!
GOOD LEGAL ADVICE.
Young Law Student Followed It to
Success.
A busy lawyer looked up from his
desk ono morning to seo a vigorous1
mlddlo-ngod man standing boforo him
"Mr. Carruth, I am going to tnko ex
actly five minutes of your tlmo, If I
may," said tho visitor. "I want to no
knowledge an obligation to you." Ho
wont on to say that ho owed his suc
cess to tho lawyer. It cumo about In
this way:
Hu wont to tho courso of lectures do:
llvored by tho lawyor at tho law
school. At tho ond of tho last lecturd
tho lecturer took oft his oyo-glasHOL
and said ho wns going to glvo tho
members of the class somo unnskod
for advlco a dangerous thing to do.
"I2ach of you boys," ho Bald, "thinks
ho Is going to succoed. Homo of you
havo ono rcnaon, somo another, for
your fulth. Ono trustH in his fnther's
legal reputation to push him along.
Another relies on his Inherited wealth
or social position. Ono confides In his
own high scholarship. Another ex
pects that his popularity and his en
gaging manners will win him clients.
Let mo tell you that you aro all nils.
taken. None of theso things secures
success in the law. Thoro Is mm
courso of conduct which does secure
It, although fow of you will believe
that enough to practice It. Tho man
among you who gets to tho ofllco ton
minutes before anybody else lu the
morning and stays 20 minutes utter
evory ono has gono nt night will suc
ceed as a lawyer. Good day, gontlo-
men!"
"Thnt was your advice, Mr. Car
ruth," added tho visitor. "I took It.
and It worked well. I Just wanted to
tell you so. Good morning, sir!"
lleforo tho busy lawyer had tlmo for
more than a surprised "T.liunk you!"
his visitor was gone.
THE BARN IN THE RAIN.
Oniy biirii iiml draggled meadow.
Uluned jin-on of ltih. i
Tint wly an uwful hIihOdw,
I'or on nor gray ruco weaves
Tim ruin with hIIvit thread,
That Heck tlm muddy puddle,
'I'liut rnltlo on tlm shviU
AVIieni tlm -ll emtio huddle!
Thou uli, tlm Imymow soft
And deep and dark mid warm.
On Mwout lmy piled nlort
Wldlo ovurliiuul tlm atorm
Hwerps tlm wet hIiIiikIhh, drips
At civr, limlton mualo wild
V listen; tho Mini nli.H
Yeats buck and Ih u elilld.
.Somehow, us at tlm atnrt
Wo turn from Life's hot foam.
Get In tlm World's wurin heart.
Yeu, nmko Hurtli's hoiirt our homo!
And llo thoro wurm, eccuro,
Yuil. un u child of live,
I taut cU'iiimfld, uertiim und puro
And glud to ho alive.
-James Opptmhelm, In Woiuuu's Home
UVriltl'illllllMl
ROUND THE CAPITAL
Information nnd Gossip Picked Up Hero
nnd Thorn In Washington.
Virtue That Abides in Clean Linen
WASHINGTON. -Tho nntlon'B capi
tal Ih Hlnccrc In Its crusade for
cleanliness, nnd promises to prove
horsolf a worthy example to tho other
cities of tho land. Tho activities of
Dr. W. 0. Woodward tho past week
havo centored In tho effort to roform
tho laundry business of tho city.
Hvory person who launderH for pay
the clothing, sheets, pillow cases, table
clothH or similar articles bolonglng to
any other porHon will bo required to
register with the health officer.
"What the health department de
sires," Hays Dr. Woodward, "In to
bring undor bettor control tho many
homen of tho poorer classes In which
wnnhlng Ih done for hlro to supple
ment tho Hcnnt wngo of tho head of
tho household. Too often theso Iioubch
nro lu nn uncleanly condition.
"And there Is reason to bollovo that
In mnny cases, especially In tho sum
mer Benson, when hentlng wntor for
washing not only diminishes the profit
of thu operation, but also adds to the
Envoys Notorious
UNCIiK SAM Is getting wlso on one
point nnd that Is that foreign conn-
trios lllco to havo him send millionaires
an his representatives to tholr lands
thoro to spend American gold lavishly,
but nro disposed to bo decidedly
nlggnrdly when It comes to their rop
rosontntlvos spending money In
Amerlcn.
1 Secretary Hoot Is credited with be
ing about to turn this Httuntlon to
good account. Mr. Hoot resents tho
position of tho foreign governments In
requiring money qualification of an
American ambassador.
Of courso what ambassadors and
ministers spend horo on private en
terprises for their governments can
not bo reckoned. Hut. their entertain
ments and genernl inodo of living aro
an opon pgo. Tho man who draws
tho biggest salary In Washington Is
Jnmos Hryco, who gots f GO.OOO annual
ly and nn additional $10,000 n year for
contingent oxpenses. Mr. Hryco tins
ono of tho finest mansions which tho
capital can boast, completely fur
nished, with nn oxtra fund to pay for
any necessary repairs or now equip
ment. Ho has linen, silver and glass
Are Turning from
FUOM tho preliminary report of tho
commissioner of Internal revenuo
It Is apparent thnt the consumption of
whisky nnd othor nrdont spirits la on
tho decrenso and thnt tho consumption
of beer is Increnslng. During tho fis
cal year which endod on Juno 30, Inst,
$131,780,212 was paid to tho govern
ment as revenuo on whisky nnd other
spirituous liquors. For tho year previ
ous $ll7.r.uO,USl was paid, a loss In
revenuo of ?lfi,7G7,0:iS. Thoro wan dls
tilled during tho yenr which ended
Juno 30. hist, 119.S08.I02 gnllons of dls
tilled Hplrlts, a decrenso over tho pre
vious year or 11,333.(172 gallons.
Hurlng tho past year C8,7l7,GdO bar
rols of beer, alo, ote., wero mado, a
gain of 201.GG9 ovor tho preceding
year. On this beer, ale. etc., tho gov
Would Make Work of Mining Safe
THIS great number or mlno accidents
nnd tho appalling loss of llfo thoro
from has prompted the United States
government to Invito Great Hrltaln.
Oormnny and Helglum to send their
lending experts lu such matters to this
country to cooperate with tho efforts
now being made through tho United
Stiitoa geological survey to establish
an experimental station nt Pittsburg
nnd to Inatigurato tho work thoro of
testing explosives used In coal mining.
Congress at Its last session impropri
ated $150,000 for this purpose, and
this sum hns boon turned over to tho
survey.
U Is said thnt abroad mine ex
plosives uro tested, and thoso which
aro deemed standnrd for tho purpose
ef mining uro labeled "permissible."
discomfort of tho household, tho wa
ter used Is not properly heated, nnd
clothing from various sources Is
passed successively through tho same
dirty water; ond, moreover, that Iron
ing, which, when efficiently done, Is a
rensonnbly safe disinfecting process, Is
not done In tho manner best adapted
to tho accomplishment of that end.
"And finally, during rainy days in
summer, nnd particularly during In
clement weather during the wlntor
season, clothing is hung up or spread
about within tho living rooms of tho
premises, often amid foul odors which
effectively permeate It, and occasion
ally on promises occupied In part by
patients suffering from communlcnblo
diseases.
"Whllo tho most effective regula
tion of tho business of lnunderlng can
not bo brought about until somo sys
tem of licensing Is established, as is
proposed In the pending bill, yet It
would seem thnt It may bo possible
to facilitate the Inspection of plnces
whoro laundering In dono by requiring
registration at tho health ofllco. If
they be)reglstered then they can be
systematically Inspected, nt leant fiom
tlmo to tlmo, as lunchrooms nnd othor
slnillnr places nro now being Inspect
ed, Instend of being visited only occa
sionally, In the course of tho routine
work of tho department."
as "Tightwads"
at tho expense of tho Hrltlsh ex
chequer, nnd even tho liveries of hlH
retainers come from tho public fund.
Yet with this vast sum nt their dis
posal, few people live moro unpre
tentiously than the Hrltlsh ambassa
dor and Mrs. Hryce. Their social rec
ord during tho last wlntor contained
fewer events than nny of the Immedi
ate predecessors. Mrs. Hryco gavo
about six small nftcrnoon receptions
during tho season, whon tea und small
confections wero served.
There wero two largo evening
levoos, when practically tho whole of
Washington's olllclal and social world
was entertained. About three formal
and pretentious bnnquots wero given
by tho Hrltlsh nmlmssador during tho
wlntor.
Hut llttlo moro can be placed to the
credit of the French ambassador and
Mine. Jussornnd, second on tho list of
big salaries. M. Jussornnd gets $42,
COO n year, about $10,000 for extra ex
penses. Tho dean of tho corpo, the
Itnllnn ambassador, Haron Mayor Des
Planches, Is almost out or tho social
running.
In view of the loud lnmcntntlons
about what a hard time American dip
lomats abroad havo to niako ends
meet, It Is said that Secretary 'Hoot
and somo legislators who are In his
confidence will present the next com
plalnnnts with u story of what good
managors tho diplomats who llvo In
Washington havo proved themselves.
Whisky to Beer
ernment received as revenue tho sum
of 158,747,080, a gain Of $201,569.
Tho receipts from all sources of In
ternal revenue for tho year aggre
gated 1251,005,950, being a decrenso of
$17,998,072 from tho receipts for the
fiscal year which ended Juno 30, 1907.
Tobacco of nil sorts yielded a rove
nuo of $49,802,754, a loss of $1,948,315,
tho figures of tho year which ended
Juno 30, 1907, being $51,81 1.0G9. This
yenr cigars contributed a total sum of
$20,714,270; llttlo cigars, $515,050. and
clgarettos. $1.879,34C, and tobacco of
other kinds. Including chewing nnd
smoking. $21,SIG,5C3.
Oleomnrgarlno pnld rovenuo to tho
extent or $951,301, a gain of $Gn,GC3
over tho previous yenr. This ropre
sonts 79.107.302 pounds consumed.
Henovnted buttor was a eloso second
to oleomargarine. 50,210,708 pounds
being manufactured, upon which $125,
G01 revenuo wub paid.
Filled cheese paid $1,271; mixed
Hour. $2,3S0. Playing cards wero taxed
for $519,810. a loss or $112,901 ror tho
preceding yenr.
Thoro Is no such condition here, nor
has tho geological survey tho right to
lmposo It. It may, however, endeuvor
to uscertaln tho facts by Investigation,
and then set them forth for tho bono
fit of mine operators and for tho In
formation or statu legislators.
Last year 3,200 men Wero killed In
tho mines and the yenr before 2.0G1
Tho rate for 190G was 3.34 for ovory
thousand men employed, whllo foi
1907 It was still greater. In rour mines
nlono nearly 500 men wero killed slnco
last December 35C In the dls a tor at
Monongnh. W. Vn said to bo tho most
appalling, so far as tho loss or llfo Is
concerned. In the history of mining;
25 moro In tho disaster at tho Darr
mine. In Pennsylvania; 32 In tho
Naomi mine, in Pennsylvania, and 01
In thu Yoluudo mlno. In Alabama.
Tho exports who will come to thin
country nro dipt. Desborough, In
spector of explosives under the homo
otllco, Great Hrltaln; Horr Melssnor,
chief of tho German mine service, nnd
Victor Wntteyne, onglneor-ln-t'lilef, ad
ministration of mines, Helglum.
15. J. SHERMAN!
IS BRILLIANT WOMAN AND
IDEAL HOUSEKEEPER.
AN
Washington Home of Republican Can
didate for Vice-Presidency and
Wife Is the Center of an In
tellectual Coterie.
Washington. Years ago Carrlo
Hancock was ono of tho belles of
Utlca. To-day sho Is tho wlfo of tho
Ropubllcan nomlneo for vice-president,
Congressman James Schoolcraft Sher
man. In Washington sho Is known as
a brilliant conversationalist and as tho
possessor of a keon Intellect, familiar
with all matters of current legislation.
Her home, as long as sho maintained
ono here, was tho conter of a llttlo
coterie of brilliant men nnd women.
In Utlca tho Shormans havo nn at
tractive homo In Gonesco avenue. Tho
house stands In sovornl acres of ground
and Mrs. Shonnan has surrourided It
with flowers. Sho has her greenhouses,
which protect tho flowers In winter,
nnd each tlmo that It has been neces
sary to loave Utlca she has mado It a
point novor to do so until tho Inst
flower has been tnkon In and enrod for.
Among her Intimate friends Mrs.
Sherman hns tho reputation of being
an Ideal housokcepor. She puts up her
own preserves and superintends tho
details of her marketing.
Mrs. Sherman waH born In tho town
which Is now her homo. She was the
daughter or L. II. Habcock, a promi
nent lawyor. Sho attended tho Utlca
seminary and later became a student
at Hnlllol school.
Col. 121laklm Sherrlll or the One
Hundred nnd Twenty-sixth New York
Volunteers, to whom a monument was
erected at Gettysburg some yenrs ago,
was Mrs. Sherman's maternal grand
father. Col. Sherrlll was shot and
killed at Gettysburg. MrH. Sherman's
mnternal grandmother was Emily El
dredge, said to have been a direct de
scendant of Pocahontas.
H Tart and Sherman win next No
vomber tho Shermans will return to
71
JojV
Washington nnd tnko a houso for the
wlntor. With thorn will como Mrs.
Sherman's mother, Mrs. Habcock, who
makes hor homo with Representative
Sherman, nnd tho two sisters of Mrs.
Sherman, Mrs. J. C. Do Long and Mrs.
I,. H. Moore, may upend the season
here.
The family or Representative and
Mrs. Sherman Includes thrco sons, one
or whom Ib married and has a. charm
ing llttlo daughter, Ellen. This llttlo
maid Is tho bright particular star of
tho Sherman homo nnd tho Idol of her
grandparents. Mrs. Sherman has nn
uttrnctlvo niece who, If tho Republican
ticket Is elected next fall, will spend
a great deal of tlmo lu Washington.
Tho Sherninns havo been married
about 28 years and they have an
Ideally happy homo. Among tho
women of Washington Mrs. Sherman
Is particularly popular. Sho has a
charming personality, un nffnblo man
ner nud a delightful spirit of hospi
tality. Her Invitations aro never de
clined, Lnst winter Representative and Mrs.
Sherman lived at tho New Wlllard and
entertained only in tho most Informal
wny. Tholr dinner parties woro limited
to only a fow guests because of tho ill
health of both Mr. and Mrs. Sherman.
In Bohemia.
Thomas A. Daly, tho Philadelphia
poet, responded, ut a recent shad
breakfast, to tho toast, "Hohemla."
"Hohotuta Ib a pleasant place," said
Mr. Daly, "but a steady Job Is better,
on the wholo. A heavy shower drovo
me the other day Into a favorlto Hobo
mlan resort on Peanut street. Hohe
mlnnB surrounded mo, young and old
onos. They woro drinking beer.
"Ab the waiter hurried to and fro.
I noticed that every llttlo whllo ho
would pause before a slato and scrawl
something on It. I wnlkod over to tho
slato and Bnw a great multitude of
queer phrases such as:
"'Old Shoes, 5c; Hlack Undorwear,
15e; Fringed Pants, 25c; Ono Hlack
and Ono Red Sock, 10c.'
"I couldn't resist asking tho waiter
what nil that moant.
'"Well, sir." said he, 'I don't know
tho nnniOB of most of these gents; so,
whon I give 'om tick, I have to take
noto of somo peculiarity of their got
no. sir.' "
Companlonsnlp Barred.
"Rastus," said tho man who gives
advice, "ir you want to prosper In this
world you must go to bed with tho
chickens."
"Yasslr," answered Mr. Plnkley,
'Tb wlllln to go to bed wlf 'em. But
do folks dat cwns chickens nln suf
ficiently trustful."
With a smooth Iron nnd Defiance
Starch, you can launder your shirt
waist just as well at homo as tho
steam lnundry can; it will havo tho
proper stiffness and finish, thero will
bo less wear and tear of tho goods,
and It will bo a poBltlvo pleasuro to
ubo a Starch that doeB not stick to tho
Iron.
Habit has moro forco In forming our
characters than opinions have. IL
Hall. .
Smokers appreciate the quality value ol
Lcww Single Hinder cinr. Your dealer
or Lewis' Factory, Pcona, 111.
Goodness thinks no 111 whero no 111
seems. Milton.
Is Pc-ru-na Useful
for Catarrh?
Should a list of tho Ingredients of Po
runa bo submitted to nny mcdlcnl ox
pert, of vrhntavor school or nationality,
ho would bo obliged to admit without
rcsorvo that tho medicinal herbs com
posing Poruna aro of two kinds. First,
standard and wcll-trlcd catarrh rcmo
dlos. Second, well-known and gener
ally acknowledged tonto remedies.
That in ono or tho other of theso uses
they havo stood tho tost of many years'
cxpcrlonco by physicians of different
schools. Thero can bonodisputoabout
this, whatever. Poruna is composed of
somo of the most eflknetous and uni
versally used herbal remedies for ca
tarrhal diseases, and for such conditions
of tho human syslom as rcqulro a tonic.
Each ono of the principal ingredients
of Poruna 1ms a reputation of its own
I In tho euro of somo phaso of catarrh or
as a tonic medicine.
Tho fact is, chronic catarrh is a dls
ciso which is very prevalent. Many
thousand pcoplo know they havo
chronlccatarrh. Thoy havo visited doc
tors ovor and ovor again, nnd been told
that their caso is ono of chronic catarrh.
It may bo of tho noso, throat, lungs,
stomach or como other Internal organ.
Thero is no doubt as to the nature of
tho disease. Tho only troublo is tho
remedy. This doctor has tried to euro
Uicm. That doctor has tried to pro
scribe for them.
No othor household remedy so uni
versally advertised carries upon tho
label tho principal active constltuonts,
showing that Poruna invites tho full
inspection of tho critics.
Dried Beef
Unliko tho ordinary dried
beef that sold in bulk
Libby's Peerless Dried Occf
comes in a sealed glass jar
in which it is packed tho
moment it is sliced into those
delicious thin wafers.
None of the rich natural
flavor or goodness escapes
or dries out. It reaches you
fresh and with all tho nutri
ment retained.
Libby's Peerless Dried
Beef is only one of a Great
number of high-grade, ready
to servo, pure food products
that are prepared in Libby's
Grcal While Kilchcn.
Just try a package of any
of these, such as Ox Tongue,
Vienna Sausage, Pickles,
Olives, etc., and see how
delightfully dif
ferent they aro
from others
youhaveeaton.
Libby, McNeill
Libby, Chicarjo
SIGK HEADACHE
Positively cured hy
theso Llttlo Pills.
They nlno relieve DIh-
tress from DyhnotiMii.In.
llK"Htluii ami Too Hearty
I'.miiir. A jHTfect rem
edy tor DlzzhiexR, Nau
Ben, DrowHlurKH, Jlnd
Tiist e t n l lie Muu I li, Coat-
oil TontMie, Pnln lu thu
Hill ... Tniirtin t ivifi.
They regulate tlio llowcls. Purely Veijctabla.
SMALL PILL, SMALL DOSE. SMALL PRICE.
Genuine IViust Bear
FaC'Similo Signature
JZa Products
I Peerless I
CARTER'S
I itti r
I IfJ i wr- r
H PILLS.
CARTERS
WlTTtE
REFUSE SUBSTITUTES
T -1