SHED LIGHT ON
DARK PLACES !
OF THE EAR TH
ui Tins Immense continent first
fed tin' ileninnil for slaves, then satis
ud the greed for territory. Unlike
China, it wa not coveted too lute to
ba partitioned, mid today, nutsldo Mo
rocco and Ahyssluln, thoro la not n
squaro mile of Its area which Is not
claimed and owned by one or othor
of the European powers.
EXPEDITIONS TO POLES.
Last Portions of Planet's Surface to
Be Reached.
TH1C laat portions of tho planet's mir
face to be reached and explored
aw th polos, both of them more or
lea ice-bound. Tho south pole, espe
cially rotnoto from tho great centers
or civilisation, has never attracted
more than a sclontlllc lntoreat. Tho llrst
work done In tho geography of the ant-
arctics waa dene by the dlacovory of
the South Shetland Islands. In 1SH5 by
I Capt. Smith. Various "landa" have
, since been revealed anion them En-
(lei'l)V Laml n ml Ornlimn l.niwl liv Ilia.
Tremendous Tracts Have Been Opened Up in the Last too in i.siii, wiikosiatid in isto, by
-v rj j j v ir li a ci'i c" ft WHkos, and Victoria Land by Sir
One Hundred Years Northern Asia Still a Field ;JlllneH ,logHi two ,. int(11.mit
or tho VtntnY?xnmnPprtrv Aomj I Inrlvrinhinct (Inn 1 not yet definitely known whether
J i thaso are mere lain
CONTINENTS ARE BEING MAPPED
Marvelous Results Achieved by Sys
tematic Exploration
of the Greatest Feats.
BABY'S new expedition to tho i
nortli polo opens up nn inter
esting Held of thought, writes
Edmund Noble In tho Boston
Sunday Herald. II emphasises
aomo of the Inconsistencies of
human achievement. This ia an age
of aclontillc marvels. Alan has har
nessed nature to do his bidding, und la
daily discovering now forces or new
ways of utilizing them. After pene
trating to the depths of the sea, he Is
already nsplrlng to the dominion of
tho air. He weighs planets and suns
In his balances, and writes down their
composition in the unerring formulas
of tho chemical laboratory. His tele
scopes and prisms fetch exact infor
mation from tlie very "conllnes of tho
universe." Ho haa not yet completed
tho survey of his own planet. The
night .skies havo become to him as
an open book, yet there nro worlds
at his very elbow which the most re
cent geographical science Is compelled
to class as "unknown."
Tills delay In mapping tho earth
is less surprising when It is remem
bered thnt geographical scleuco could
begin only at a late stago in tho evo
lution of man. For its vory possibil
ity, systematic exploration of tho
plnnet needed highly clvilb.ee! peo
ples, good at conquering, as well as In
trndo and travel. The earliest pro
moters of geographical knowledge
were thus peoples like tho Babyloni
nns, Assyrians, Egyptians, Phoeni
cians and Greeks. None of them know
the shape of tho planet on which they
lived; many of them believed it to be
a flat plane, divcrsillcd by hills and
valleys; some pictured tho territory
of their "known world" as surrounded
nt distance by u wide river called
ocean.
Flvo hundred yenr3 11. C. this nu
cleus of culture, from which modem
civilization was to come forth, com
prised a patch of territory considera
bly smnllor thnn tho United States,
reaching from the conllnes of the Par
?ian empire on tho east to Spain and
the coast of Africa on the weat, the
wholo bounded to tho north by tho
"Hyperboreans." Tho subsequent ex
pansion of these limits up to tho be
ginning of the Christian ora was main
ly tho work of tho Greeks, the Cartha
ginians and tho Latins. Tho "known
world" of tho Roman empire reached
from Britain to India and China. Ger
many had then come into view, and
Scandinavia was outlined. Tho north
ern fringe of Africa had widened
somewhat,' but the ancients continued
lo style northern Asia as "Schythlan."
by "1,000 A. D. Iceland and Greenland
were tnlkcd about; "lluaala" had tak
en tho plnco of "Sarmatla;" Mongolia
and Manchuria found mention on tho
maps; and thero were recorded "land
falls" on tho coasts of North America.
then a blank on the maps, and Alaska
utterly untravoled. Thero aio still
patches of North America which neod
description, and vast areas of South
Ameilcu on which the zeal of tho ex
plorer Is yet to cast light.
AREA STILL UNEXPLORED.
Vast Extent of Unknown Territory In
Northern Asia.
ryllE great territory of northern Asia,
1
islands or parts of a
continent. Extenslvo laud areas
around the south pole nro meanwhile
suggested by the slope of the ocean
floor and by the chnractor of tho ant
arctic lcobergs. Tho conats are fronted
with Binders, which project for long
distances Into the son, showing thnt if
an antnrctlo contlnont oxlsta It must
bo covered everywhere by Immenso
sheets of Ice. ltosa passed an Ice
front 200 foot high and 150 miles long;
lib saw groat mountain ranges on Vic
toria Land, Including two volcanic
peaks whose height he estlmnted at
purcU siteiitlllc and culminated In tho
dash for lb" not til pole." In 1827.
with the aid of sledges, Parry reached
S2 degrees -IB minutes. Nonrly 50
years Inter Mnrkham ralKid this rec
ord to S3 degrees 20 mlnutos. In 1883,
lis n member of tho Greoly expedition,
Lieut. Lockwood succeeded nt 83 de
(troeu 21 minutes In coming within
150 miles of tho polo. The year 1895
marked the attainment of S(? degrees
14 minutes by Nansen, who had
adopted the "drift" method of nttack.
The Abmzzl expedition enmo In 1900,
when Cngnl raised the llguron to 80
degrees 33 minutes.
"Farthest north" la now 200 miles
from the pole. It was attained by
Commander Robert' B. Peary in hht
Inat expedition of 1905-G. Lonvlng civ
ilization In the Hodsovolt, Peary spent
three wueks In boring through tho nnr
row ice-swept channel between Green
land and America, only to havo his
ship driven ashore Into winter quar
ters at Cape Sheridan. In a subso
quent sledgo trip over the Ice, the ox
plorer was cut off from his support
ing parties. Tho flnal dash, with eight
men and six loams of dogs, ennblod
him to reach 87 degrees 0 minutes,
whore the condition of the Ice nnd
lnck of food compelled Immcdlato return.
out of which Chlnghla Khan i ,,., - nfm tn 1R nnn . . ,,...,
emerged with his Tartar-Mongols In waa , erMton om.lnK f()Hll lliva
the thirteenth century to be tho terror , imon , HUrroHnillB snow. Tho ,,.
of Europe has resisted the geograph-, pom,(, nntnrctc contlu.nt, f one ex
Ical Investigator lonxest of all. 1-rom ; 8tS( bccn eHtlnntei, lU MWirly
.Marco roio io itjovmsk.v ami oven
Hedln, ti succession of explorora litis
been ut work In this still mysterious
section of tho onrth's surface, ren
dered all tho more lunccoaslblo by
strange languages, stranger customs,
nnd rooted distrust of the "foreigner."
It was the Russlnns who were llrst
showed the way from Buropo to the
Pnclllc, for after Yormak had reached
Slbir in 1579, tho successive atnges of
tholr advance could not but end in tho
regions of the Amur, tho Sea of Ok
hotsk. Kamschatka and Bohrlng
straits. Central and southern Asia
havo been' actively explored for two
centuries past, yet there are still un- j
known areas of considerable oxtont In
Burma. Thibet and China.
Australia, now tho homo of a civ
ilized people living below the equator,
la of peculiar Interest to Americana.
Prior to tho sixteenth contury this Im
mense contlnont, with Its .population
of over C.000,000, was totally unknown
to the world. Tho Spanish, following
In tho wnko of Magellan, woro the
llrst to sight it; tho Dutch explored Its
coast lines, and after the voyage of '
Capt. Cook In the latter end of the
eighteenth century, the English took
up tho work of colonizing and explor
ing what was originally called "Now
Holland." Even in 1800 it was an un
known waste, peopled by savages in
teresting to the unthropologist and
supporting flora and fnuna of consider
able valuo for tho purposes of descrip
tive natural history. But by and by
settlers appeared, and a few populous
cities and towns sprang up. Thanks
to tho efforts of mop like Wonlworth,
Evans. Sturt. Burke, Willis, Warbur
ton, Forest and Gllea, a largo part of
the Interior has been explored.
DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA.
Great Continent Has Only Recently
Been Opened Up.
AFRICA Is another great continent
with which tho world mado lato
acquaintance. Egypt, tho "shopherd
kings," the Nile, the pyramids, make
up its classic period. Modorn Africa
began for geography when, about 450
A. n Ilanno, tho Carthaginian, sailed
down its west coast as far as Slorra
BRINGING GOLD FROM KLONDIKE.
Estimated That More Then $30,000,000
Will De Sent to Seattle.
Gold from (he caudlollt clefts of
placer mines In the Tananiia and
Nazlna districts, from Gold Bar creek
In the Klondike am! from tho thou
nands of "laya" on winter diggings
In the Nome district, dug out by hand
nnd cleaned up nt tho und of tho
sluice boxes In the good old-fashioned
"sour dough" way, was not brought to
Seattle last spring, but is coming by
JOHN HENRY
ON
UTTCRMILK.
BY GEO. V. HOBART, ("HUGH M'HUGH.")
Dear Hunch: I'm not yet hep to
this gag of hiking ncross the geogra
phy from town to town, llko a hop
toad In n cnbbago-pntch.
It mny bo Interesting to some peo
ple, but It gets mo pooved.
t found your letter waiting for mo
Vcre.
So they'vo steered you up ngalnst
n now euro for your dyspepsia, eh 7
buttermilk!
And n groat Idea, Hunch, bellovo
me!
It cortnlnly Is lucky to drink butter
milk.
Buttormllk la to tho worn-out sys
tem the snmo ns a fat-ofllco la to a
stout politician.
As a thirst-splasher buttermilk Is the
ono best bet, but don't ever toll any-
Arctic Regions as Known In 1800 Arctic Regions as Known In 1900.
1
Si
Hp
r- - ..'hjl.. is-
AFRIG
y -
Africa as Known In 1800.
Africa ae Known In 1800.
It took 500 or COO years more to
traco out tho gonoral features of the
seas, islands nnd continents. The
chief steps In this advance, which in
cluded tho hrllllnnt exploit of Magel
lan, whoso ship, the Victoria, llrst cir
cumnavigated tho globe, were the dis
covery of the A morions and of Aus
tralia, and tho partial exploration of
Africa and Siberia. Columbus reached
San Salvador in 1192, and his suc
ceeding voyages revealod Jamaica.
Trinidad and the Orinoco. Amerigo
Vespucci coasted down tho continent
of South America In 1501. and Magel
lan discovered Patagonia and Temt
del Fuego In 1320. Mexico was added
lo tho niaji In 1518 by Grljalva und
Cnllfornln visited In 1532 by Cortez.
For 300 years thereafter the work of
exploring tho Amorlcas proceeded by
leaps nnd bounds, yet In 1800 more
thnn hair of their territories remain
geographically unknown, "r. j tfholo
rpclnn wost Of tho M KMlMllIPl WM
-1,000,000 squaro miles, Up to tho
present, nnd in 3plto of several recent
expeditions, navlgntors are much far
ther from the south thnn from tho
north pole. In 1812 Boss renched 78
degrees 10 minutes, one of the latest
records Is that or Borchgrovlnk, who
In 1S99, gained 78 degrees 50 minutes
by 'iiBlng sledges In a dash over tho
ice.
The romance or polar exploration
or Ito perils and Its heroism centers
in the north. The nrctlc polo Is much
nearer to civilization than tho antarct
ic, has a closer connection with tho
great continents, and is or ought to bo
somewhat In the lino or tho world's
travol. Tho niovoniont northward be
gan with tho discovery or Greenland
by Gunblorn at the beginning or tho
tenth century, and with tho planting
or colonies on its shores by Eric tho
Rod In OSS. Nonrly ton centuries
thoreartor were spent by explorers,
llrst from tho Asiatic, then from the
American, side. In discovering and de
fining tho contours or the Arctic
coasts. Both mercantile and scientific
alms were In evidence. On tho ono
hnnd was the search Tor tho northwest
pnssago by Davis. Frohlaher, Hudson
and Baflln; on tho other tho no loss
eager pursuit of tho northeast pnssago
by Bnrentz, Chancellor and others. In
1850-51 McClure successfully nccom
pllshed the northwest pnssago, and
gained tho rownrd of $50,000 which
had boon offered by tho British parlla
nient In 1703. By nn equally success
fill foat in 1878-79, Baron Nordonak
Jold, tho Swedish sciential, mnde the
northeast passage in tho Vega by pass
lug rrom Norway along tho Aalatlc
coast Into tho Pacific ocoan.
FRANKLIN'S FATAL JOURNEY.
One of the Most Terrible Episodes of
Arctic Exploration.
NE of tho most terrible episodes of
Arctic exploration was the loss of
Sir John Franklin and his crow of
129 men. Ho began hla voyngo In
May, 1815. A year lator hla vessels
the Erehua and Terror, beenmo Ico
hound near King William Land. After
the death of tholr commander In
Juno, 1817, tho crow mnde a vain of
fort to light their way over tho lee to
i Great Flah river. Many expeditions
woro sent out, both by land and sea
to search for the miming, hut they
Leone, nnd (he knowledge of it wn
advanced a further singe when in the
liricenth 'country Poriugne.se explor- 1 succeeded only in finding threo gravos
era, Including Vaso da Oania, rounded , or men who hud died at an early stage
the cape. In A fi Ich, exploration has
followed the flow of tho great rivers,
and will over be associated with such
names as Livingstone, Mango Park,
Bruce, Baker, Stanley, Speke,
Schweinfurt. Du Challlii, Serpa Pinto,
Wlssniann and Donaldson. The Niger
had Its course determined In the early
part or the nineteenth century. "To
day," hays a gwonraphlcal export, "the
Nile has been scientifically explored
for Its entire length of Si, 100 miles; the
Niger, with tho exception of a small
portion ol Its middle course, for 2.0U0
mlleB; the Zambesi for 1,500 miles;
und the Congo, which In volume la ex
ceeded only by tho Amnson, for near
ly ..OO0 miles." In Africa, where vst
areas are still "dark" for xoography,
the politician "una jwniotlmos followed,
hiw now and thu nccompHnled tho ex
snd had been buried in Beechoy
Island. In IS') I lino mot a young Es
kimo who told him that four years
previously Id white men had boon
seen dragging ft hont to Hie south on
the west shorn of King William Land,
and that a few months later lie had
found the bodies of :S0 of these men.
In IS5S-59 McCllntok discovered in
King William laud a human skelotnu
lying on its face, ami his companion.
Hobson. found u record of the Frank
lin expedition, stating its history bo
tweon 1845 and 1818. Further
searchea were continued up to 1879.
In which your Lieut. F. Hchwatka of
the Untied States army, discovered
several graves and skeletons.
The norlhward movement, af tr ex
hauatlug mercantile, explorutory nnd
humanitarian motive, finally hucamo
tho ?50,000 pocketful when tho llrst
steamships arrive rrom Nome.
Later vessels arriving rrom Valdez
will bring the first dust rrom tho new
gold Hilda lit tho tipper Copper river
country, uayu the Seattlo Times, and
by fall It Is estimated between $30,
000,000 and $10,000,000 will be added
o this year's Seattlo gold receipts
from the north.
Eleven yoars ago July 17 thero
landed from the old steamer Portland
at a Seattle dock less than 100 rough
coated, bearded miners from tho Klon
dlko nnd In I ho "outfit" thoro waa more
than a million dollars in the yellow
dtiat. The man with the big poke was
in command of the aqund or lucky
ones who came ilown tlie I'orunmi s
gangplank and quietly chnsod away In
carriages to tito rashlonable downtown
cares to order grout thick beefatoaka
and all the trimmings.
'lt'a u little early yel Tor tho big In
flux or minora from the north, bring
ing the gold rrom the gulchea just ns
they found It," said Jack Burton at
the Dtllor hotel. Burton arrived on
tlie steamship Jefferson, which brought
upward of a million dollars In gold
rrom tho north.
"We had three men aboard that I
know brought more than $100,000
each, hut the money was In drnrts and
currency. Tho purser's strong box
cnrrled more gold than hair a dozen
men could carry, and in tho mall ship
ments, under the protection or Uncle
Snm. thero was enough to pay the
salary or John D. Hockeroller for a
year or more."
Old-time Alaskans sny that tlie day
of the individual miner's poko Is nhotit
gone. Time waa, they say, when all
tlie gold that oamo out of tho Yukon
willey was brought to Seattlo In tho
leather bags of the minors und sold to
the molting shops. Then a United
States assay olllco wns established
and tho minora found It necessary to
"mush" up the hill to Ninth avenue.
But oven those Improvements over tho
old-time way or handling tho golden
product or the crooks and gulches or
Circle, Birch and Eldorado woro rnrcod
io tho background when the miners
began shipping their gold to Seattle
by mall.
When tho llrst steamers reach here
Horn Nomn It Is expected that tho
price of Ice cream and watermelons
will bo boomed considerably. This Is
the statement of old-time "sour
doughs," who assert, backed by evi
dence, that men who have lived all
winter on bacon ami beans In the
north havo n hankering for Ico cream
and watarmelor.s Unit nothing else can
satisfy.
Next to the Ice cream and water
melons the miners demand freah
green vegetables, young onions pre
ferred, mid then later on perhaps they
become learned In tho mysierles or
cauliflower an grntln. Itlch and Juley
beefsteaks stand at tho top or the list
and dnm chowder Is not rnr behind.
By tho time the man rrom tho
glacier-bound gulchos become accli
mated they turn from these enjoy
ments, carefully examine their hunk
accounts and then buy a ticket on a
railroad to visit "the old folks nt
home."' .
"The Tides of March."
ono In Milwaukee that I mado such
a statement.
Drink It, Bunch, every tlmo you can,
because buttermilk comes down to us
from tho remotest ages with splondld
recommendations.
Every great man In history wns a
buttermilk drinker, Bunch.
Every groat mnn who Is now spond
Ing his tlmo trying to get Into his
tory Ib n buttermilk drinker, Bunch.
Bead between tho linos in your his
tory of ancient Koine, and you will
seo how buttermilk would havo saved
the llfo or Julius Caosar If ho hadn't
had such n weakness ror ltard cldor.
"Whoro aro you going?" Inquired
Cnlathumpln, tho wiro or Julius
CacBar, as ho rastoncd tho gold snfoty
nln In Ills toga and ronched for hla
umbrolla.
"I am going down to Rudolph
Mnrch's cafo in tho Forum," an
swored Julius; "you don't need to wnlt
lunch for mo, Cnllle."
"But, Julius." whispered Calathum
pla; "why do you spend so much tlmo
nt March's cafo In tho Forum7 It
Isn't n good plnco ror you to go, my
dear. Besides, thoro Is always a
hunch of loafers banging around that
joint. Why don't you sit horo at homo
with mo In tho cool Stadium and drink
buttormllk with your loving Calathum
pla?"
"Buttermilk!" sneored Julius; "such
a drink is only for mollycoddles nnd
pink fingers. It doesn't make rich
blood in the veins like the hard cldor
1 get nt March's. Avaunt and rntts
mlttlm!"
"But pleaBo don't go to that, cafo
this morning," Cnlathumpin kept on
plendlng. "Stay at homo Just this
onco and spread snmo or this delicious
buttermilk over your thirst."
"No buttermilk this day ror mo,
answered Julius, "I sock a vlntngo
Catch tho freckle Just beforo going
to bed and wrap tho HuttormllK
around It.
was reading a book on tho train
tho other dny vhlch nttomptcd to put
mo wise to the reincarnation gag. It's
n far shout from buttormllk to rein
cnrnntlon. Ilunsh, but mnybo you nncd
something llko thnt last thing, after
so much buttormllk.
llolncnrnatlon la a long, looso-look-
lug wort!, nnd to a perfect stranger
It might sound suspicious, but Us
bark Is worso than its bite.
Tho Idea of a mnn being sotnobody
elno In n previous existence, then
switching to another personality In
tho present, Is Interesting to think
nbout, to say tho least.
I'vo cooked up threo or four studies
along theso lines which may Intorost
you, Bunch!
Go to It, my boy!
FIRST STUDY.
The ghost of Julius Cnosar looked
threateningly at Brutus, tho Htabblot:
Brutus sneered.
"You," ho said, "to tho mines!"
Not ono of Cnesnr's muscles qulv'
ered.
Brutus used a short, sharp laugh.
"You," ho snld, "on your wnyl"
Caesar nover batted an eyelash.
Brutus polntod to tho rear.
"Go away hack," ho said, "and uso
your laziness!"
Caesar pulled his toga up over his
cold shouldor.
Brutus laughed again, nnd It was
the snucy, triumphant laugh of tho
man who dodges In front of a woman
nnil grabB ti scat on tho elevated railroad.
"Tho next time wo meet you will
not do mo ns you did mo nt tho baso
of Pompey's stntuo," said tho ghost
of Caesar, speaking for the first time
since we began this study.
"Wo will not meet again becnuso
I refnso to assoclato with you," said
Brutus.
Caesar smiled, hut It wns without
"The Next Time We Meet"
more expensive, ami which tickles
more as It goes down."
"Tlie tides or March," whispered
his wire; "remember the tides or
March!"
"Would this bo the first tide I evor
got rrom Mnrch?" Julius whispered
hack.
"Tho tides or March, romombor,"
was her only answer; nnd away went
Julius to tho care In tho Forum, giv
ing an Imitation of Joo Weber
whistling "Girls! Girls!" rrom tho Bur
losquo or "Tho Merry Widow," which
wns then running at tho Amphitheater.
What happened In tho Forum when
tho loarers used Julius Caesar ror a
pln-cushlon everybody remembers.
And when Julius dropped on the
marble slab at tho baso or tho liar ho
gasped out: 'Darn the luck! Why
didn't I rnll rnr tho buttormllk which
stlngeth not, neither docs it help peo
ple to bite tlie dust?"
You won't find those exact words In
history, Bunch, becnuso Julius gasped
them In Latin, and Latin hates to get
ltsolt translated.
Many other times In the ages
passed did buttermilk come to the
surrace, bo you may take It from me,
Bunch, that It Is lucky to drink it.
Yes, Bunch, and I'll glvo you my
solemn word that buttormllk will re
movo freckles.
"Napoleon Stood Weeping."
mirth, nnd as cold as the notice of bub
pension on tho door of a hank. ,
"Yes, wo will moot again," snld
Caesar.
"Where?" asked Brutus,
"In tho far, far future," said tho
ghost or Caesar, shrloklngly. "you will
be born Into tho world again by that
time, nnd In your now porsonnllty you
will bo ono or the Common People,
and you will burn gas."
"And you?" Inquired Brutus.
"I will be the spirit which puts the
ginger In tho gns-motor, nnd may
Heaven havo mercy on your pockot
book," shrlokod the ghost of Caosar.
Brutus took n (It, and used It for
tuuny minutes, but tho ghost kept on
shrieking In the Latin tongue.
SECOND STUDY.
Napoleon stood weeping and walling
nnd gnashing his eyobrowB on tho
battle-field of Waterloo.
Ho was waiting for tho moving
picture mnn to get his photograph.
Tho victorious Wellington mado his
appearance, hughlng loudly In hla
sloovo.
"Back, Nap! Back to the Boulovard
des Dago!" commnnded Wellington.
Napoleon put his chin on his wish
bone und spoke no word.
"You," said Wellington; "you to the
Champs Elian! This Is my victory,
and you must leave tho buttlo-fiold
it Is time to closo up ror tho night."
"Wo will meet again, milord," an
swered Napoleon. "Avoc beau tompa
1st bong nwat!"
"What docs that menu?" askod Wel
lington. "It means that tho next tlmo wo
moot I will do the swatting," an
swered Nnpoloon, blttorly. ,
"And whon will that bo?" Inquired
Wellington, InuBhlng loudly.
"In tho rnr, rnr future," replied
tho Llttlo Corpornl. "You will thon
bo ono of the Common People."
"And what will you be?" Wellington
asked.
"You will live In Brooklyn," Na
poleon went on, like a man In n
dream; "and I will bo tho spirit of
progress, which will meet you at tho
Brooklyn Bridge at ovontlde and hick
you In the slats until your appetite
Is unlit for publication. Bon solr mon
onfants du spltzbubenl"
Then the Llttlo Corporal callod a
cab and loft Wellington nlono on the
battle-field.
Don't mind me, Bunch; thoro's no
more burnt In mo than thoro la In a
rnttlesnuke. Yours ns indicated,
J. I!.
(Copyright, IMS, by a. W. Dillingham Co.)